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非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:能直接作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞叫謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:不能單獨(dú)作句子的謂語(yǔ),不受句子主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的限制,而是擔(dān)任句子其他語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞,叫非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。三、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有三種:動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)詞+ing,和動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞一動(dòng)詞不定式1.動(dòng)詞不定式的形成:to+動(dòng)詞原形not/never+to+動(dòng)詞原形不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)形式:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式to+動(dòng)詞原形tobe+過(guò)去分詞完成式tohave+過(guò)去分詞tohavebeen+過(guò)去分詞進(jìn)行式tobe+現(xiàn)在分詞Eg:1.Hewantstobeanengineer./Isawherentertheroom.Isorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.Heissaidtohavewrittenabookaboutsciencefiction.Thetwomenpretendedtobeworkinghard.Wedidn'texpectedyoutobewaitingforushere.Sheaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.Hewastheonlymantohavebeenpraisedatthemeeting不定式的句法功能:在句中不定式可作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),賓補(bǔ),表語(yǔ),定語(yǔ),和狀語(yǔ)。1)作主語(yǔ)Tomakealivinginthebigcityisnoteasy.為了句子的平衡,常采用it作形式主語(yǔ),而把作真正主語(yǔ)不定式置于句后。Itisnoteasytomakealivinginthebigcity.Itisimpossibletobuyacarforheryoungson.=Tobuyacarforheryoungsonisimpossible.2)作賓語(yǔ)不定式作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。還有個(gè)別介詞如:but/except的介詞賓語(yǔ).這些動(dòng)詞有:想決心學(xué)會(huì)(是有)希望(的),want/expect,decide,learn,hope/wish(先)假裝失敗, pretend,fail(再)設(shè)法拒絕, manage/try,refuse,(然后)主動(dòng)答應(yīng)(別人的)計(jì)劃,offer,promise,plan(最后)同意選擇請(qǐng)求別人幫一幫。agree,choose,ask/beg,helpEg:1.Rightnowyouneedtostaystilluntilhelpcomes.Theydon'twanttobetooclosetooneanother.不定式在but后時(shí),若but前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí),不定式不帶to,否則須帶to.1) Wehavenothingtodobut (wait)forthedoctor.2) Ihavenochoicebut (wait)forthedoctor.3) Hedidnothingalldaybut reading.A.practiseB.topractise4.如作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),要用it作形式賓語(yǔ),置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面,而將動(dòng)詞不定式放到賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后面。構(gòu)成;v+it+adj.+todo結(jié)構(gòu)TheyfoundithardtolearnChinese.Don'tyouthinkitbettertotranslateitinthisway?Hefelt hisdutytoworkforhumanrightandprogrss.A.whatB.thisC.thatD.it(能跟it作形式賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有:find/think/feel/belive/consider.)作表語(yǔ)Wavingone'shandistosay“Goodbye”.Hisdreamistobecomeanactor.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):(1)在有些動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),構(gòu)成v+sb.todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)。這些動(dòng)詞有:等待希望和鼓勵(lì), waitfor,expect/wish,encourage想請(qǐng)求建議和允許, want,beg/ask,advise,allow喜歡命令但依靠說(shuō)服,like/love,order,dependon,persuade,打算拜訪告訴(你有人)邀請(qǐng),intend,tell,invite,callon寧可教(你)使用強(qiáng)迫(或)禁止(手段)。prefer,teach,get,forbid(2)動(dòng)詞不定式作一些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to,但當(dāng)句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),須帶to.這些動(dòng)詞有;吳(五)看三室(使)兩廳(聽(tīng))一感覺(jué)半幫助lookat/see/watch/notice/observemake/let/havelistento/hearfeelhelp(可以帶to也可以不帶to)(3)1.would/shouldliketo+動(dòng)詞原形would/shouldliketohadbetter/wouldrather+動(dòng)詞原形why/whynot+動(dòng)詞原形作定語(yǔ)放在被它修飾的名詞后。Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?如果不定式的賓語(yǔ)是它所修飾的詞,后面不能再跟賓語(yǔ)。Therearesomehomeworkforustodoittoday.(錯(cuò))Therearesomehomeworkforustodotoday.(對(duì))如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞,不定式后就應(yīng)該有必要的介詞。Pleasegivemeapieceofpapertowriteon.Yearsofhardwork,verylittlefood,onlyasmallcoldroomtolivein.作狀語(yǔ) 不定式在句中可以用來(lái)表示目的,結(jié)果,原因,程度。Tofinishthetaskontime,wewentallout.Hewastooexcitedtosayasingleword.I'mgladtomeetyouTheboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.