環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語 課件 U4L1-2 Solid Wastes and the Management of Solid Wastes

ProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineeringMainContents

IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringAirPollutionandControlWaterPollutionandControlSolidWasteandDisposalEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentEnvironmentalLaws，RegulationsandSustainableDevelopmentSolidWastesandSoilPollution

SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

ProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineering

Thematerialsthatarecollectedunderthetermsolidwasteincludemanydifferentsubstancesfromamultitudeofsources.Thesourcesofsolidwastesaredependentonthesocioeconomicandtechnologicallevelsofasociety.Asmallruralcommunitymayhaveknowntypesofsolidwastesfromknownsources(i.e.thewastesaremorehomogenous).Wastesfromindustrialandminingareasarealsomorehomogenous.Urbancommunities(metropolitancities)havemanysources(thewastesaremoreheterogeneous).SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

Solidwasteistheunwantedoruselesssolidmaterialsgeneratedfromcombinedresidentialindustrialandcommercialactivitiesinagivenarea.Refuse:Itisageneralnamegiventoallwastesexceptliquidwaste.Itincludesallputrescible(decomposerapidlybybacteria)andnon-putrescible(nondecomposable)wastes.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

DefinitionofSomeTypesofSolidWastesGarbage:Putresciblewastesresultingfromthegrowing,handling,processing,cookingandconsumptionoffood,e.g.Vegetables,fruits,bones,bread,etc.①Highquantitiesofgarbagearegeneratedduringthesummermonths,whenvegetablewastesaremoreabundant.②Theincreaseduseofprocessedandpackagedfoodshasreducedgarbageproductionandincreasedthecombustiblerubbish.Itrequirescarefulhandlingwithfrequentremovalandadequate.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

DefinitionofSomeTypesofSolidWastesRubbish:representsallnon-putresciblewastesexceptash.Therearetwocategoriesofrubbish:①Combustible:organicinnatureandincludesitemssuchaspaper,cardboard,woodyardclippings,bedding,plasticsetc.②Non-combustible:areinorganicmaterials,whichincludemetals,glass,ceramics,andotherminerals.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

DefinitionofSomeTypesofSolidWastesAshes:anincombustiblematerialthatremainsafterafuelorsolidwastehasbeenburnt.Infectiouswastes:arewastesthatcontainorcarrypathogenicorganismsinpartorinwholesuchaswastesfromhospitalsandbiologicallaboratoriessoiledwithbloodorbodilyfluids.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

DefinitionofSomeTypesofSolidWastesSpecialwastes:arewastesfromresidentialandcommercialsourcesthatincludes.①Bulkyitems(largewornoutorbrokenhousehold,commercial,andindustrialitemslikefurniture,lamps,bookcases,filingcabinets,etc.)②Consumerelectronics(includesworn-out,broken,andotherno-longerwanteditemssuchasradios,stereos,TVsets.)③Whitegoods(largeworn-outabrokenhousehold,commercial,andindustrialappliancessuchasstoves,refrigerators,dishwashers,clotheswashersanddryers).SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

DefinitionofSomeTypesofSolidWastesOrganicwaste:Foodwaste,paper,cardboard,plastics,textiles,rubber,leather,wood,yardwastes.Inorganicwaste:glass,crockery(cups,plates,etc.)tincans,aluminum,andothermetals.Deadbodies:deadanimalslikedogs,cows,donkeyetc.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

DefinitionofSomeTypesofSolidWastesCompositionisthetermusedtodescribetheindividualcomponentsthatmakeupthesolidwastestreamandtheirrelativedistribution,usuallybypercentbyweight.Informationonthecompositionofsolidwasteisimportantinevaluatingequipmentneeds,systemsandmanagementprogramsandplans.Thetypes(components)ofmunicipalsolidwastemaybedifferentfromcountrytocountrybyseason,economiccondition,developmentallevel,etc.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

CompositionofSolidWastesandTheirDeterminationTheindividualcomponentstudyinvolvesachievingthepresentcompositionofsolidwastebyvolumeandbyweight.Volumemeasurementsalthoughdifficulttomeasureareessentialtodisposalmethods,e.g.tocalculateincineratorsizesandlandfillareasandtolimithaulingcapacityofrefusetracks,etc.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

CompositionofSolidWastesandTheirDeterminationPhysicalcompositionofsolidwastesMoistureContent

Themoisturecontentofsolidwasteisusuallyexpressedinoneoftwoways:Wet-weightmethodofmeasurement:themoistureinasampleisexpressedasapercentageofthewetweightofmaterialDry-weightmethodofthemeasurement,itisexpressedasapercentageofthedryweightofthematerial.

SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

CompositionofSolidWastesandTheirDeterminationPhysicalcompositionofsolidwastesMoistureContentThemoisturecontentofmunicipalsolidwastevariesdependingon:CompositionofthewasteTheseasonoftheyear.Humidity.Weatherconditionesp.rain.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

CompositionofSolidWastesandTheirDeterminationPhysicalcompositionofsolidwastesDensityUnderphysicalcompositionofsolidwastesdensityisoneoftheimportantparameters.Densityisdefinedastheweightofthematerialperunitvolume.Theinterestinknowingdensityofsolidwasteistoassessthetotalmassandvolumeofwastethatmustbemanaged.Thedensitiesofsolidwastevarymarkedlywith:

Geographiclocation.Seasonoftheyear.LengthoftimeinstorageSolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

CompositionofSolidWastesandTheirDeterminationPhysicalcompositionofsolidwastesInformationonthechemicalcompositionofsolidwastesisimportantinevaluatingalternativeprocessingandrecoveryoptions.Forexample,thefeasibilityofcombustiondependsonthechemicalcompositionofsolidwaste.Ifsolidwastesaretobeusedasfuel,thefourmostimportantpropertiestobeknownare:

(1)Proximateanalysis:measuringthetotalconcentrationofcarbohydrate,protein,andlipidcontentsfromsolidwastes.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

CompositionofSolidWastesandTheirDeterminationChemicalcomposition(2)Fusingpointofash:isdefinedasthetemperatureatwhichtheashresultingfromtheburningofwastewillformasolid(clinker)byfusionandagglomeration.Typicalfusiontemperaturefortheformationofclinkerfromsolidwasterangesfrom1,100to1,200℃.

SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

CompositionofSolidWastesandTheirDeterminationChemicalcomposition(3)Ultimateanalysis:theultimateanalysisofawastecomponenttypicallyinvolvesthedeterminationofthepercentofC(carbon),H(hydrogen),O(oxygen),N(nitrogen),S(sulfur)andash.Theresultsoftheultimateanalysisareusedtocharacterizethechemicalcompositionoftheorganicmatterinmunicipalsolidwaste.(4)Energycontent:theenergycontentoftheorganiccomponentsinmunicipalsolidwasteshouldbedetermined.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

CompositionofSolidWastesandTheirDeterminationChemicalcompositionThemostimportantbiologicalcharacteristicoftheorganicfractionofmunicipalsolidwasteisthatalmostalloftheorganiccomponentscanbeconvertedbiologicallytogasesandrelativelyinertorganicandinorganicsolids.Inplanningforfuturewastemanagementsystems,itwillbeimportanttoconsiderthechangesitmayoccurinthecompositionofsolidwastewithtime.Fourwastecomponentsthathaveanimportantinfluenceonthecompositionofthewastescollectedarefoodwaste,paperandcardboard,yardwaste,andplastics.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

CompositionofSolidWastesandTheirDeterminationBiologicalpropertiesofMSWManagementofsolidwastereducesoreliminatesadverseimpactsontheenvironmentandhumanhealthandsupportseconomicdevelopmentandimprovedqualityoflife.Anumberofprocessesareinvolvedineffectivelymanagingwasteforamunicipality.Theseincludemonitoring,collection,transport,processing,recyclinganddisposal.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

SolidWastes

Management

Methodsofwastereduction,wastereuseandrecyclingarethepreferredoptionswhenmanagingwaste.Therearemanyenvironmentalbenefitsthatcanbederivedfromtheuseofthemethods.Theyreduceorpreventgreenhousegasemissions,reducethereleaseofpollutantconserveresources,saveenergyandreducethedemandforwastetreatmenttechnologyandlandfillspace.Thereforeitisadvisablethatthesemethodsbeadoptedandincorporatedaspartofthewastemanagementplan.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Reduce,Reuse,RecycleSolidWastes

