2023年考研外語模擬卷17

考研外語模擬卷17

一、UseofEnglish

1、Themajorityofpeople,aboutnineoutoften,are

right-handed.(1)untilrecently,peoplewhowere

left-handedwereconsidered(2)andoncechildrenshowed

thistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Today

left-handednessisgenerally(3),butitisstilla

disadvantageinaworld(4)mostpeopleareright-handed.

Forexample,mosttoolsandimplementsarestill(5)for

right-handedpeople.

Insports(6)contrast,doingthingswiththelefthand

orfoot,isoftenanadvantage.Throwing,kicking,punchingor

battingfromthe"(7)"sidemayresultinthrowing

(8)manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwith

the(9)ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhy,in

many(10)ataprofessionallevel,a(11)proportion

ofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole.

Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris

(12)withlawfulness,whereasthewordsassociated

(13)"left”,suchas“sinister”,generallyhave(14)____

associations.Moreover,amonganumberofprimitivepeoples,

thereis(15)closeassociationbetweendeathandtheleft

hand.

Inthepast,in(16)westernsocieties,childrenwere

oftenforcedtousetheirrighthands,especiallytowritewith.

Insomecasesthelefthandwas(17)behindthechild's

backsothatitcouldnotbeused.If,inthefuture,theyare

allowedtochoose,(18)willcertainlybemore

left-handers,andprobably(19)peoplewithminor

psychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtouse

their(20)hand.

A.Down

B.Never

C.Up

D.Not

2、(2)

A.unique

B.eccentric

C.normal

D.abnormal

3、⑶

A.accepted

B.admitted

C.approved

D.acknowledged

4、(4)

A.when

B.that

C.where

D.which

5、(5)

A.ordered

B.designed

C.planned

D.supposed

6、(6)

A.by

B.for

C.at

D.with

7、(7)

A.proper

B.indirect

C.correct

D.wrong

8、(8)

A.away

B.down

C.off

D.up

9、(9)

A.minority

B.majority

C.plenty

D.lack

10、(10)

A.games

B.hobbies

C.activities

D.rounds

11、(11)

A.more

B.higher

C.better

D.smaller

12、(12)

A.related

B.mixed

C.connected

D.combined

13、(13)

A.by

B.with

C.to

D.at

14、(14)

A.negative

B.positive

C.similar

D.equal

15、(15)

A.the

B.any

C.some

D.a

16、(16)

A.all

B.mostly

C.any

D.most

17、(17)

A.tied

B.attached

C.brought

D.removed

18、(18)

A.Those

B.These

C.There

D.They

19、(19)

A.on

B.more

C.greater

D.fewer

20、(20)

A.left

B.right

C.either

D.correct

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

ThehistoryofEnglishisconventionally,ifperhapstooneatly,

dividedintothreeperiodsusuallycalledold(orAnglo-Saxon)

English,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglish.Theearliest

periodbeginswiththemigrationofcertainGermanictribes

fromthecontinenttoBritaininthefifthcenturyA.D,though

norecordsoftheirlanguagesurvivefrombeforetheseventh

century,anditcontinuesuntiltheendoftheseventhcentury

orabitlater.Bythattime,Latin,OldNorse(thelanguage

oftheVikinginvaders),andespeciallytheAnglo-NormanFrench

ofthedominantclassaftertheNormanConquestin1066had

beguntohaveasubstantialimpactonthevocabulary,andthe

well-developedinflectionalsystemthattypifiesthegrammar

ofOldEnglishhadbeguntobreakdown.

TheperiodofMiddleEnglishextendsroughlyform,thetwelfth

centurythroughthefifteenth.TheinfluenceofFrench(and

Latin,oftenbywayofFrench)uponthevocabularycontinued

throughouttheperiod,thelossofsomeinflectionsandthe

reductionofothersaccelerated,andmanychangestookplace

withinthegrammaticalsystemsofthelanguage.Atypicalprose

passage,speciallyonefromthelaterpartoftheperiod,will

nothavesuchaforeignlooktousastheproseofOldEnglish,

butitwillnotbemistakenforcontemporarywritingeither.

