熊海虹主編高等學(xué)校研究生英語(yǔ)綜合教程 下配套課件Unit 4

高等院校研究生英語(yǔ)系列教材綜合教程〔下〕INTEGRATEDCOURSE2Unit4

ScienceandTechnology

Content

Startingout

ReadingFocus

ReadingMore

PracticalTranslation

FocusedWriting

FinalProjectTask1Workingroupsandsolvethefollowingcrosswordpuzzleinvolvingwordsdescribingthingsthathaveemergedinrecentyearswiththeimprovementofscienceandtechnology,e.g.email,surfingtheNet,searchengine,cellphone,etc.StartingoutAcross2.asciencewhichinvolvesdevelopingandmakingextremelysmallbutverypowerfulmachines4.topostareplyinordertoraisethethread’sprofilebyreturningittothetopofthelistofactivethreads5.toproduceanexactcopyofananimaloraplantfromitscells9.someonewhosecretlyusesorchangestheinformationinotherpeople’scomputersystems10. GMfoodrefersto________modifiedfoodwhichisnotaffectedbyparticulardiseasesorharmfulinsects.13.A________potatoissomeonewhospendsmostoftheirtimesurfingthenet.15.emailmessagesthatacomputeruserhasnotaskedforanddoesnotwanttoread,forexamplefromsomeonewhoisadvertisingsomething16.abusinessthatsellsproductsorservicesontheInternet,insteadofinashop17.avirtualpetintheformofaninteractiveprogram19.theoppositeofcyberspaceorthevirtualworldoftheInternet20.educationviatheInternet;e-educationDown1.keyboardcharactersusedincombinationtoproducewhimsicalsymbolsrepresentingarangeofemotions,alsoknownassmiley3.onlineromance6.teenagerswhospendtoomuchtimeinfrontofthescreen(televisionorcomputerscreens)7.aknowledgeableandexperiencedInternetuser8.moveinformationorprogramsfromacomputernetworktoasmallcomputer11.anactivityperformedonInternetforumsorchatroomsthatinvolveswanderingthewebsite,readingpostsandneveractuallypostinganything12.theuser(oremployee)oftheforumwhichisgrantedaccesstothepostsforthepurposeofmoderatingdiscussionontheInternet14.someonewhohasjuststarteddoingsomething,especiallyusingtheInternetorcomputers18.ChinaandIndiawillsoonhavefarlargernumbersof________(s)thananyWesternnation.

1EMO2NANOTE3CHNOLOGYIYC4BUMP5CLONE6S7K8DNR9HACKERNOLROWO10GENETICA11LLYWN12MVEUBL13MOUSE14NNRIODE15SPAMK16ETAILERWGIDR17CYBERPETN18NAIRG19MEATSPACETOIRZ20WEBUCATIONNTheInternetiswithoutanydoubtoneofthegreatestinventionsinhistory.Nowlet’swatchawittyspeechon“IfIControlledtheInternet〞andfindoutaboutwhatifthespeakerrantheInternet.ClickonthepictureTask2

StepOne

Directions:WorkinpairstomatchinventorsinColumnAwithinventionsinColumnB.

(P96)

Startingout1)TimBerners-Lee(England)→2)AlexanderGrahamBell(US,borninScotland)→3)WilburWrightandOrvilleWright(US)→4)ThomasAlvaEdison(US)→5)CaiLun(China)→6)AlexanderFleming(England)→7)LeoBaekeland(US,borninBelgium)→8)ChesterFloydCarlson(US)→9)WilhelmConradvonR?ntgen(Germany)→10)WillisCarrier(US)→

Startingoutg.theWorldWideWebd.telephonei.airplaneh.electriclightbulbc.papera.penicilline.plasticsj.xerographyb.X-rayf.air-conditioner

StepTwo

Directions:

Choosetwooftheinventionsmentionedaboveandtalkabouttheirimportance.

Sample:Ithinkoneofthemostimportantinventionsistheelectriclightbulb.Theimportanceofthisinventionbecomesmostapparentwhenthereisapoweroutageandwehavetofeelforeverythingindarkness.Anothermostimportantinventionistheairplane.Theinventionofairplaneshasenabledhumanbeingstofulfilltheirdreamofflyinglikebirds.Itisthefastestmeansoftransportationsofar.Moderntourismalsoowesmuchtotheinventionoftheairplane.Airplaneshaveshortenedthedistancebetweenpeopleandmadetheworldsmaller.Thankstotheinventionoftheairplane,peoplecannowtravelaroundtheworldandenjoydifferentthingsinexoticdestinations.

