環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語 課件 U6L1 Governance - Water on the move

ProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineeringMainContents

IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringAirPollutionandControlWaterPollutionandControlSolidWasteandDisposalEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentEnvironmentalLaws，RegulationsandSustainableDevelopmentEnvironmentalLaws，RegulationsandSustainableDevelopment

Governance—WateronthemoveProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineering

FromitssourceintheBlackForestinGermanytoitsdeltaontheBlackSeacoast,theDanubecrossesmountains,valleys,plains,countlesstowns,includingVienna,Bratislava,BudapestandBelgrade,and10countries.Initsjourneyofalmost3

000kilometres,theDanubeconvergeswithtributariescarryingwaterfromnineadditionalcountries.Today,millionsofpeopleacrosstheEuropeancontinentareconnectedinonewayoranothertotheDanubeanditstributaries.Governance—Wateronthemove

Whathappensupstreamhasanimpactdownstream,butnotonly.Itisclearthatpollutantsreleasedupstreamwillbetransporteddownstream,butshipstravellingupstreamcanfacilitatethespreadofalienspecies,suchasthe

Asianclam

movingwestwardsintheDanube,whichcancoloniselargeareasoftenattheexpenseofnativespecies.Whenpollutantsoralienspeciesenterthatwaterbody,theyinstantlybecomeasharedproblem.Governance—Wateronthemove

Currentgovernancestructuresarealmostentirelybasedonacommonallocationofthelandmassintoterritories.Wecanagreeoncommonrulesthatapplywithinadefinedareaandsetupbodiestoenforcethesecommonrules.Wecanevenagreeoneconomiczonesatseaandmakeclaimstotheresourcesthoseareascontain.Certainvesselscanbeauthorisedtofishinthosezones;companiescanbegrantedrightstoexploremineralsintheseabed.Butwhathappenswhenthefishmigratenorthorfloatingislandsofplasticwashuponyourshores?Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceBeyondtheLandMass

Unlikethelandmass,waterisinconstantmotion,whateveritsformmaybe,fromasingleraindroptoastrongoceancurrentorstormsurge.Fishstocksandpollutants,includinginvisiblechemicalssuchaspesticidesandvisiblepollutantssuchasplastics,donotrespectgeopoliticalbordersandeconomiczonesdefinedbyinternationalagreementsbetweenstates.Liketheairwebreathe,cleanerandhealthierrivers,lakesandoceansrequireawiderapproachtogovernancebasedonregionalandinternationalcooperation.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceBeyondtheLandMass

TheapproachforwidercooperationisoneofthekeyprinciplesbehindtheEU’swaterpolicies.The

EUWaterFrameworkDirective

—oneofthecornerstonesofEUwaterlegislation—seesariversystemasasinglegeographicalandhydrologicalunit,irrespectiveofadministrativeandpoliticalboundaries.TheDirectiverequiresMemberStatestodevelopmanagementplansbyriverbasin.GiventhatmanyofEurope’sriverscrossnationalboundaries,theseriverbasinmanagementplansaredevelopedandimplementedincooperationwithothercountries,includingEuropeancountriesthatarenotmembersoftheEU.Governance—Wateronthemove

RiverBasinManagement

ThecooperationaroundtheDanubeisoneoftheoldestinitiativesoftransboundarywatermanagement,datingbacktothelate1800s.Overtime,thefocushasshiftedfromnavigationtoenvironmentalissuessuchaspollutionandwaterquality.Today,theinitiativestoensurethesustainableuseandmanagementoftheDanubearecoordinatedaroundthe

InternationalCommissionfortheProtectionoftheDanubeRiver

(ICPDR),whichbringstogether14cooperatingstates(EUandnon-EUalike)andtheEUitself,withamandateoverthewholeDanuberiverbasin,whichincludesitstributariesaswellasgroundwaterresources.Governance—Wateronthemove

RiverBasinManagement

TheICPDRisrecognizedasthebodyresponsiblefordevelopingandimplementingtheriverbasinmanagementplanfortheDanube.TherearesimilargovernancebodiesforotherinternationalriverbasinsintheEU,includingtheRhineandtheMeuse.Governance—Wateronthemove

RiverBasinManagement

TheWaterFrameworkDirectivealsorequirespublicauthoritiestoinvolvethepublicindecision-makingprocessesinconnectionwiththedevelopmentandimplementationofriverbasinmanagementplans.MemberStatesorriverbasinmanagementauthoritiescancarryoutthispublicparticipationrequirementinvariousways.Forexample,theICPDRcarriesoutpublicparticipationmainlybyactivelyinvolvingstakeholderorganizationsandconsultingthepublicduringthedevelopmentphaseofriverbasinmanagementplans.Giventheirvastdimensions,governanceoftheoceansremainsanevenmorecomplexchallenge.Governance—Wateronthemove