二動(dòng)詞+ing、v+ing的形成:1.v+ing的構(gòu)成形式1) 動(dòng)詞原形+ing2) 以輔音字母+不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾,去e后+ing3) 以單個(gè)字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié),雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母后+ingv+ing的否定式:not+v+ingv+ing的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)及物動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式動(dòng)詞原形+ingbeing+過(guò)去分詞完成式having+過(guò)去分詞havingbeen+過(guò)去分詞二、 V+ing的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用Eg:1.Wesawtheboyplayingneartheriver.Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.HavingbeenanEnglishteachermanyyears,heknewhowtohelpstudentstolearnEnglishNothavingreceivedhisanswer,Iwrotehimagain.Thatbuildingbeingbuiltisourschool.Havingbeentoldthebadnews,heburstintotears.三、 v+ing的語(yǔ)法功能:V+ing可以在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、主補(bǔ)、定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ),也可以與be組成謂語(yǔ)。(一).作主語(yǔ)Smokingisharmfutoourhealth.【注】:在It'snouse/good/point=need.…或It'suseless/worthwile…結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用it作形式主語(yǔ),而把v+ing放在句中后作真正主語(yǔ)。It'snouse (send)himover.It'It'snogood作賓語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)Theartistcanfinishdrawingahorseinfiveminutes.TheboysenjoyedwatchingTV.Heinsistedonmygoingwithhim.注】:考慮建議盼原諒,承認(rèn)想推遲完成避免錯(cuò)過(guò)繼續(xù)練否認(rèn)準(zhǔn)許,介意逃亡禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)不禁欣賞只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有:考慮建議盼原諒,承認(rèn)想推遲完成避免錯(cuò)過(guò)繼續(xù)練否認(rèn)準(zhǔn)許,介意逃亡禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)不禁欣賞consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardonadmit,fancy,delay/putoffavoid,miss,keep(on),practisedeny,allow/permit,mind,escape,forbid,imagine,riskcan'thelp,appreciateleadtodevote....Torefer..to2.leadtodevote....Torefer..tobe/getusedtopayattentiontolistentogetdownto lookforwardtoseeto objecttostickto turnto3.在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中,可以省略in,其后接v+ing形式作賓語(yǔ).Q.havedifficultytrouble (in)doingsth.agood/happy/hardtimeEg:Ihavesomedifficulty (read)herhandwriting.Wehaveagoodtime (play)footballyesterday.need/pointQ2.Thereisnogoog use (in)doingstharmEg:Thereisnopoint/need (waite)forhim.Hewon'tshowup.Q3.spendtime/money(in)doingsth.wastetime/money(in)doingsth.Eg:Hespenthiswholelife (look)afterthepoor.4.在goon,keep,及keepon后常用v+ing形式。Eg:Let'sgoon (practise)somenewwordsHekept (nod)ashelisten.后面的動(dòng)詞,盡管與句子的主語(yǔ)(邏輯主語(yǔ))有被動(dòng)關(guān)系,卻用v+ing的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。beworthdoing=beworthytobedone/ofbeingdoneEg:ThispictureisnotworthlookingatThispictureisnotworthy .Thispictureisnotworthy .6.如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是nogood/use/need(=point),常用作形式賓語(yǔ),用形式作真正的賓語(yǔ)。Eg:Ithinkitnouse (try)again.Wefinditnogood (do)itinthatway.7.在want,need,require等表示“需要”動(dòng)詞后,要用:sth.want/need/require+v-ing=sth.want/need/requiretobedone句型。用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意思Eg:Thetreesneedwatering.=Thetreesneed______ .Mydeskwantstoberepaired=Mydeskwants .(三)作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)與特征;有時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。Thesituationisencouraging.Thestorysoundsquitemoving.Myjobisteaching.(四)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)v-ing常用于一些動(dòng)詞如find,keep,leave及感觀動(dòng)詞watch,see,notice,hear,feel,observe,使役動(dòng)詞have,let,make等后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).Ihearsomeoneknockingatthedoor.Thedoctorfoundtheboylyingonthegroundanddyingfast.Shewasseenenteringthepfficelastnight.(五)作定語(yǔ)單個(gè)v-ing作定語(yǔ)時(shí),放在名詞前,若是v-ing短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)則要放在名詞后。Heisapromisingyoungman.Wesatthereandwatchedtherisingsun.v-ing短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)時(shí),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句:ThemanspeakingatthemeetingisaprofessorfromBeijing.=ThemanwhospokeatthemeetingisaprofessorfromBeijing.Ireceivealetter,invitingmetoaparty.=Ireceivealetter, metoaparty.