Management

Wastereductionandreuseofproductsarebothmethodsofwasteprevention.Theyeliminatetheproductionofwasteatthesourceofusualgenerationandreducethedemandsforlargescaletreatmentanddisposalfacilities.Methodsofwastereductionincludemanufacturingproductswithlesspackaging,encouragingcustomerstobringtheirownreusablebagsforpackaging,encouragingthepublictochoosereusableproductssuchasclothnapkinsandreusableplasticandglasscontainers,backyardcompostingandsharinganddonatinganyunwanteditemsratherthandiscardingthem.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Reduce,Reuse,RecycleSolidWastes

Management

Allofthemethodsofwastepreventionmentionedrequirepublicparticipation.Inordertogetthepubliconboard,trainingandeducationalprogrammesneedtobeundertakentoeducatethepublicabouttheirroleintheprocess.Alsothegovernmentmayneedtoregulatethetypesandamountofpackagingusedbymanufacturersandmakethereuseofshoppingbags.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Reduce,Reuse,RecycleSolidWastes

Management

Allofthemethodsofwastepreventionmentionedrequirepublicparticipation.Inordertogetthepubliconboard,trainingandeducationalprogrammesneedtobeundertakentoeducatethepublicabouttheirroleintheprocess.Alsothegovernmentmayneedtoregulatethetypesandamountofpackagingusedbymanufacturersandmakethereuseofshoppingbags.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Reduce,Reuse,RecycleSolidWastes

Management

Recyclingreferstotheremovalofitemsfromthewastestreamtobeusedasrawmaterialsinmanufactureofnewproducts.Thusfromthisdefinitionrecyclingoccursinthreephases:firstthewasteissortedandrecyclablescollected,therecyclablesareusedtocreaterawmaterials.Theserawmaterialsarethenusedintheproductionofnewproducts.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Reduce,Reuse,RecycleSolidWastes

Management

Wastetreatmenttechniquesseektotransformthewasteintoaformthatismoremanageable,reducethevolumeorreducethetoxicityofthewastethusmakingthewasteeasiertodisposeof.Treatmentmethodsareselectedbasedonthecomposition,quantity,andformofthewastematerial.Somewastetreatmentmethodsbeingusedtodayincludesubjectingthewastetoextremelyhightemperatures,dumpingonlandorlandfillinganduseofbiologicalprocessestotreatthewaste.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

Itshouldbenotedthattreatmentanddisposaloptionsarechosenasalastresorttothepreviouslymentionedmanagementstrategiesreducing,reusingandrecyclingofwaste.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

1)IncinerationIncinerationisthemostcommonthermaltreatmentprocess.Thisisthecombustionofwasteinthepresenceofoxygen.Afterincineration,thewastesareconvertedtocarbondioxide,watervaporandash.Thismethodmaybeusedasameansofrecoveringenergytobeusedinheatingorthesupplyofelectricity.Inadditiontosupplyingenergyincinerationtechnologieshavetheadvantageofreducingthevolumeofthewaste,renderingitharmless,reducingtransportationcostsandreducingtheproductionofthegreenhousegasmethane.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

Thermaltreatment:processesthatinvolvetheuseofheattotreatwaste.2)PyrolysisandgasificationPyrolysisandgasificationaresimilarprocessestheybothdecomposeorganicwastebyexposingittohightemperaturesandlowamountsofoxygen.Thesetechniquesuseheatandanoxygenstarvedenvironmenttoconvertbiomassintootherforms.Amixtureofcombustibleandnon-combustiblegasesaswellaspyroligenousliquidisproducedbytheseprocesses.AlloftheseproductshaveahighheatvalueandcanbeutilizedSolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

Thermaltreatment:processesthatinvolvetheuseofheattotreatwaste.2)PyrolysisandgasificationGasificationusesalowoxygenenvironmentwhilepyrolysisallowsnooxygen.Gasificationisadvantageoussinceitallowsfortheincinerationofwastewithenergyrecoveryandwithouttheairpollutionthatischaracteristicofotherincinerationmethods.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