RiverBasinManagement

Formostofhumanhistory,seasandoceanswereamysterytobeexploredbyallseafarers.Traders,invadersandexplorersusedthemastransportcorridors,connectingoneharbourtoanother.Controllingkeyharboursandthesearoutesconnectingthemresultedinpoliticalandeconomicpower.Itwasnotuntilthebeginningofthe17thcentury,attheheightofnationalmonopoliesovercertaintraderoutes,thatthisapproachofexclusiveaccesswaschallenged.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

DutchphilosopherandjuristHugoGrotiusclaimedinMareliberum(Freedomoftheseas)in1609thatseaswereinternationalterritoryandnostatecouldclaimsovereigntyoverthem.Grotius’sbookhasnotonlyofferedlegitimacytootherseafaringnationstakingpartinglobaltradebutalsoplayedafundamentalroleinshapingthemodernlawofthesea.Untiltheearly1900s,anation’srightscoveredthewaterswithinacannonshot(correspondingtoapproximately3nauticalmilesor5.6kilometres)ofitscoastline.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

DutchphilosopherandjuristHugoGrotiusclaimedinMareliberum(Freedomoftheseas)in1609thatseaswereinternationalterritoryandnostatecouldclaimsovereigntyoverthem.Grotius’sbookhasnotonlyofferedlegitimacytootherseafaringnationstakingpartinglobaltradebutalsoplayedafundamentalroleinshapingthemodernlawofthesea.Untiltheearly1900s,anation’srightscoveredthewaterswithinacannonshot(correspondingtoapproximately3nauticalmilesor5.6kilometres)ofitscoastline.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

Theinternationaldiscussionthatstartedovernations’righttoaccesstoseatraderouteshasovertimechangedtoadiscussionovertherighttoextractresources.Duringthe20thcentury,almostallcountries

extendedtheirclaims.Theseclaimsvarybetween12nauticalmiles(22kilometres)ofterritorialwatersto200nauticalmiles(370kilometres)forexclusiveeconomiczonesand350nauticalmiles(650kilometres)forthecontinentalshelf.ThecurrentinternationallawislargelyshapedbytheUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea(UNCLOS),whichenteredintoforcein1994.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

Inadditiontointroducingcommonrulesfordefiningdifferentnationaljurisdictionzones,theConventionstipulatesthatstateshavetheobligationtoprotectandpreservethemarineenvironmentandcallsforinternationalandregionalcooperation.Moreover,theConventionreferstotheprincipleofcommonheritageofmankind,whichholdsthatculturalandnaturalheritageindefinedareas(inthiscasetheseabed,oceanfloorandsubsoil)shouldbepreservedforfuturegenerationsandprotectedfromexploitation.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

Insuchcomplexgovernancestructures,itisalwaysachallengetoagreeoncommonrulesandstriketherightbalancebetweenprotectionofthenaturalheritageandeconomicinterests.TheConvention’sratificationtookalmosttwodecades,mainlyduetodisagreementsoverownershipandexploitationofmineralsinthedeepseabedandoceanfloor.TheConventionestablishedaninternationalbody,the

InternationalSeabedAuthority,

tocontrolandauthoriseminingexplorationandexploitationintheseabedbeyondthelimitsoftheareaclaimedbycountries.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

Othergovernancestructuresandconventionscoverdifferentaspectsofoceangovernance.Forexample,the

InternationalMaritimeOrganization

(IMO)isaUnitedNationsagencyspecialisinginshipping,anditworks,amongotherthings,onpreventingmarinepollutioncausedbyships.Initially,itsmarineprotectionworkfocusedmainlyonoilpollution,butinrecentdecadesithasbeenextendedthroughanumberofinternationalconventionstocoverchemicalandotherformsofpollution,aswellasinvasivespeciestransportedbyballastwaters.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

Pollutioninwatercanbeduetopollutantsreleaseddirectlytowaterorreleasedtoair.Someofthosepollutantsreleasedintotheatmospherecanlaterenduplandingonlandandwatersurfaces.Someofthesepollutantsaffectingaquaticenvironmentsarealsoregulatedbyinternationalagreements,suchasthe

StockholmConvention

onpersistentorganicpollutants,the

MinimataConvention

onMercuryandthe

ConventiononLong-RangeTransboundaryAirPollution.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