StartingoutThemostdynamiccombiningforms/prefixesfornewcomputer-and-Internet-relatedvocabularyinEnglisharecyber-,virtual,Net-(net-),Web-(web-),andE-(e-).a)combiningforms/prefixes+noun:thisisthemostcommontype.e.g.virtuallife(虛擬生活),virtualworld(虛擬世界),virtualcommunity(虛擬社區(qū)),virtualoffice,virtualpet,virtualreality,cyber-interaction;cyberculture,cybernut(網(wǎng)蟲(chóng)),cyberpet(電子寵物),cyberspaee,netwriter,nethead〔網(wǎng)蟲(chóng)〕,Webrnaster(網(wǎng)站維護(hù)者),Webpage,website,WebTV,E-book,E-shopper,e-card,e(-)mail,e-journal,e-business,e-cash,e-commerce.b).combiningforms/prefixes+verb:e.g.cybersuf(網(wǎng)絡(luò)漫游),netsurf，websurf，email(發(fā)送)c).wordslikecyber,net,etc.+suffix:e.g.cyberian(cyber+ian,網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶),cyberphobia(cyber+phobia,電腦恐懼癥),cybernaut(cyber+haut網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶),netter(net+er網(wǎng)民),Webify〔Web.+fy，使萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)化〕，cyberize(cyber+ize,使聯(lián)網(wǎng)).d)clippedword:cyberdoc(cyber+doctor,),Netcast(Net+broadcast,),Netiquette(Net+etiquette,),Netizen(Net+citizen,),Netpreneur(Net+entrepreneur,),Webcam(Web+camera,),Webcasting(Web+broadcasting,),Webliography(Web+bibliogrpahy,),Webnomics(Web+economics,-),Webgine(Web+magazine),e-tailing(electronic+retailing,),e-zine(electronic+magazine,).IsGoogleMakingUsStupid?ReadingFocusWatchashortvideoandfillinthefollowingparagraphwiththeinformationyou’vegotfromthevideo.Sixsimplelettersonaplainwhitepage–that’sthefaceof___________________________________intheworld,revered,envied,andsometimesscorned.Google’scofoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPagestartedthecompanyasgradstudents_________.Ithasmadethem________________.Todaytheystandatopanempirecastintheirownimage,__________,ambitious,andoften___________.Itisacompanylikenoother,________onlonghours,toomuchcoffee,andsomethingquiteelusive–genius.BackgroundInformationthemostpowerfultechnologycompanyin1998astonishinglyrichaudaciouscontroversialthriving

GlobalUnderstanding

1DetailedInformation2CriticalThinking3LanguagePoints4ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction5Completethefollowingextractwithinformationfromthetext.Overthepastfewyears,I’vehadan1)_____________feelingthatI’mnotthinkingthewayIusedtothink,particularlywhenIam2)________.Inthepast,Iwouldbeableto3)________myselfinlengthyarticles.But,itisadifferentstorynow.Ithasbecomeanexactingthingformetodosome4)_______reading.This,Ithink,canbeattributedtoauniversalmedium–theNet,whichprovidesimmediate5)________tosuchanincrediblyrichstoreofinformation.RelianceontheNetleadstothegraduallossofmycapacityfor6)_____________andcontemplation.Similartroubleswithreadingalsofalluponotherpeople,ReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandinguncomfortablereadingimmersedeepaccessconcentrationincludingScottKarp,whorecentlyconfessedthathehas7)________readingbooksaltogether,andBruceFriedman,whoclaimedthattheInternethas8)_______hismentalhabits.Arecentlypublishedstudyofonlineresearchhabitsalsopointstothe9)_______inthewaywereadandthink.AlthoughtheInternetandtext-messagingoncellphonesfacilitateourreading,it’sa10)________kindofreading.AccordingtoMaryanneWolf,adevelopmentalpsychologistatTuftsUniversity,wetendtobecome“mere11)_________ofinformation〞whilereadingonline.ReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandingstoppedalteredchangedifferentdecodersAsaconsequence,ourabilitytointerpretandmakerichmentalconnectionsremainstremendously12)_______.Anothergoodcaseinpoint,illustratingthepointthat13)___________extendacrossmanyregionsofthebrainwhenweapplydifferentmedia,isFriedrichNietzsche.Whenhisvisionwasfailinganditwastoughforhimtokeephiseyesfocusedonapage,heboughtatypewriter,withwhich14)_________couldonceagainflowfromhismindtothepage.But,asoneofNietzsche’sfriendsclaimed,itmadeNietzsche’sterseproseeven15)____________andmoretelegraphic.ReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandingdisengagedvariationswordstighterTask2Choosethesentencethatbestexpressesthemeaningofthesentencefromthetext.

