高考英語(yǔ)閱讀技巧推理判斷

閱讀技巧推理判斷題

推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的線索和事實(shí)進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推測(cè)作者未提到的事實(shí)或某事發(fā)生的可能性，將間接論據(jù)連貫起來(lái)，得出一個(gè)合理的結(jié)論。合理，是指準(zhǔn)確地從原文中推理，而不是讀者主觀認(rèn)為的合理或文章已提供的明顯的事實(shí)。推理判斷題常以infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等詞提問(wèn)。提問(wèn)中含有表示推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的動(dòng)詞，如probably，mostlikely等。推理判斷題常見的問(wèn)題形式有：1.Itcanbeinferred/concludedfromthepassagethat…2.Thepassagesuggests/impliesthat…3.Theauthormayprobablyagreewith/support…4.Bythefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraph,theauthormeans…5.Theauthorseemstobeinfavourof/beagainst…6.Theauthor’spurposeofwritingthispassageis…推理判斷題的解題技巧：所謂推斷就是從已知的事情中推測(cè)未知的事情。這里所說(shuō)的未知是指文章或作者沒有直接說(shuō)明但暗示出來(lái)，或者根據(jù)作者提供的信息，可能引出的必然性結(jié)論。所以推斷類型的題盡管不能在文章中直接找到答案，但我們可以在文章中找到可供推論的依據(jù)。還有一個(gè)重要的技巧就是排除法的適當(dāng)運(yùn)用。很多錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的排除要靠我們對(duì)于文章事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的準(zhǔn)確把握。因此我們也要相應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)于文章事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的訓(xùn)練。推理判斷題主要題型：針對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的邏輯推斷針對(duì)主題思想、作者意圖的推斷針對(duì)作者態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)等的推斷（一）細(xì)節(jié)推理題：抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息，即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語(yǔ)去分析、推理、判斷，結(jié)合上下文或上下句，推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。在推斷中，我們要嚴(yán)格依據(jù)作者所陳述的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語(yǔ)，然后利用自己已獲得的相關(guān)知識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論。例１：Whenshelookedahead.FlorenceChadwicksawnothingbutasolidwalloffog.Herbodywasnumb.Shehadbeenswimmingfornearlysixteenhours.AlreadyshewasthefirstwomantoswimtheEnglishChannelinbothdirections.Nowattheageof34,hergoalwastobecomethefirstwomantoswimfromCatalinatotheCaliforniacoast.OnthatfourthofJulymorning1952,theseawaslikeanicebathandthefogwassodense.Shecouldhardlyseehersupportboats.Sharkscruisedtowardherfigure,onlytobedrivenawaybyrifleshots.Againstthefrigidgripofthesea,shestruggledon,hourafterhour,whilemillionswatchedonnationaltelevision.AlongsideFlorenceinoneoftheboats,hermotherandheretrainerofferedencouragement.Theytoldheritwasn’tmuchfarther.Butallshecouldseewasfog.Theyurgedhernottoquit.Sheneverhad…untilthen.Withonlyahalfmiletogo,sheaskedtobepulledout.Whatdoes“sheneverhad…”inthethirdparagraphmean?A.Shehadneverbeensodesperate.B.Shehadneverthoughtofgivingitup.C.Shehadneverseensuchthickfog.D.Shehadneverswumacrossthestraitbefore.解析：根據(jù)上下文theyurgedhernottoquit,以及withonlyahalfmiletogo,sheaskedtobepulledout.可以推斷出，她當(dāng)時(shí)并沒有想放棄，只不過(guò)是后來(lái)情況變化了。答案：B

