安全與管理 第一章

船舶安全與管理

MaritimeSafetyManagementGivenBy：卜仁祥第一章船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)安全概論

IntroductiontoShipOperationSafety主要內(nèi)容content:第一節(jié)安全科學(xué)概論(Introductiontosafetyscience)第二節(jié)船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)(shipoperationsystem)第三節(jié)船舶安全管理的途徑和方法(ApproachesandtechniquesofMaritimeSafetyManagement)第一節(jié)安全科學(xué)概論(Introductiontosafetyscience)安全科學(xué)概述(SummarizationofSafetyScience)事故致因理論(Accident-causingTheories)事故控制觀(Accident-countermeasureConcept)安全科學(xué)概述(SummarizationofSafetyScience)安全科學(xué)起源(safetyscienceorigination)安全科學(xué)的基本要素結(jié)構(gòu)(basicelementofsafetyscience)安全科學(xué)起源——安全的概念

definitionofsafetyDefinitiongivenbymostdictionaries:Theconditionofbeing

freefromsafe;undergoingorcausinghurt,injuryorloss.Safetyprofessionalsuse: 1.Safetyisaqualityofasystemthatallowsthesystemtofunctionunderpredeterminedconditionswithanacceptableminimumofaccidentalloss. 2.Safetyisaperceivedqualitythatdeterminetowhatextentthemanagement,engineeringandoperationofasystemisfreefromofdangertolife,propertyandenvironment.安全的概念(definitionofsafety)字典：與危險(xiǎn)相對(duì)，沒(méi)有事故、傷害發(fā)生。安全工作學(xué)者定義： 系統(tǒng)本身決定遠(yuǎn)離危險(xiǎn)的程度的性質(zhì)DifferenceofSafety&security:Security:topreventespionage,sabotage,attackorcrimesuchasburglaryorassault.MaritimesecurityisnowanintegralpartofIMO'sresponsibilities.Personalopinions危險(xiǎn)在一定條件下表現(xiàn)為事故和災(zāi)難，能否預(yù)測(cè)或避免取決于人的能力，并不是其本身性質(zhì)。安全是與危險(xiǎn)相對(duì)的概念，是危險(xiǎn)處于可接受水平的狀態(tài)——因此與人的心理狀態(tài)有關(guān)。人的心理狀態(tài)與社會(huì)背景有關(guān)，因此，安全與否的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)因時(shí)因地而存在差異。安全與經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)立統(tǒng)一安全科學(xué)起源——安全工作的發(fā)展

developmentofsafetyscience隨社會(huì)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展，安全工作由感性向理性發(fā)展，由事故學(xué)習(xí)和事故控制轉(zhuǎn)變成為以預(yù)控和過(guò)程控制為主的跨學(xué)科系統(tǒng)化的科學(xué)——安全系統(tǒng)工程(safetysystemengineering)即：亡羊補(bǔ)牢未亡羊先補(bǔ)牢安全科學(xué)八五期間成為國(guó)家一級(jí)學(xué)科basicelementframeofsafetyscience(Man-Machine-Environment-Control)environmentmachinemancontrol事故致因理論(Accident-causingTheories)事故因果連鎖論(Domino’sAccidentModelorCasualTheoryofAccident))能量意外釋放理論(AccidentalEnergyReleaseTheory)軌跡交叉理論(OrbitIntersectingTheory)事故損失偶發(fā)性法則(ContingencyLawofAccidentLoss)

Accident-causingTheories-CasualTheoryofAccident代表人物——海因里希(W.H.Heinrich)主要觀點(diǎn): 事故發(fā)生是一系列事件相繼發(fā)生的結(jié)果

安全要點(diǎn)在于中斷事故連鎖進(jìn)程Accident-causingTheories-AccidentalEnergyReleaseTheory主要觀點(diǎn)：事故是不正常、不希望的能量釋放安全工作要點(diǎn)：控制能量釋放的量、途徑應(yīng)用舉例：安全帽、靜電釋放、人造雪崩等Accident-causingTheories-OrbitIntersectingTheory主要觀點(diǎn)：人因與物因的軌跡交叉點(diǎn)就是事故發(fā)生的時(shí)間與空間。安全工作要點(diǎn)：避免人不安全行為與物不安全狀態(tài)同時(shí)同地出現(xiàn)應(yīng)用舉例：沖壓機(jī)保護(hù)開(kāi)關(guān)Accident-causingTheories-ContingencyLawofAccidentLoss代表人物：W.H.Heinrich主要觀點(diǎn)：