Pollutioninwatercanbeduetopollutantsreleaseddirectlytowaterorreleasedtoair.Someofthosepollutantsreleasedintotheatmospherecanlaterenduplandingonlandandwatersurfaces.Someofthesepollutantsaffectingaquaticenvironmentsarealsoregulatedbyinternationalagreements,suchasthe

StockholmConvention

onpersistentorganicpollutants,the

MinimataConvention

onMercuryandthe

ConventiononLong-RangeTransboundaryAirPollution.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

TheEEAreport

StateofEurope’sSeas

concludesthatEurope’sseascanbeconsideredproductive,buttheycannotbeconsidered‘healthy’or‘clean’.Despitesomeimprovements,someeconomicactivitiesatsea(e.g.overfishingofsomecommercialfishstocksandpollutionfromshipsormining)andpollutionfromland-basedactivitiesareincreasinglyputtingpressureonEurope’sseas.Climatechangeisalsoaddingtothesepressures.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

SomeofthesepressuresarelinkedtoactivitiescarriedoutoutsidetheEU’sborders.Thereverseisalsotrue.EconomicactivitiesandpollutionoriginatingintheEUhasimpactsoutsidetheEU’sbordersandseas.Regionalandinternationalcooperationistheonlywaythesepressurescanbetackledeffectively.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

Inthiscontext,itisnotsurprisingthattheEuropeanUnionisapartytotheUNConventionontheLawoftheSea.Insuchcases,EUlawsconformtointernationalagreementsbutsetspecificobjectivesandgovernancestructurestomanageandprotectcommonresources.Forexample,theEU

MarineStrategyFrameworkDirective

aimstoachievegoodenvironmentalstatusinEurope’sseasandprotecttheresourcesuponwhicheconomicandsocialactivitiesdepend.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

Tothisend,itsetsoverallobjectivesandrequiresEUMemberStatestodevelopastrategyandimplementrelevantmeasures.The

commonfisheriespolicy

setscommonrulesformanagingtheEU’sfishingfleetandpreservingfishstocks.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

Similartointernationalagreements,theEU’smarinepoliciescallforregionalandinternationalcooperation.InallofthefourregionalseasaroundtheEU(theBalticSea,theNorth-EastAtlantic,theMediterraneanSeaandtheBlackSea),EUMemberStatessharemarinewaterswithotherneighbouringcoastalstates.Eachoftheseregionalseashasacooperationstructuresetupbydifferentregionalagreements.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

TheEUisapartytothreeofthefourEuropean

regionalseaconventions:

theHelsinkiConventionfortheBalticSea;theOSPARCommissionfortheNorth-EastAtlantic;andtheBarcelonaConventionfortheMediterraneanSea.TheBucharestConventionfortheBlackSeaneedstobeamendedtoallowtheEUtoaccedetoitasaparty.Despitetheirvaryingambitionlevelsandslightlydifferentgovernancestructures,alltheseregionalseaconventionsaimtoprotectthemarineenvironmentintheirrespectiveareasandtofosterclosercooperationforcoastalstatesandsignatories.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

Atthegloballevel,theUNEnvironment’s

RegionalSeasProgramme

promotesashared‘commonseas’approachamongthe18regionalseaconventionsaroundtheworld.TheUnitedNations’2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentalsoincludesaspecificgoal,SustainableDevelopmentGoal14,

Lifebelowwater,

aimedatprotectingmarineandcoastalecosystems.TheEUhasbeenan

activecontributor

tothe2030Agendaprocessandhasalreadytakenmeasurestostartitsimplementation.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

Commonobjectivesandrulesworkbestwhenimplementedproperlyandrespectedbyallthoseinvolved.Nationalauthoritiescansetfishingquotasbuttheirimplementationreliesonfishingfleets.Usingillegalgear,takingfishsmallerthantheminimumsizeallowed,fishinginothercountries’watersoroverfishingcannotbeeliminatedwithoutcompliancebyfishermenandenforcementbyauthorities.Theimpacts—inthiscase,adeclineinfishpopulations,ariseinunemploymentinfishingcommunitiesorhigherprices—areoftenfeltbylargerpartsofsocietyandacrossseveralcountries.Governance—Wateronthemove

WhenStakesGoBeyondStates

Recognizingthatvariousstakeholdersimpacttheoverallhealthofoceans,discussionspreviouslyledbygovernmentshaveincreasinglybeeninvolvingnon-statestakeholders.Atthelatest