(P103)

Key:2 3 4 5 6 7 8 DABDACBCReadingFocus

–DetailedInformationCriticalThinkingReadingFocusReadthefollowingsentencesfromthetextanddiscusswithyourgroupmembershowyouunderstandthemandwhetheryouagreewiththem.Useexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.ReadingFocus—CriticalThinking1.“Wearenotonlywhatweread,〞saysMaryanneWolf.“Wearehowweread.〞2.Whenwereadonline,shesays,wetendtobecome“meredecodersofinformation.〞Readthefollowingsentencesorquestionsanddiscusswithyourpartnerwhetheryouhavethesameproblemsandifyouhave,howyouwillcopewiththeseproblems.ReadingFocus—CriticalThinking1.ThemoretheyusetheWeb,themoretheyhavetofighttostayfocusedonlongpiecesofwriting.2.Peopleusingthesitesexhibited“aformofskimmingactivity,〞hoppingfromonesourcetoanotherandrarelyreturningtoanysourcethey’dalreadyvisited.3.“Ican’treadWarandPeaceanymore,〞headmitted.“I’velosttheabilitytodothat.Evenablogpostofmorethanthreeorfourparagraphsistoomuchtoabsorb.Iskimit.〞DiscussingroupsthefollowingquestionsPeoplecangaineasyaccesstovirtuallyalltheinformationontheInternet,includinge-books,whichactsasacatalystforthedebateastowhethertoabandonorstrengthenthecopyrightofbooks.Inyouropinion,howshouldtheissueofcopyrightbedealtwith?ReadingFocus—CriticalThinking1.Immersingmyselfinabookoralengthyarticleusedtobeeasy.Mymindwouldgetcaughtupinthenarrativeortheturnsoftheargument,andI’dspendhoursstrollingthroughlongstretchesofprose.(Para.1)Here,theauthoristalkingabouthispastexperience.Forexample,heusedtobeeasilyabsorbedinabookoralongarticle.Hisattentionwouldalsobedrawntothenarrative,complexargumentsandlongprose.ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

Ifyoudescribesomethingasagodsend,youareemphasizingthatithelpsyouverymuch.e.g.1)Thehotweatherhasbeenagodsendforice-

creamsellers.2)

Itwasagodsendtohavehimtherejustwhenwe

neededsomeone.

ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

2.TheWebhasbeenagodsendtomeasawriter.(Para.2)3.AfewGooglesearches,somequickclicksonhyperlinks,andI’vegotthetelltalefactorpithyquoteIwasafter.(Para.4)

Ifyouareaftersomebodyorsomething,youarelookingforsomebodyorsomething.e.g.1)Thatboy’salwaysintrouble—thepoliceare

afterhimagain.2)—“Wereyouafteranythinginparticular?〞

—“No,we'rejustlooking.〞

ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

4.OnceIwasascubadiverintheseaofwords.NowIzipalongthesurfacelikeaguyonaJetSki.(Para.3)ThesetwosentencesimplythatIusedtohavealikingfordeepreadingwhereasItendtoskimandscanforinformationwhilereadingnow.ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

5.“Whathappened?〞Hespeculatesontheanswer:“WhatifIdoallmyreadingonthewebnotsomuchbecausethewayIreadhaschanged,i.e.I’mjustseekingconvenience,butbecausethewayITHINKhaschanged?〞(Para.4)

“notsomuchbecause…,butbecause…〞means“并不是因?yàn)椤ぁぁぁぁぁ?，而是因?yàn)椤ぁぁぁぁぁえ?

speculate1)speculate(on/aboutsomething)/that/wh-e.g.Therewasnopoint_______________________________________________________(猜測(cè)他們是否會(huì)一起回來(lái)).2)speculatein/onsomethinge.g.Helikestospeculateonthestockmarket.Derivations:speculation;speculative

speculatingaboutthepossibilityofthemgettingbacktogetherReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

6.ApathologistwhohaslongbeenonthefacultyoftheUniversityofMichiganMedicalSchool,Friedmanelaboratedonhiscommentinatelephoneconversationwithme.(Para.5)

Ifsomebodyisonthefacultyofaparticularcollegeoruniversity,heorsheworksinit.However,“faculty〞hasothermeaningsasfollows.1)Howcanthefacultyimprovetheirteachingsoasto

encouragecreativity?