Thermaltreatment:processesthatinvolvetheuseofheattotreatwaste.SanitaryLandfillsaredesignedtogreatlyreduceoreliminatetherisksthatwastedisposalmayposetothepublichealthandenvironmentalquality.Theyareusuallyplacedinareaswherelandfeaturesactasnaturalbuffersbetweenthelandfillandtheenvironment.Forexampletheareamaybecomprisedofclaysoilwhichisfairlyimpermeableduetoitstightlypackedparticles,ortheareamaybecharacterizedbyalowwatertableandanabsenceofsurfacewaterbodiesthuspreventingthethreatofwatercontamination.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

SanitaryLandfillsInadditiontothestrategicplacementofthelandfillotherprotectivemeasuresareincorporatedintoitsdesign.Thebottomandsidesoflandfillsarelinedwithlayersofclayorplastictokeeptheliquidwaste,knownasleachate,fromescapingintothesoil.Theleachateiscollectedandpumpedtothesurfacefortreatment.Boreholesormonitoringwellsareduginthevicinityofthelandfilltomonitorgroundwaterquality.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

SanitaryLandfillsAlandfillisdividedintoaseriesofindividualcellsandonlyafewcellsofthesitearefilledwithtrashatanyonetime.Thisminimizesexposuretowindandrain.Thedailywasteisspreadandcompactedtoreducethevolume,acoveristhenappliedtoreduceodorsandkeepoutpest.Whenthelandfillhasreacheditscapacity,itiscappedwithanimpermeablesealwhichistypicallycomposedofclaysoil.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

SanitaryLandfillsSomesanitarylandfillsareusedtorecoverenergy.Thenaturalanaerobicdecompositionofthewasteinthelandfillproduceslandfillgaseswhichincludecarbondioxide,methaneandtracesofothergases.Methanecanbeusedasanenergysourcetoproduceheatorelectricity.Thussomelandfillsarefittedwithlandfillgascollection(LFG)systemstocapitalizeonthemethanebeingproduced.Theprocessofgeneratinggasisveryslow,fortheenergyrecoverysystemtobesuccessfulthereneedstobelargevolumesofwastes.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

SanitaryLandfillsTheselandfillspresenttheleastenvironmentalandhealthriskandtherecordskeptcanbeagoodsourceofinformationforfutureuseinwastemanagement,however,thecostofestablishingthesesanitarylandfillsarehighwhencomparedtotheotherlanddisposalmethods.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

SanitaryLandfills1)CompostingCompostingisthecontrolledaerobicdecompositionoforganicmatterbytheactionofmicroorganismsandsmallinvertebrates.Thereareanumberofcompostingtechniquesbeingusedtoday.Theseinclude:invesselcomposting,windrowcomposting,vermicompostingandstaticpilecomposting.Theprocessiscontrolledbymakingtheenvironmentalconditionsoptimumforthewastedecomposerstothrive.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

BiologicalWasteTreatmentThemanureofasuccessfulcompostisodorless,brownishorblackish-brownincolor,andone-thirdtoone-halfthevolumeofthecomposthascollapsedcomparedtothebeginningofthepile.1)CompostingTherateofcompostformationiscontrolledbythecompositionandconstituentsofthematerialsi.e.theirCarbon/Nitrogen(C/N)ratio,thetemperature,themoisturecontentandtheamountofair.CNratioisveryimportantfortheprocesstobeefficient.Themicroorganismsrequirecarbonasanenergysourceandnitrogenforthesynthesisofsomeproteins.IfthecorrectC/Nrationisnotachieved,thenapplicationofthecompostwitheitherahighorlowC/Nratiocanhaveadverseeffectsonboththesoilandtheplants.AhighC/Nratiocanbecorrectedbydehydratedmudandalowratiocorrectedbyaddingcellulose.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

BiologicalWasteTreatment1)CompostingMoisturecontentgreatlyinfluencesthecompostingprocess.Themicrobesneedthemoistureperformtheirmetabolicfunctions.Ifthewastebecomestoodrythecompostingisnotfavored.Ifhoweverthereistoomuchmoisturethenitispossiblethatitmaydisplacetheairinthecompostheapdeprivingtheorganismsofoxygenanddrowningthem.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