事故與傷害程度之間存在偶然性的概率關(guān)系 同一人的同種330起違章事件中，嚴(yán)重傷害、輕微傷害、沒(méi)有傷害的事件數(shù)比為：

1：29：300事故控制觀(Accident-countermeasureConcept)傳統(tǒng)(conventional)的事故控制觀：

事后分析，得出事故原因和責(zé)任方，教育有關(guān)人員，落實(shí)整改措施,“三不放過(guò)”較先進(jìn)(advanced)的事故控制觀：

控制或消除事故原點(diǎn)(AccidentOrigin)、觸發(fā)能量科學(xué)的(scientific)事故控制觀：將安全工作分為：預(yù)測(cè)、預(yù)防、監(jiān)測(cè)、應(yīng)急4個(gè)階段

Predetermination–Prevention-Inspection-Emergency第二節(jié)船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)(shipoperationsystem)basicelementframeofsafetyscience(Man-Machine-Environment-Control)Safetyelementframeofshipoperationsystem:

船員、船舶及貨物、環(huán)境、公司（管理）

Seafarers-Ship&Cargo-Environment-Company(Management)

船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)(shipoperationsystem)海上船舶運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕攸c(diǎn)：運(yùn)量大，低成本高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)國(guó)際性

ShipOperationSystem-Ship&CargoElementShip——complicatedsystem

Accident：collision,grounding,capsizing,fire&explosion,etc.Cargo——種類(lèi)繁多，涉及人、船舶、環(huán)境安全ShipOperationSystem——generalsituationWorldTonnage:approx400，000，000(1990)Shipamount：about80，000Accidentfrequency：approx1,000peryearTotallossrate：approx100～300shipsor0.2～0.4％peryearLossoflife：approx1000liveswerelostinaccidentsatseaeachyearShipOperationSystem-EnvironmentElementNaturalorartificialharbor,fairway,anchorage,quay.navigationmark;buoy;aidstonavigation;signallightRegulationsorrulesShipOperationSystem-Seafarerelement船員是船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)中最能動(dòng)的因素船員編制特點(diǎn)：人數(shù)較少、各司其職STCW公約(InternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforSeafarers)職能發(fā)證船員分為：管理、操作、支持三個(gè)級(jí)別。ShipOperationSystem-SeafarerelementStatisticstudyshowed:80percentmarineaccidentswerecausedbyhumanfactor國(guó)際公認(rèn)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)論：80%的海事由人為因素造成grounding：90％：Fire&explosion：70％：Collision：96％：contact:70%。人為因素：humanfactor,humanelement,humanerrorWhoshouldbeblamed?ShipOperationSystem—CompanyElement人為因素責(zé)任主要在于船公司的船上和岸上管理船公司是船舶安全管理的重要環(huán)節(jié)重視公司的安全管理已成為國(guó)際海事界控制海事的重要途徑第三節(jié)船舶安全管理的途徑和方法ApproachesandtechniquesofMaritimeSafetyManagement主要內(nèi)容：船舶安全管理概述(IntroductionofMaritimeSafetyManagement)船舶安全管理的途徑(a"safetynet"orsystemwillbeintroduced)船舶安全管理的主要方法(Approaches&techniques)船舶安全管理(MaritimeSafetyManagement)概述學(xué)科領(lǐng)域：安全科學(xué)(safetyscience)具體問(wèn)題：船舶安全(safety&security,pollution)知識(shí)體系：現(xiàn)代管理理論船舶安全管理即對(duì)船舶安全的控制(control)SafetyManagement-Objectivestoensuresafetyatsea,preventionofhumaninjuryorlossoflife,andavoidanceofdamagetotheenvironment,inparticulartothemarineenvironmentandtoproperty.保護(hù)海上人命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全，保護(hù)海洋環(huán)境，使“航行更安全，海洋更清潔