2)theFacultyofSocialandPoliticalSciences

3)Sheisovereightybutstillhasallherfaculties.

ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

alltheteachersdepartmentbeabletospeak,hear,see,understand,etc

elaborate(v.):togivemoredetailsornewinformationaboutsomethinge.g.1)Hesaidhehadnewevidence,butrefusedtoelaborateanyfurther.

2)Theyrefusedtoelaborateonthereasonsfortheirdecision.elaborate

(adj.)1)verycomplex

e.g.anelaborateresearchproject2)carefullyplannedandorganizedingreatdetail

e.g.Shehadpreparedaveryelaboratemeal.

ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

7.Butarecentlypublishedstudyofonlineresearchhabits,conductedbyscholarsfromUniversityCollegeLondon,suggeststhatwemaywellbeinthemidstofaseachangeinthewaywereadandthink.(Para.6)Inthissentence,“conductedbyscholarsfromUniversityCollegeLondon〞functionsasanattributiveof“arecentlypublishedstudy〞.“…maywellbeinthemidstofaseachange〞means“…areverylikelytoundergodramaticchanges〞.

ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

8.ThankstotheubiquityoftextontheInternet,nottomentionthepopularityoftext-messagingoncellphones,wemaywellbereadingmoretodaythanwedidinthe1970sor1980s,whentelevisionwasourmediumofchoice.(Para.6)

參考譯文：多虧鋪天蓋地的網(wǎng)絡(luò)文本，更別說(shuō)當(dāng)下時(shí)興的短信，可供我們閱讀的東西很可能比上世紀(jì)七八十年代要多了，那時(shí)，我們選擇的媒體還是電視。

ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

9.Hisvisionwasfailing,andkeepinghiseyesfocusedonapagehadbecomeexhaustingandpainful,oftenbringingoncrushingheadaches.(Para.9)Here,“failing〞isanadjective,meaning“nolongerstrongorhealthy〞.e.g.governmentmoneywastedonfailingindustries“bringingoncrushingheadaches〞isusedtomodifytheprevioussentenceasanattributive.“bringon〞heremeans“makesomethingbadorunpleasanthappen〞.e.g.Stresscanbringonanasthmaattack.ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

“bringon〞canalsohaveothermeaningsasfollows.1)tohelpsomeonetoimproveormakeprogresse.g.Teachershavetobringonthebrightchildrenandatthesametimegiveextrahelptothosewhoneedit.2)tomakeplantsorcropsgrowfastere.g.Keepingtheyoungplantsinagreenhousewillhelpbringthemon.ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

10.Hisalreadyterseprosehadbecomeeventighter,

moretelegraphic.(Para.10)Thissentenceimpliesthathisprosehadbecomeevenmoreconciseandterse.

ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

Key1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9- 10-Task1StepOneColumnAisalistofwordsfromthepassage.FindawordorphraseinColumnBwhichissimilarinmeaningtoeachofthewordsinColumnA.(P106)ifabhjceReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

dgStepTwo1)Thechildrenget__________iftheyhavenothingtodo.2)Theshipyardhasbeendealtanother__________blowwiththefailuretowinthiscontract.FillineachoftheblankswithanappropriatewordfromColumnAabove.Changetheformifnecessary.

(P.106)fidgetycrushingapplaud definitive curtail duly foragepithy propel ubiquity fidgety crushingReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

3)His__________advicetoyoungpainterswas,‘Aboveall,keepyourcolorsfresh.’4)Itisimportanttonotethat__________forinformationdoesnotequatetoaimless“surfing.〞5)Thevictims’familiesofthemurderhaveappealedtotheSupremeCourttohavea(n)__________answer.6)Hisaddictiontodrugs__________himtowardsalifeofcrime.pithyforagingdefinitivepropelledReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

applaud definitive curtail duly foragepithy propel ubiquity fidgety crushing7)Onthetriumphantreturnhome,thecaptain,BrianRobson,was__________forstickingtohisguns.8)The__________ofadvertisingisnotbeingdrivenbycorporationssearchingfornewwaystosellproductsbutbymediasearchingfornewwaystomakemoney.9)Hereareyourtraveldocuments,all__________signed.10)Bythesametoken,reducedmilitarybudgetswouldforcethegovernmentto__________itsforeigninvolvement.applaudedubiquitydulycurtailReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

applaud definitive curtail duly foragepithy propel ubiquity fidgety crushingTask2Fillineachoftheblankswithanappropriateprepositionoradverb.