TheperiodofModernEnglishextendsfromthesixteenthcentury

toourownday.Theearlypartofthisperiodsawthecompletion

ofarevolutioninvoweldistributionthathadbeguninlate

MiddleEnglishandthateffectivelybroughtthelanguageto

somethingresemblingitspresentpattern.Otherimportant

earlydevelopmentsincludethestabilizingeffectonspelling

oftheprintingpressandthebeginningofthedirectinfluence

ofLatin,andtoalesserextent,Greekonthevocabulary.Later,

asEnglishcameintocontactwithotherculturesaroundthe

worldanddistinctivedialectsofEnglishdevelopedinthemany

areaswhichBritainhadcolonized,numerousotherlanguages

madesmallbutinterestingcontributionstoourword-stock.

TheearliestwrittenrecordofEnglishavailabletous

started.

A.fromtheseventhcentury

B.fromthefifthcentury

C.fromthetwelfthcentury

D.fromtheninthcentury

2、

WhatisthemainfeatureofthegrammarofOldEnglish?

A.TheinfluenceofLatin.

B.Arevolutioninvoweldistribution.

C.Awell-developedinflectionalsystem.

D.Lossofsomeinflections.

3、

Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.EvenaneducatedpersoncannotreadoldEnglishwithout

specialtraining.

B.ApersonwhoknowsFrenchwellcanunderstandoldEnglish.

C.AneducatedpersoncanunderstandoldEnglishbutcannot

pronounceit.

D.ApersoncanpronounceoldEnglishwordsbutcan't

understandthem.

4、

WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentioned?

A.French.

B.Latin.

C.Greek.

D.German.

5、

WhatisthemostremarkablecharacteristicofModernEnglish?

A.Numerousadditionstoitsvocabulary.

B.Completionofarevolutioninvoweldistribution.

C.Gradualchangesinitsgrammaticalsystem.

D.ThedirectinfluenceofLatin.

6^Whetherworkshouldbeplacedamongthecausesofhappiness

oramongthecausesofunhappinessmayperhapsberegardedas

adoubtfulquestion.Thereiscertainlymuchworkwhichis

exceedinglywearyandanexcessofworkisalwaysverypainful.

Ithink,however,that,providedworkisnotexcessiveinamount,

eventhedullestworkistomostpeoplelesspainfulthan

idleness.Thereareinworkallgrades,frommerereliefof

tediumuptotheprofoundestdelights,accordingtothenature

oftheworkandtheabilitiesoftheworker.Mostofthework

thatmostpeoplehavetodoisnotinitselfinteresting,but

evensuchworkhascertaingreatadvantages.Tobeginwith,it

fillsagoodmanyhoursofthedaywithouttheneedofdeciding

whatoneshalldo.Mostpeople,whentheyareleftfreetofill

theirowntimeaccordingtotheirownchoice,areatalossto

thinkofanythingsufficientlypleasanttobeworthdoing.And

whatevertheydecide,theyaretroubledbythefeelingthat

somethingelsewouldhavebeenpleasanter.Tobeabletofill

leisureintelligentlyisthelastproductofcivilization,and

atpresentveryfewpeoplehavereachedthislevel.Moreover

theexerciseofchoiceisinitselftiresome.Excepttopeople

withunusualinitiativeitispositivelyagreeabletobetold

whattodoateachhouroftheday,providedtheordersarenot

toounpleasant.Mostoftheidlerichsufferunspeakable

boredomasthepriceoftheirfreedomfromtoil.Attimesthey

mayfindreliefbyhuntingbiggameinAfrica,orbyflyinground

theworld,butthenumberofsuchsensationsis1imited,

especiallyafteryouthispast,Accordinglythemore

intelligentrichmenworknearlyashardasiftheywerepoor,

whilerichwomenforthemostpartkeepthemselvesbusywith

innumerabletriflesofthoseearth-shakingimportancetheyare

firmlypersuaded.