safershippingandcleaneroceansSafetyManagement-ObjectivesoftheCompanyInternationalSafetyManagement(ISM)CodeRequires:safetymanagement-ObjectivesoftheCompanyshould,interalia:1provideforsafepracticesinshipoperationandasafeworkingenvironment;2establishsafeguardsagainstallidentifiedrisks;and3continuouslyimprovesafetymanagementskillsofpersonnelashoreandaboardships,includingpreparingforemergenciesrelatedbothtosafetyandenvironmentalprotection.船舶安全管理的要求：即公司的船舶安全管理目標(biāo)：1、提供船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)的安全做法和安全工作環(huán)境；2、標(biāo)識(shí)一切可能的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，制定防范措施并保證其有效性；3、不斷提高岸上及船上人員的安全管理技能，包括安全及環(huán)境保護(hù)方面的應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備船舶安全管理的途徑:"safetynet"AninternationalMaritimeSafetyManagementsystem:A"safetynet"InternationalMaritimeOrganizationtoprovideaninternationalstandardforthesafemanagementandoperationofshipsandforpollutionpreventionDocumentation:Convention;Protocol;Code; Resolution;Circular.institution: Assembly:(heldbiyearly,adoptresolutions;amendconventionsorcodes,etc) Council:(MSC)maritimesafetycouncil;MEPC;LEG;TC;FAL;IMOConventionsConventionList

Maritimesfety Marinepollution Liabilityandcompensation Othersubjectsclassical(or"positive")acceptanceprocedure'tacit'or'passive'acceptanceprocedureIMOConventions-Maritimesafety InternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea(SOLAS),1974

InternationalConventiononLoadLines(LL),1966

SpecialTradePassengerShipsAgreement(STP),1971

ProtocolonSpaceRequirementsforSpecialTradePassengerShips,1973

ConventionontheInternationalRegulationsforPreventingCollisionsatSea(COLREG),1972

InternationalConventionforSafeContainers(CSC),1972

IMOConventions-Maritimesafety ConventionontheInternationalMaritimeSatelliteOrganization(INMARSAT),1976

TheTorremolinosInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofFishingVessels(SFV),1977

InternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforSeafarers(STCW),1978

InternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforFishingVesselPersonnel(STCW-F),1995

InternationalConventiononMaritimeSearchandRescue(SAR),1979IMOConventions-Marinepollution InternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips,1973,asmodifiedbytheProtocolof1978relatingthereto(MARPOL73/78)

InternationalConventionRelatingtoInterventionontheHighSeasinCasesofOilPollutionCasualties(INTERVENTION),1969

ConventiononthePreventionofMarinePollutionbyDumpingofWastesandOtherMatter(LDC),1972

IMOConventions-Marinepollution InternationalConventiononOilPollutionPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operation(OPRC),1990

ProtocolonPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operationtopollutionIncidentsbyHazardousandNoxiousSubstances,2000(HNSProtocol)

InternationalConventionontheControlofHarmfulAnti-foulingSystemsonShips(AFS),2001

InternationalConventionfortheControlandManagementofShips'BallastWaterandSediments,2004IMOConventions-Liabilityandcompensation InternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforOilPollutionDamage(CLC),1969

InternationalConventionontheEstablishmentofanInternationalFundforCompensationforOilPollutionDamage(FUND),1971

ConventionrelatingtoCivilLiabilityintheFieldofMaritimeCarriageofNuclearMaterial(NUCLEAR),1971

IMOConventions-Liabilityandcompensation AthensConventionrelatingtotheCarriageofPassengersandtheirLuggagebySea(PAL),1974

ConventiononLimitationofLiabilityforMaritimeClaims(LLMC),1976

InternationalConventiononLiabilityandCompensationforDamageinConnectionwiththeCarriageofHazardousandNoxiousSubstancesbySea(HNS),1996

InternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforBunkerOilPollutionDamage,2001IMOConventions-Othersubjects ConventiononFacilitationofInternationalMaritimeTraffic(FAL),1965

InternationalConventiononTonnageMeasurementofShips(TONNAGE),1969

ConventionfortheSuppressionofUnlawfulActsAgainsttheSafetyofMaritimeNavigation(SUA),1988

InternationalConventiononSalvage(SALVAGE),1989

國(guó)際海事組織：宗旨與任務(wù)：就有關(guān)航運(yùn)貿(mào)易有關(guān)問(wèn)題提供國(guó)際合作以及統(tǒng)一準(zhǔn)則。文件：公約；議定書(shū)；規(guī)則；決議；通函。機(jī)構(gòu)：IMO大會(huì)；

常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)：海安會(huì)等。船旗國(guó)（FlagState)主管機(jī)關(guān)（AdministrationmeanstheGovernmentoftheStatewhoseflagtheshipisentitledtofly.)我國(guó)海事局(BureauofMaritimeSafetyAdministration)(原港務(wù)監(jiān)督局HarborSuperintendenceAdministration

)主管：船舶登記與檢驗(yàn)；船員培訓(xùn)與發(fā)證；船舶航行安全；交通環(huán)境安全等航運(yùn)有關(guān)事物。FlagofConveniencePortStateControl(PSC)PortStateControl(PSC)istheinspectionofforeignshipsinnationalportstoverifythattheconditionoftheshipanditsequipmentcomplywiththerequirementsofinternationalregulationsandthattheshipismannedandoperatedincompliancewiththeserules.

港口國(guó)監(jiān)控是：港口國(guó)政府對(duì)抵港外輪實(shí)施，以船員、船舶技術(shù)狀況及操作為檢查對(duì)象，以安全（保安）和防污染為目的一種監(jiān)督與控制。PortStateControl(PSC)ManyofIMO'smostimportanttechnicalconventionscontainprovisionsforshipstobeinspectedwhentheyvisitforeignportstoensurethattheymeetIMOrequirements.PortStateControl(PSC)TheseinspectionswereoriginallyintendedtobeabackuptoflagStateimplementation,butexperiencehasshownthattheycanbeextremelyeffective,especiallyiforganizedonaregionalbasis.Ashipgoingtoaportinonecountrywillnormallyvisitothercountriesintheregionbeforeembarkingonitsreturnvoyageanditistoeverybody'sadvantageifinspectionscanbecloselyco-ordinated.PortStateControl(PSC)Theprimaryresponsibilityforships'standardsrestswiththeflagState-butportStatecontrolprovidesa"safetynet"tocatchsubstandardships.

Deficiencieswhichjeopardizethesafety(ofthevessel,persons,theportortheenvironment)andalargenumberofsmalldeficienciesmayleadtoadetention.PortStateControl(PSC)Detentionalwaysmeansaseverelosstotheowner.Beinglistedontheblacklistmeansadisrepute.Ship’sIdentificationNumberIMOCompanyNumberClassificationSociety民間商業(yè)性質(zhì)從事: 船級(jí)檢驗(yàn)簽發(fā)船級(jí)證書(shū)(Certificate

ofClass) 經(jīng)主管機(jī)關(guān)授權(quán)的強(qiáng)制檢驗(yàn)(MandatorySurvey)（主管機(jī)關(guān)簽發(fā)相應(yīng)證書(shū)Certificates) 公證檢驗(yàn)(NotarizationSurvey)ClassificationSociety-IACSInternationalAssociationofClassificationSocietyMembers: CCS(ChinaClassificationSociety)； ABS(AmericanbureauofShipping)；BV;DNV;GL;KR;LR;NK;PRS;RINA;RS.MaritimeIndustryOrganizationsnon-governmentalorganization，不受公約約束，為了商業(yè)目的，與IMO良好合作。例：ICS;ISF;IMPA;INSA;ISU;P&I;ISMA;IACS,特殊性。ShippingCompany"Company"meanstheowneroftheshiporanyotherorganizationorpersonsuchasthemanager,orthebareboatcharterer,whohasassumedtheresponsibilityforoperationoftheshipfromtheshipowne