(P107)Key1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-aboveontoonabout/ontowithaton/aboutinReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

Theregionswhereapersongrowsup__________________________________(可能會(huì)對(duì)······產(chǎn)生微妙的影響)hisorherideaoftypicalityofcertainitems.2.ManysitesontheInternet_________________________

__________(提供免費(fèi)閱讀電子書(shū)籍的時(shí)機(jī)).3.Business_______________________________(正發(fā)生著巨變)whenitcomestostaffingandretainingsuperiortalent.CompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChineseinbracketsintoEnglish.Trytousetheexpressionsyouhavelearnedfromthetext.

mayhaveasubtleeffectonprovidefreeaccessto

e-booksisinthemidstofaseachangeReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

Task34.Since1970,Green_________________________________________________________(一直在哈佛任教),wherehecurrentlyholdstwonamedprofessorships.5.Johnis_____________________________(如饑似渴的讀者)andparticipatesintwomonthlybookclubs.6.Whenyourgoalisinyourconsciousmindallthetime,___________________________(你就會(huì)把心思全花在這上了).7.Inallfacetsofcommunitylife,themediaplayacentralroleas_____________________________(信息傳遞者)andpotentiallyacatalystforactivismandchange. hasbeenonthefacultyofHarvardUniversityavoraciousbookreaderyou’llstayfocusedonittheconduitforinformationReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

8.Therentwasdue,so_________________________________

_____________(你的支票真是天賜之物)!9.Imusthaveskippedapage,becauseI__________________

_________________(我弄不清故事的脈絡(luò)了).10.Inthewarmwinterafternoon,shelikesto_____________

____________________(徜徉在優(yōu)美的散文中).yourcheckcameasanabsolutegodsend lostthethreadofthestorystrollthroughelegantproseReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

PracticalTranslation翻譯過(guò)程中根據(jù)原文的邏輯冠以和譯文的表達(dá)方式，把原文中的句子緊縮成一文中另一個(gè)句子的組成局部的翻譯方法叫縮譯法〔condensation)。為了符合漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言洗練簡(jiǎn)潔的特點(diǎn)，防止譯文啰嗦及拖泥帶水，有時(shí)英譯漢過(guò)程中中會(huì)使用縮譯法?？s譯法主要有以下幾種:1)縮譯短語(yǔ)；2)縮譯復(fù)合句；

3)縮譯兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句?？s譯法1.Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.這種反響并不錯(cuò)，這是人類用道德觀念進(jìn)行推理的本能在起作用。這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵(lì)，而不是遭到嘲笑。

2.ItwasontheearlymorningofApril2,1989.Thepilotswerebriefedinthereadyroom.1989年4月2日清晨，飛機(jī)駕駛員在待命室接受飛行任務(wù)。Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake原來(lái)是含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句，現(xiàn)在組合成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)潔的漢語(yǔ)句子。翻譯時(shí)將第一個(gè)句子翻譯成一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，和第二個(gè)句子合并，符合漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的洗練簡(jiǎn)潔的特點(diǎn)，從而防止譯文的拖泥帶水和羅嗦的缺點(diǎn)。3.Hiseyesweretriumphantlycold.Therewasnolightinthem,nofeeling,nointerest.他的目光傲慢冷酷，呆滯無(wú)光，冷淡無(wú)情。

4.Itisnecessarythatthosemachinesshouldbelubricatedregularly.那些機(jī)器必須經(jīng)常上潤(rùn)滑油。這兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主題很明確，都是用來(lái)描述hiseyes，在翻譯時(shí)將后一個(gè)單句處理成漢語(yǔ)譯文中的一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，邏輯清楚，語(yǔ)義連貫。翻譯時(shí)將itisnecessarythat翻譯成必須并融入到漢語(yǔ)中，容易接受。5.Hewasveryclean.Hismindwasopen.他為人正派而坦率。

6.只要看一眼這封信，你就會(huì)明白你上當(dāng)了。Aglanceatthisletterwillconvinceyouthatyouhavebeentakenin.這兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主題也很明確，都是用來(lái)描述他的特點(diǎn)，在翻譯時(shí)將后一個(gè)單句處理成漢語(yǔ)譯文中的一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，邏輯清楚，語(yǔ)義連貫。這里可以將漢語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句翻譯成英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)，比較自然。7.Wemustbringforwardanewdesignattheearliestpos