Workthereforeisdesirable,firstandforemost,asa

preventiveofboredom,fortheboredomthatamanfeelswhen

heisdoingnecessarythoughuninterestingworkisasnothing

incomparisonwiththeboredomthathefeelswhenhehasnothing

todowithhisdays.Withthisadvantageofworkanotheris

associated,namelythatitmakeshoiidaysmuchmoredelicious

whentheycome.Providedamandoesnothavetoworksohard

astoimpairhisvigor,heislikelytofindfarmorezestin

hisfreetimethananidlemancouldpossiblyfind.

Thesecondadvantageofmostpaidworkandofsomeunpaidwork

isthatitgiveschancesofsuccessandopportunitiesfor

ambition.Inmostworksuccessismeasuredbyincome,andwhile

ourcapitalisticsocietycontinues,thisisinevitable.Itis

onlywherethebestworkisconcernedthatthismeasureceases

tobethenaturalonetoapply.Thedesirethanmenfeelto

increasetheirincomeisquiteasmuchadesireforsuccessas

fortheextracomfortsthatahigherincomecanacquire.However

dullworkmaybe,itbecomesbearableifitisameansof

buildingupareputation,whetherintheworldatlargeoronly

inone'sowncircle.

Whatistheauthor,sopinionaboutwork?

A.Workcankeeppeoplebusyasiftheywerepoor.

B.Workisacauseofthegreatestdelightoflife.

C.Workisverytiresome,especiallywhentooexcessive.

D.Workcanatleastgiverelieffromboredom.

7、

Intheauthor'sopinion,whatisthelastproductof

civilization?

A.Tomakewiseuseofleisure.

B.Tobefreefromhardwork.

C.Tokeeponeselfbusywithtrifles.

D.Toworktosomeextent.

8、

Accordingtothepassage,tobetoldtodosomethingis

generally.

A.respectable

B.acceptable

C.insulting

D.disgusting

9、

Accordingtothepassage,successcanmostlybemeasuredin

termsof.

A.relationship

B.enjoyment

C.income

D.promotion

10、

Asputbytheauthor,mostoftheworkthatmostpeoplehave

todois.

A.delightfulbuttimeconsuming

B.exceedinglydullandalwayspainful

C.notworthdoingandbearableatall

D.notinterestingbutveryrewarding

11、Askanyemployeeatanlevelinanycompanywhatthey

dislikeabouttheirjobandsomewhereonthelistyouwillfind

acomplaintaboutthesystemofperformanceappraisals.Itdoes

seemstrangethatanideawhichwassupposedtobenefitboth

individualsandthecompanyshouldbesouniversallydisliked,

butthestaffappraisalisnowoneofthebiggestcausesof

dissatisfactionatwork.IntheUnitedStatestherehaveeven

beencasesofunhappyworkerstakingtheiremployerstocourt

overappraisalinterviews.Itisinacompany,sinterestto

combatthissituation,but,beforereversingtheappraisal's

negativeassociations,anorganizationneedstopinpointthe

underlyingreasonswhichhavecontributedtothem.

Problemswithappraisalscanfallintotwomainareas—those

arisingfromtheschemeitselfandthosearisingfromthe

implementationandunderstandingofthatscheme.Naturallyit

iseasiertotacklethoseintheformercategory;indeed,some

companieshavedevelopedschemesfollowinglegalguidelines.

Theseguidelinessuggestthatasuccessfulschemeshouldhave

aclearappealprocess,thatanynegativefeedbackshouldbe

accompaniedby"evidence“suchasdates,timesandoutcomesand

that,mostimportantly,ratingsshouldreflectspecific

measurableelementsofthejobrequirements.

Itisnotalwaysnecessarytoresorttolegaladvicehowever.

Somechangestocurrentschemesaresimplyamatteroflogic.