例2：Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker---itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalprocess（過(guò)程）issimilar.Naturally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byanystandards,goodthinkers.ThegreatmathematicianJohnvonNeumannwasoneofthefoundersofgametheory.Inparticular,heshowedthatallgamesfallintotwoclasses;therearewhathecalledgamesof‘perfectinformation’,gameslikechesswheretheplayerscan'thideanythingorplaytricks;theydon'twinbychance,butbymeansoflogicandskills.Thentherearegamesof‘imperfectinformation’,likepoker,inwhichitisimpossibletoknowinadvancethatonecourseofactionisbetterthananother.Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse,business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.Businessdecisionsareoftenmadewithmanyunknownandunknowablefactors（因素）,whichwouldeverpuzzlebestpokerplayers.Butfewbusinesspeoplefinditcomfortabletoadmitthattheyaretakingachance,andmanystillprefertobelievethattheyareplayingchess,notpoker.Animportantfactorinagameofimperfectinformationis_______.A.rulesB.luckC.timeD.ideas解析：短文第二段有這樣一段說(shuō)明：……游戲可分為兩類，一種是被稱為“perfectinformation”的游戲，雙方無(wú)法隱瞞或進(jìn)行欺騙，他們不是靠碰巧獲勝（…theydon’twinbychance）。另一種則是“imperfectinformation”的游戲，如打牌，游戲者不可能預(yù)先知道他出的這一道牌是否比另一道好。從作者的這種表達(dá)可以推斷出，“imperfectinformation”游戲獲勝的一個(gè)因素就是運(yùn)氣。因此選B。

（二）推測(cè)文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論推測(cè)文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論的設(shè)題形式有：1）Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat__________.2）Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?3）Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat__________.這類問(wèn)題問(wèn)的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部觀點(diǎn)，可能只是文章中的某一觀點(diǎn)。但要推測(cè)出文中的某一觀點(diǎn)，仍離不開對(duì)全文主要觀點(diǎn)或中心思想的把握。例1：Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine?Doyouknowwhatismeantby“Takeonlyasdirected?”Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.“Toreducepain,taketwotablets（藥片）withwater,followedbyonetableteveryeighthours,asrequired.Fornight-timeandearlymorningrelief（緩解疼痛）taketwotabletsatbedtime.Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty-fourhours.Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold,givehalftheamount（量）.ForchildrenundersixyearsMostyoungpeopleonlygetsevenhoursofsleepeachnight,whentheyactuallyneedninehours.Andmakingupforlostsleepduringtheweekbysleepinginanweekendsdoesn’treallywork.Infact,sleepinglateonweekendsmayactuallydoyoumoreharmthangood,ifyouhavesleepproblems.Whathappensifyoudon’tgetenoughsleep?Ifyoursleepproblemcontinuesforafewnights,youcouldsufferseriousproblems.Lackofsleepcanaffectlearningandmemory.Worse,ifyoursleepdifficultieslastalongtime,thatcouldleadtoanxietyordepression（抑郁）.Therefore,you’vegottohavesomehealthysleephabits.Belowaresomesuggestions.GOTOBEDATTHESAMETIME－includingweekends,ifpossible.WAKEUPAROUNDTHESAMETIMEEVERYMORNING.Whenyousleeplatejustonemorningduringtheweek,itmaydisturbyourbodyclock.Thiswillmakeithardforyoutosleepthatnight.DOSOMETHINGRELAXINGbeforegoingtobed.EXERCISEDURINGTHEDAY.Don’texerciserightbeforegoingtobed.AVOIDDRINKINGALCOHOL.Alcoholmakesyouexcited.Thispreventsyoufromfallingasleeporwakesyouupduringthenight.DON’TSMOKE.Smokingisalwaysbadforthebody.Smokingbeforebedtimekeepsyouawake.Iftryingthesetipsoveracoupleofweeksdoesnothelpyou,speaktoyourdoctor.Donottakeanysleepingpillswithoutfirstaskingyourdoctor.Manyhavestrongsideeffects.1.Accordingtothepassage,ifyouhavesleepproblemsforafewnights,youcouldbe_______.A.lonely B.serious C.forgetful D.depressed2.Thepassagesuggeststhatpeoplewithsleepproblemsshould______.A.eatvegetablesandexerciseregularlyB.makeupforlostsleeponweekendsC.followafixedtimetableforsleepD.sleepsevenhourseveryday3.Wecanlearnfromthesuggestionsthat________.A.gettingupearlieronemorningmakesiteasiertofallasleepthatnightB.listeningtosoftmusicbeforegoingtobedmayhelpyoufallasleepC.smokersandthosewhodrinkalcoholusuallyhavesleepproblemsD.exercisingintheeveningwillhelpyougettosleep4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.SleepproblemsareseriousamongyoungpeopleB.SleepinglateonweekendscanmakeupforlostsleepC.YoureatinghabitswillbebrokenduetolackofsleepD.You’llnolongerhaveyoursleepproblemifyoutrythetips