BiologicalWasteTreatment1)CompostingAhightemperatureisdesirablefortheeliminationofpathogenicorganisms.However,iftemperaturesaretoohigh,above75℃thentheorganismsnecessarytocompletethecompostingprocessaredestroyed.Optimumtemperaturesfortheprocessareintherangeof50℃~60℃withtheidealbeing60℃.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

BiologicalWasteTreatment1)CompostingAerationisaveryimportantandthequantityofairneedstobeproperlycontrolledwhencomposting.Ifthereisinsufficientoxygen,theaerobeswillbegintodieandwillbereplacedbyanaerobes.Theanaerobesareundesirablesincetheywillslowtheprocess,produceodorsandalsoproducethehighlyflammablemethanegas.Aircanbeincorporatedbychurningthecompost.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

BiologicalWasteTreatment2)AnaerobicDigestionAnaerobicdigestionlikecompostingusesbiologicalprocessestodecomposeorganicwaste.However,wherecompostingcanuseavarietyofmicrobesandmusthaveair,anaerobicdigestionusesbacteriaandanoxygenfreeenvironmenttodecomposethewaste.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

BiologicalWasteTreatment2)AnaerobicDigestionAerobicrespiration,typicalofcomposting,resultsintheformationofcarbondioxideandwater.Whiletheanaerobicresultsintheformationofcarbondioxideandmethane.Inadditiontogeneratingthehumuswhichisusedasasoilenhancer,anaerobicdigestionisalsousedasamethodofproducingbiogaswhichcanbeusedtogenerateelectricity.SolidWastesandtheManagementofSolidWastes

Treatment&DisposalSolidWastes

Management

BiologicalWasteTreatment數(shù)量詞的翻譯

數(shù)字的翻譯

英語和漢語的數(shù)字表達既有相同的部分，也有不同的部分，如兩者的進位都是從右到左，即從個位開始，但在英語中每三位為進位制的一組，并用逗號隔開，從右開始，第一個逗號前為“千”(thousand)，第二個逗號前為“百萬”(million)，以此類推。一般來說，對于具體的數(shù)字，可直接翻譯出來。(1)Typicalfusiontemperaturefortheformationofclinkerfromsolidwasterangesfrom1,100to1,200℃.譯文：通常焚燒固體廢物的溫度范圍為1100~1200℃。

例句中的數(shù)字直接譯出即可。這類可以直接譯出的數(shù)字一般不大，包括表溫度、年代、數(shù)量、高度等，但對于較大的數(shù)字，翻譯時需要按照英漢語言表式進行轉換，如數(shù)字657000用英語表示應為sixhundredandfifty-seventhousand，用漢語表示則應為“65萬7千或六十五萬七千”。

另外，還有表示“多達”“不足”、“左右”、“到”等數(shù)量介詞，如above、morethan，over、below、lessthan、under、around、closeto、nearly、some等，翻譯時，應結合原文仔細推敲。

Translation

數(shù)量詞的翻譯

倍數(shù)的翻譯

1.倍數(shù)增加的譯法在翻譯倍數(shù)的增加時，一定要注意所增加的倍數(shù)是否包含基數(shù)。如包含基數(shù)，通常可譯為“增加到……倍”、“增加為……倍”等；如不包含基數(shù)表示凈增時，可譯為“增加了……倍”。常用表達及譯法有四種：increasebyntimes“增加了n-1倍”或“增加到n倍”increasentimes“增加了n-1倍”或“增加到n倍”increasebyafactorofn“增加了n-1倍”或“增加到n倍”increasetontimes“增加到n倍”或“增加了n-1倍”

(1)Thestrengthoftheattractionincreasesbyfourtimesifthedistancebetweentheoriginalchargesishalved.譯文：如果原電荷之間的距離縮短一半，引力就會增加三倍。（或：就會增加到原來的四倍。）

Translation

數(shù)量詞的翻譯

倍數(shù)的翻譯

2.倍數(shù)減少的譯法

英語可以用times等表示倍數(shù)的詞語來表示數(shù)量的減少，即“減