Forinstance,ifemployeesareconstantlyencouragedtowork

inteamsandtoassumejointresponsibilityfortheirsuccesses

andfailures,itmakeslittlesensefortheappraisalstofocus

onindividuals,asthismayleadtoresentmentsandcreate

divisionswithinthegroup.Itispossible,andinsomecases

moresuitable,toarrangeappraisalswhereperformanceisrated

forthegroup.

Staffalsoneedtobeeducatedaboutthebestwaytoapproach

appraisals.Managersoftenfindthattheyareuncomfortable

beingaskedtotakeonamoresupportiverolethantheyareused

towithouthavinghadanytraining.Thosebeingappraisedmay

seeitasachancetoairtheirgrievancesandhighlightthe

company,sfailingsratherthanconsidertheirownrole.Both

partiesviewtheprocessasanecessaryevil,tobegonethrough

onceortwiceayear,andthenforgottenabout.Theimportance

giventotheappraisalstemsfromthefactthat,despiteall

thetalkoftheinterviewbeingachanceformanagementand

employeestocometogetherandexchangeideas,setjoint

targetsandimprovethewaydecisionsarereached,thereality

isthattheyareoftennothingmorethanthepretextonwhich

payrisesaregiven,ornotgiven.Payis,ofcourse,asubject

thatalwaysleadstoproblems.

Giventheproblemsassociatedwithstaffappraisals,whyisit

that,withnolegalrequirement,companiescontinuetorunthem?

Theanswerissimple,itisimpossibletomanagesomethingyou

knownothingabout.AsanyHumanResourcesmanagercantellyou,

thebestwaytolearnaboutsomeoneistotalktothem.Effective

peoplemanagementreliesonknowledgeandappraisalsarestill

thebestwaytobuildupthatbankofknowledge.

Whyaretheresomanyproblemswithappraisals?

A.Peoplethinkthattherearetoomanycategories.

B.Peoplearenotsurehowthesystemworks.

C.Peoplethinkthatthefeedbackistoonegative.

D.Peoplearenothappywiththelegalaspects.

12、

Individualappraisalsarenotalwaysveryeffective

because.

A.teamsmuchprefertobeawardedagrouprating

B.everybodyworksinteamsthesedays

C.teammembersshareliabilityforresults

D.teamleaderssenseresentmentbetweenmembers

13、

Whatdoseniorstafffinddifficultaboutdoingappraisals?

A.Relatingtotheirstaffinadifferentmannerthanusual.

B.Havingtolistentostaffcomplainingaboutthecompany.

C.Managingtofindtimetoattendpropertrainingsessions.

D.Knowingthebestwaytoeducatestaffabouttheirrole.

14、

Inanidealworldanappraisalisanopportunityto.

A.improveyoursalary

B.moanabouttheboss

C.discussandagreegoals

D.meeteverysixmonths

15、

Howarepersonalappraisalsimportantforcompanies?

A.TheyhelpHRmanagerstotalktostaff.

B.Theyprovidethebestwaytobuildnewtargets.

C.Theyhelpthecompanymeetlegalrequirements.

D.Theyprovidevaluableinformationtotheemployer.

16、Themid-sixtiessawthestartofaprojectthat,along

withothersimilarresearch,wastoteachusagreatdealabout

thechimpanzeemind.ThiswasProjectWashoe,conceivedby

TrixieandAllenGardner.Theypurchasedaninfantchimpanzee

andbegantoteachherthesignsofASL,theAmericanSign

Languageusedbythedeaf.Twentyyearsearlieranotherhusband

andwifeteam,RichardandCathyHayes,hadtried,withan

almosttotallackofsuccess,toteachayoungchimp,Vikki,

totalk.TheHayessundertakingtaughtusalotaboutthe

chimpanzeemind,butVikki,althoughshedidwellinIQtests,

andwasclearlyanintelligentyoungster,couldnotlearnhuman

speech.TheGardners,however,achievedspectacularsuccess

withtheirpupil,Washoe.Notonlydidshelearnsignseasily,

butshequicklybegantostringthemtogetherinmeaningfulways.