UnitedNationsOceansConference

heldinJune2017inNewYork,governments,non-statestakeholders,suchasacademia,thescientificcommunityandtheprivatesector,madecloseto1

400voluntarycommitmentstotakeconcreteactiontoprotecttheoceans,contributingtoSustainableDevelopmentGoal14.Governance—Wateronthemove

WhenStakesGoBeyondStates

Oneofthesecommitmentswasmadebynineoftheworld’slargestfishingcompanies,withacombinedrevenueofaboutonethirdofthetop100companiesinthefishingsector.Theypledgedto

eliminateillegalcatches

(includingtheuseofillegalgearandcatchesoverquota)fromtheirsupplychains.Asmorecompaniesandpeoplemakesuchpledgesandtakeaction,togetherwecouldmakeadifference.Governance—Wateronthemove

WhenStakesGoBeyondStates

定語從句

在英語中，如果單個詞用做定語一般放在所修飾的名詞之前，而定語詞組或從句一般放在所修飾的名詞之后，有時也被其他句子成分隔開，句子往往結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、形式多變；而在漢語中，定語成分一般位于中心詞的前面，而且少用長而復(fù)雜的定語。從結(jié)構(gòu)形式來看，英語的定語從句有許多種，如直接由關(guān)系代詞(或關(guān)系副詞)引導(dǎo)，由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)，由“名詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)；從主句與從句的關(guān)系，即按它與先行詞在邏輯含義上的緊密程度，分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩大類。張家民、李彥將根據(jù)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞所修飾的先行詞及其在從句中所起的作用，將定語從句分為六種：間位型定語從句、后位型定語從句、分離型定語從句、省略型定語從句、總括型定語從句和前位型定語從句”。為了表達(dá)一些復(fù)雜的概念和嚴(yán)密的邏輯關(guān)系，科技文體往往使用一些成分復(fù)雜、結(jié)構(gòu)層次繁多的定語從句。Translation

定語從句一、限制性定語從句

一般來說，限制性定語從句和所修飾的名詞或代詞(稱為先行詞)之間的關(guān)系十分密切，其在意義上是不可或缺的修飾語，在結(jié)構(gòu)上往往放在先行詞之后，并且與先行詞之間沒有逗號格開，在帶有限制性定語從句的句子中，定語從句是整個句子中不可缺少的部分，對先行詞起到限制和修飾的作用，它一旦缺席，主句的意思就會不完整、意義表達(dá)不明確，要靠從句加以補(bǔ)充說明。(1)Scientistssaytheplanetisalreadyontheroadtowardclimatechangesthatcoulddisrupttheglobaleconomyandendangerlife.譯文：科學(xué)家們說，地球的氣候已經(jīng)開始變化，這種變化有可能破壞世界經(jīng)濟(jì)并危及人類的生命。（順譯譯法）(2)Scientiststhinkthefirstlossofozonereducestheamountofsolarenergy(which)theatmospherecantakein.譯文：科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，臭氧層的首次變薄減少了大氣層能夠攝入的太陽能量。（逆序譯法）Translation

定語從句二、非限制性定語從句

與限制性定語從句不同的是，非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明的作用，它與先行詞之間的關(guān)系往往比較疏遠(yuǎn)。也就是說，如果沒有非限制性定語從句，主句的意思仍然清晰明了。一般來說，非限制性定語從句與主句間有逗號隔開，并由關(guān)系代詞“which”和關(guān)系副詞“when”，“where”引導(dǎo)。由于它和限制性定語從句有類似之處，翻譯的時候也可以采用一些較為類似的翻譯方法。(1)Mechanicalenergycanbechangedintoelectricalenergy,whichinturncanbechangedintomechanicalenergy.譯文：機(jī)械能可轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔?，而電能又能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C(jī)械能。（順序譯法）(2)Perhapsthisisthe"deathray",whichweoftenreadaboutinsciencefiction.譯文：也許這就是我們常在科幻小說中讀到的那種“死光”。（逆序譯法）Translation