(六) 作狀語(yǔ)v-ing作原因,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),通常位于句子前部:作方式伴隨或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí),通常位于句子后面.1) 原因:Notknowinghisadresss,Icouldn'tfindhishouse.2) Seeingthepictures,hecouldn'thelpthinkingofhismother.3) Thedogwasstandingatthegate,barking.4) Heputthefingerinhismouth,testeditandsmile,lookingratherpleased.6.)Herhusbanddiedtwoyearsago,leavingherwithtwochildren.(七) 組成謂語(yǔ)v-ingItwasraininglastnight.WearelearningEnglisheveryday.的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格構(gòu)成,在句中可以作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)等。Theydon'tlikemycominghere.DoyourememberLiPing'spayingthemoney?當(dāng)?shù)膹?fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),可用人稱(chēng)賓格代替形容詞性物主代詞或名詞普通格代替名詞所有格。但在句首作主語(yǔ)時(shí),只能用形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格Theydon'tlikemecominghere.DoyourememberLiPingpayingthemoney?XiaoLi'sgoingwon'tbeofmuchhelp.過(guò)去分詞一、過(guò)去分詞的形成過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成形式:1)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:動(dòng)詞原形+2)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:過(guò)去分詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式:過(guò)去分詞只用一般式:及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞,表示動(dòng)作已完成或被動(dòng)意義。不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞,則表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。過(guò)去分詞的否定形式:not+過(guò)去分詞二、過(guò)去分詞的句法功能:過(guò)去分詞可以與相對(duì)應(yīng)的助動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)。have/has/had+過(guò)去分詞be+過(guò)去分詞作句子中的表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)1) 作表語(yǔ):與連系動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ),表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)與特征。2) 作定語(yǔ):?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般放在所修飾的名詞前;如果時(shí)去分詞短語(yǔ),要放在所修飾的名詞后。Theunfinishedjobmustbefinishtoday.Thisisoneofthebuildingsdesighnedbymyfather.3) 作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))Heisgoingtohavehishaircut.Youmustgetyourwatchrepaired.Thedoorwasseenlocked.主要是感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).吳(五)看三室(使)兩廳(聽(tīng))一感覺(jué)lookat/see/watch/notice/observemake/let/havelistento/hearfeel4)作狀語(yǔ):過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示原因,條件,時(shí)間,方式和伴隨動(dòng)作或說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的背景或情況。Shewalkedoutofthehouse,followedbyherlittledaughter.Thecupisonthegroud,broken.注:在when,while,as,if,though,unless,asif(asthough)等連接的狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果主從句的主語(yǔ)相同,謂語(yǔ)有連系動(dòng)詞,那么這個(gè)從句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的連系動(dòng)詞be可以省略,而保留v+ing或過(guò)去分詞。Heenjoyedmusicwhile(hwwas)working.If(youwere)bittenbyasnake,youshouldsendforhelpandnotwalk.Iwon'tattendherbirthdaypartyunless(Iam)invited.be(well)knownfor,bedressedin,belostinthought,befacedwith,befilledwith等短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)時(shí),說(shuō)明其邏輯主語(yǔ)處于一種狀態(tài),這時(shí),它們的面前沒(méi)有being。Thegirldressedinredisverybeautiful.Wellknownforhisexpertadvice,hewasabletohelpagreatnumberofpeoplewiththeirpersonalaffairs.他的足智多謀廣為人知,因此,他能夠幫助許多人解決私事。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法功能比較1.句法功能一覽表主語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)不定式v-ingv-ed不定式與作主語(yǔ)時(shí)比較一般情況兩者可以互換,Eg:Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.如果泛指某種行為、活動(dòng)、或職業(yè)時(shí),多用v-ing作主語(yǔ);Waikinginthemorningisgoodforourhealth.如果表示特定的某一次行為或活動(dòng),尤其時(shí)將來(lái)的行為時(shí),必須用動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)。Torefusehimisnoteasythistime.3.不定式,v+ing與過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)比較不定式作表語(yǔ)表示特定的某一次行為或活動(dòng),尤其時(shí)將來(lái)的行為.Hiswishistoenteratopfamouseunversity.作表語(yǔ)時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征或狀態(tài),回答how的問(wèn)題。Thenewsisexciting.Theflowerslookpleasing.過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),表示主語(yǔ)的特征或狀態(tài)。Thewindowisbroken.Thechildrenwerefrightened不定式與作直接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的比較1)象agree,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,dare,decide,demand,bedetermined,elec

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