Itwasclearthateachsignevoked,inhermind,amentalimage

oftheobjectitrepresented.If,forexample,shewasasked,

insignlanguage,tofetchanapple,shewouldgoandlocate

anapplethatwasoutofsightinanotherroom.

Otherchimpsenteredtheproject,somestartingtheirlivesin

deafsigningfamiliesbeforejoiningWashoe.AndfinallyWashoe

adoptedaninfant,Loulis.Hecamefromalabwherenothought

ofteachingsignshadeverpenetrated.WhenhewaswithWashoe

hewasgivennolessonsinlanguageacquisition—notbyhumans,

anyway.Yetbythetimehewaseightyearsoldhehadmade

fifty-eightsignsintheircorrectcontexts.Howdidhelearn

them?Mostly,itseems,byimitatingthebehavior,ofWashoe

andtheotherthreesigningchimps,Dar,MojaandTam.Sometimes,

though,hereceivedtuitionfromWashoeherself.Oneday,for

example,shebegantoswaggeraboutbipedally,hairbristling,

signingfood!food!food!ingreatexcitement.Shehadseena

humanapproachingwithabarofchocolate.Loulis,only

eighteenmonthsold,watchedpassively.SuddenlyWashoe

stoppedherswaggering,wentovertohim,tookhishand,and

mouldedthesignforfood(fingerspointingtowardsmouth).

Anothertime,inasimilarcontext,shemadethesignfor

chewinggum—butwithherhandonhisbody.Onathirdoccasion

Washoepickedupasmallchair,tookitovertoLoulis,setit

downinfrontofhim,andverydistinctlymadethechairsign

threetimes,watchinghimcloselyasshedidso.Thetwofood

signsbecameincorporatedintoLoulis'svocabularybutthesign

forchairdidnot.Obviouslytheprioritiesofayoungchimp

aresimilartothoseofahumanchild!

Chimpanzeeswhohavebeentaughtalanguagecancombinesigns

creativelyinordertodescribeobjectsforwhichtheyhaveno

symbol.Washoe,forexample,puzzledhercaretakersbyasking,

repeatedly,forarockberry.Eventuallyittranspiredthatshe

wasreferringtobrazilnutswhichshehadencounteredforthe

firsttimeawhilebefore.Anotherlanguage-trainedchimp

describedacucumberasagreenbanana.Theycaneveninvent

signs.Lucy,asshegotolder,hadtobeputonaleashforher

outings.Oneday,eagertosetoffbuthavingnosignforleash,

shesignaledherwishesbyholdingacrookedindexfingerto

theringonhercollar.Thissignbecamepartofhervocabulary.

TheexampleofWashoebeingsenttofetchanapplewhichis

inanotherroomindicatesthat.

A.chimpsmayhavemorethanonewaytofetchfood

B.chimpscanassociateonesignwithanotherinameaningful

way

C.chimpscanlearnthesignsofASL,theAmericanSign

Languageusedbythedeaf

D.chimpshavetheirparticularwaysforfindingwhatthey

want

17、

ThemainideaofParagraph2canbesummarizedas..

A.chimpscanalsobetaughttoimitatetheirelders

B.likehumanbeings,chimpscanalsolearnsomesignlanguage

throughself-taught

C.youngchimpscanbecleverenoughtowatchandlearn

D.ayoungchimpissimilartoahumanchildinintelligence

developmenttoknowthenatureofsomeobjects

18、

Theword"transpire“inParagraph3canprobablymean.

A.itturnedoutthat

B.ittransformedthat

C.itseemedthat

D.itmadeclearthat

19、

Fromwhatissaidinthepassagewecanconcludethat.

A.someanimalsdohaveintelligencetosomeextent

B.chimpscanbetaughttousehumanlanguageifenoughtime

isgiven

C.chimpscanevengivesomeparticularsignstoexpresswhat

theywant

D.chimpscanbeascreativeashumanbeings

20、

Thebesttitleofthispassagecanbe.