定語從句三、狀語化定語從句

狀語化定語從句（包括限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句）是一種邊緣化定語從句。從句式形態(tài)上來看，屬于定語從句，但實(shí)際上卻與主句在邏輯上形成一種狀語關(guān)系，充當(dāng)說明表示原因、結(jié)果、目的、時間、條件或讓步等的作用。在翻譯過程中，對于這類句子的處理方法多采用轉(zhuǎn)譯譯法，也就是按照其內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系和語義關(guān)系譯成漢語各種相應(yīng)的復(fù)句，比如轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語因果關(guān)系、目的關(guān)系、時間關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、條件關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系等。(1)Weknowthatacat,whoseeyescantakeinmanymoreraysthanoureyes,canseeclearlyinthenight.譯文：我們知道，由于貓的眼睛能比人的眼睛吸收更多的光線，所以貓?jiān)诤谝挂材芸吹煤芮宄?。（轉(zhuǎn)譯為原因關(guān)系）(4)Nowadaysitisunderstoodthatadietwhichcontainsnothingharmfulmayresultinseriousdiseaseifcertainimportantelementsaremissing.譯文：現(xiàn)在人們已明白，如果飲食中缺少了某些重要成分，即便其中不含有任何有害物質(zhì)，也會引起嚴(yán)重疾病。（轉(zhuǎn)譯為條件關(guān)系）Translation

定語從句四、特殊定語從句

特殊定語從句也稱作特種定語從句。所謂特殊定語從句，就是指修飾整個主句或主句部分內(nèi)容的非限制性定語從句（通常由“which”或“as”引導(dǎo)），它代表整個主句或主句中的一部分在從句中充當(dāng)成分。以下就來討論以“which”、“as”引導(dǎo)的特殊定語從句。1.由which引導(dǎo)的特殊定語從句

這類定語從句之所以特殊，是因?yàn)橛伞皐hich”這個關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句不同于前面提到的定語從句。它沒有具體的先行詞，而是說明主句的部分內(nèi)容或整個內(nèi)容，包括“介詞+which”、“介詞+which+名詞”、“名詞等+介詞（多數(shù)情況下為of）+which”，這種定語從句一般對主句的內(nèi)容作進(jìn)一步闡述說明或起承上啟下的作用，其功能相當(dāng)于一個并列分句。英譯漢時，一般可采取分譯法，將“which”譯成“這”、“從而”、“因而”等等。此外，由于“which”前面還有不同的介詞，所以具體情況可因前面的介詞不同而有所不同。(1)Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporating.譯文：液態(tài)水變成蒸汽，這就叫蒸發(fā)。Translation

定語從句四、特殊定語從句

2.由“as”引導(dǎo)的特殊定語從句

一般來說，由“as”和“which”引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，“as”和“which”可代整個主句，相當(dāng)于“andthis”或“andthat”。這兩個詞的用法是不同的，“as”的位置很靈活，而“which”則多在句中，“as”代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞：若為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用“which”。在由“as”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，“as”通常指整個主句的內(nèi)容或主句的部分內(nèi)容，其位置十分靈活，不僅可以位于主句之后，還可以位于主句之前抑或是中間，在多數(shù)情況下，都有逗號將其隔開。翻譯時，往往也會采取分譯的翻譯方法，把關(guān)系代詞“as”譯為“正如……那樣”、“這”、“如”、“像”等。(1)Negativefeedback,asisdescribedhere,ismostwidelyappliedintheautomaticcontrolsofvariouskindsofmechanism.譯文：負(fù)反饋，就跟這里所描述的一樣，非常廣泛地應(yīng)用在各種機(jī)械的自動控制裝置中。Translation

定語從句五、分隔定語從句

通常情況下，英語中的定語從句是緊密跟隨在其先行詞之后的。但有時出于表達(dá)的需要，有時也會被其他成分分開，形成割裂式的修飾成分，這在科技英語中尤為如此。對于這種定語從句，關(guān)鍵在于正確理解定語從句所修飾的對象并對其邏輯關(guān)系加以分析判斷，做到對句子結(jié)構(gòu)的理解了然于胸。翻譯時，需要靈活加以處理，充分發(fā)揮譯者的主觀能動創(chuàng)造性。(1)Theselimitationsdonotapplytooperationslikeboringwhichareperformedwithsimplepointcutter.譯文：這些限制不適于像鏜削那樣的加工方式，因?yàn)槟切┘庸な鞘褂脝蔚度芯哌M(jìn)行的。除了以上的這些定語從句形式之外，還有一種比較復(fù)雜的定語，即定語從句套定語從句，甚至是套用多個定語從句，對于這種定語從句群，我們只有分清每層定語從句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，才能正確譯出。(5)Radioactiveatomsareveryvaluableinallsortsofways,becausewecanusethemtodothingsthatarenotpossiblewithordinaryatomsthatarenotradioactive.譯文：放射性原子在各方面都很有價值，因?yàn)槲覀兛梢岳眠@些原子做普通非放射法原子做不到的事情。Translation

Exercise

1.Wecanagreeoncommonrulesthatapplywithinadefinedareaa