BBlamelessIwasafreshmanincollegewhenImettheWhites.Theywerecompletelydifferentfrommyownfamily,yetIfeltathomewiththemimmediately.JaneWhiteandIbecamefriendsatschool,andherfamilywelcomedmelikealong-lostcousin.Inmyfamily,itwasalwaysimportanttoplaceblamewhenanythingbadhappened.“Whodidthis?”mymotherwouldscreamaboutadirtykitchen.“Thisisallyourfault,Katharine,”myfatherwouldinsistwhenthecatgotoutorthedishwasherbroke.Fromthetimewewerelittle,mysister,brothersandItoldoneachother.Wesetaplaceforblameatthedinnertable.ButtheWhitesdidn’tworryaboutwhohaddonewhat.Theypickedupthepiecesandmovedonwiththeirlives.ThebeautyofthiswasdrivenhometomethesummerJanedied.InJuly,theWhitesistersandIdecidedtotakeacartripfromtheirhomeinFloridatoNewYork.Thetwooldersisters,SarahandJane,werecollegestudents,andtheyoungest,Amy,hadrecentlyturnedsixteen.Proudofhavinganewdriver’slicense（駕照），Amywasexcitedaboutpracticingherdrivingonthetrip.Sheshowedoffherlicensetoeveryoneshemet.ThebigsisterssharedthedrivingofSarah’snewcarduringthefirstpartofthetrip,butwhentheyreachedlesscrowdedareas,theyletAmytakeover.SomewhereinSouthCarolina,wepulledoffthehighwaytoeat.Afterlunch,Amygotbehindthewheel.Shecametoacrossroadswithastopsign.Whethershewasnervousorjustdidn’tseethesignnoonewouldeverknow,butAmycontinuedintothecrossroadswithoutstopping.Thedriverofalargetruck,unabletostopintime,ranintoourcar.Janewaskilledimmediately.Iwasslightlyinjured.ThemostdifficultthingthatI’veeverdonewastocalltheWhitestotellthemabouttheaccidentandthatJanehaddied.Painfulasitwasformetoloseagoodfriend,Iknewthatitwasfarworseforthemtoloseachild.WhenMr.andMrs.Whitearrivedatthehospital,theyfoundtheirtwodaughterssharingaroom.Sarahhadafewcutsonthehead;Amy’slegwasbroken.Theyhugged（擁抱）usallandcriedtearsofsadnessandofjoyatseeingtheirdaughters.Theywipedawaythegirls’tearsandmadeafewjokesatAmyasshelearnedtousehercrutches（拐杖）.Tobothoftheirdaughters,andespeciallytoAmy,overandovertheysimplysaid,“We’resogladthatyou’realive.”Iwasastonished.Noblame.Noaccusations.Later,IaskedtheWhiteswhytheynevertalkedaboutthefactthatAmywasdrivingandhadrunastopsign.Mrs.Whitesaid,“Jane’sgone,andwemissherterribly.Nothingwesayordowilleverbringherback.ButAmyhasherwholelifeaheadofher.Howcansheleadafullandhappylifeifshefeelsweblameherforhersister’sdeath?”Theywereright.AmygraduatedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandgotmarriedseveralyearsago.Sheworksasateacheroflearning-disabledstudents.She’salsoamotheroftwolittlegirlsofherown,theoldestnamedJane.1.Theauthorofthepassageis_____.A.Mrs.White’snieceB.Jane’sschoolfriendC.TheWhites’cousinD.Sarah’sfriendfromcollege2.Howdidtheauthor’sparentsdifferfromtheWhites?A.Theauthor’sparentswerelesscaring.B.Theauthor’sparentswerelessloving.C.Theauthor’sparentswerelessfriendly.D.Theauthor’sparentswerelessunderstanding.3.Howdidtheaccidentoccur?A.Amydidn’tstopatacrossroadsandatruckhittheircar.B.Amydidn’tknowwhattodowhenshesawthestopsign.C.Amydidn’tslowdownsotheircarranintoatruck.D.Amydidn’tgetoffthehighwayatacrossroads.4.Theaccidenttookplacein______.A.FloridaB.CaliforniaC.SouthCarolinaD.NewYork