A.NewResearchFindingsontheChimpanzeeMind

B.Chimpanzee—IntelligentandCreativeAnimals

C.ChimpanzeeandSignLanguage

D.ChimpanzeesAreTalentsinLanguageLearning

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder,youare

requiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticle

bychoosingfromthelistA—H.Thefirst,fourthandthelast

paragraphshavebeenplacedforyou.

A.''Customersdon'tbuyproducts”,Marysays."Theybuy

results*.Maryexplainsthatitisherjobtohelpcustomers

getresults.Resultsarewhattheproductsdoforthecustomers.

Customersbuyproductsforwhattheproductsdo.

B.Maryenjoysherjob.Herjobiscustomerservice.Shehelps

customersusehercompany'sproducts.Whenpeopleaskherwhat

shedoes,Marysays.''Salespeoplesellourproducts.Myjobis

tomakesuretheystaysold”.

C.Shefindssomeonewhoisdoingexactlywhatthecustomerwho

calledisinterestedinseeing.Marycallscustomerswhoare

alreadyusingtheproduct.Sheasksifthecustomerwhowants

toseehowtheproductsareusedcanvisitthesecompanies.Most

customerscooperate.Theyletothercustomersvisittoseehow

productsareused.Theyhelpothersbecausetheyknowtheymay

needhelpthemselvessomeday.Theyknowtheywillbeableto

askforhelplateriftheygivehelptoothersnow.

D.MarygetscopiesofsalesordersfromSteve,John,Helen,

andothersalespeople.Whenshegetstheorders,Marytalksto

thesalespeopleaboutthecustomers.ItispartofMary'sjob

tofindouthowcustomersareusinghercompany，sproducts.Mary

tellscustomers,Tmintheinformationbusiness.Myjobis

togiveyouanyinformationyouneedaboutourproductsandhow

they'reused”.

E.Marymakesappointmentsforhercompany'scustomerstovisit

eachother.Mary'scompanyisveryhappytohavecust6mers

comparehowtheyuseitsproducts.Thecompanyfeelsthatthis

ishowcustomershelpsellitsproductstoothercustomers.

F.SometimesMaryhelpscustomerstohelpeachother.Customers

cal1toaskaboutusinghercompany'sproducts.Marygivesthem

productliterature.Shealsogivestheminformationfromher

filesonhowproductscanbeused.Sometimescustomerswantto

seeproductsbeingused.Thesecustomersareinterestedin

seeingexactlywhatisdonewiththeproducts.Whenthishappens,

Marylooksinherfiles.’Shelookstoseewhichcustomersare

usingtheproducts.Thenshelookstoseehowtheproductsare

used.

G.Marykeepsfilesofinformationaboutproductsandcustomers.

Filesaregroupsofdocumentssetuptomakeiteasytofind

anydocumentorrecordwhichisneeded.Inherfiles,Maryhas

printedsheetsabouthercompany'sproducts.Theseprinted

sheetsaboutthethingsthecompanymakesarecalledproduct

literature.Productliteraturetellsaboutthethingsthe

companymakes.Theliteraturealsotellswhattheproductsdo.

Theideaistoshowhowproductshelpcustomerswhousethem.

H.Maryhasalistofallthecompany'scustomers.Whenshe

receivescopiesoforders,Marychecksthemtoseeifthereare

anynewcustomers.Maryalsocheckstoseeifanyoldcustomers

arebuyingproductthathasnotbeenmadebefore.Marychecks

orderstoseewhichcustomersbuyit.Anytimecustomersbuy

productstheyhavenotusedbefore,Marycallstoseeifshe

canhelp.Maryasksifthecustomerneedsinformation.Shealso

askshowthecustomerisusingtheproduct.Maryputs

informationinherfilesonhowcustomersusehercompany，s

products.

Order:Bisthefirstparagraph,AisthefourthandEisthe

last.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC