英國歷史與社會文化

TheIntroductionofU.K..

oEngland

Objectives

oGettoknowtheobjectivesand

featuresofthislesson

oGettoknowthephysicalfeaturesof

Britain

oGettoknowthehistoryofEngland

GreatBritain

英國地圖S*奧克是

oTheofficialnameof聞ew米

306*

GreatBritainisthe/112?意

UnitedKinqdomofGre?件都

?心七n鰲城總

BritainanaNorthern幺理貳%

76

Ireland242.432軍方公?

*S幟

130439軍方公?

?爾士

oThemajorislandof20766軍方公?

方格會

總,席爾77.OBO平方公■

UKincludeEngland,拿夏爾蘭

ScotlandandWales14,147手方公里

oThelocationofGB布菜也?修?,

安給爾西島林物浦：V.些的斯壯

斯托支明6爾的

愛爾，海儡丁漢

--layingoffthenorth-f,,x哈爾

westerncoastlineof"A依法漢Mt

Europe

--TheEnglishChannel密網(wǎng)點(diǎn)托爾

separatesitfromthe削女帚舞次茅］

脩特島

村箏鬣

mainlandinthesouth英3,布修鐵

幡料用力,

—TheStraitofDover,孫科4

dividesitfromFrance

GreatBritain

oTheUKalsoreferredto

GBortheBritishIsles.

Itconsistingofmore

that5,000islands,the

mostbeingtheIsleof

ManandtheIsleof

Wight.

oTheCheviotHillsand

theriverTweeddivide

EnglandfromScotland

oInternationallyfamous

portsincludeLondon,

Bristol,Southampton,

Portsmouth,Doverand

others.

TheGeographicallyfeatures

oTheislandofGBis

subdividedintotwo

regions

—LowlandBritain

--HighlandBritain

oTheSevernisthelongest

river,andtheThamesisthe

deepestone

oRainandfog

oOctober-thewettestmonth

July-thehottestmonth

Jan一thecoldestmonth

oSmog-smokeandfog

ThegoodsareproducedintheUK

oMineralresourcesisnotrich

oOver%ofBritain'slandisusedfor

farming.

oAproducerandexporterof

machinery,electronics,ships,

aircraftandnavigationequipment.

oThefloraisvariedandfaunais

similartothatofthenorth-westof

Europe

PhysicalFeatures

oArea:228,400sq.km

(England130,423

sq.km)

oLength:Under1,000

from

oWidth:under500km

oPopulation:59.6

million(England48.7

million)

oClimate:mildand

temperate.

BritishHistory

Ahistoryofinvasions

oBefore1stcenturyAD-

KingdomofCelticpeople

o43AD-invadedby

RomanEmpire

o408一Romanswithdrew

afterAngles,Saxonsand

Jutesraidedtheisland

oAnEnglishLegend-King

Arthur

oTwomoregroupsof

Ki'GHibhuR

invaders-Vikingsand

ROUNDTHBIJS

Normans

KingAlfredtheGreat(849-899)

oAlfredtheGreat-the

onlymonarchin

Englishhistorytobe

giventhistitle

oHetookpartinthe

battlewhenhewasa

boyof16

oUnderhisleadership

thekingdomunitedto

fightagainstthe

invaders

oHewasnotonlyanAtlredQroxx.THrWu，*Sxxontks*”WaiUaee

A.13849>:lred<<xmc^anrr.rzdadhr■?t

￡rfU￡3tKmand>?eit-Th<利℃"'

ablewarriorbutalsoa“ndhe“mmTh。ChurchnC八"fjutea

itTY?eLandrjeMfiidbyah??rl3enemy

dedicatedscholarHAHreetname?hxllhv-9乜ss“".1海?

cftallretp?cvthepwtf

DatesinBritishHistory

o43—408

PeriodofRomanRule

o832—60

ScotsandPictsuniteunderKennethMacalpintoformwhatisto

becometheKingdomofScotia

o871—99

ReignofSaxonkingAlfredofWessex,"theGreat",whoforcesViking

invadersoutofWessexandresistsfurtherinvasion

o1066

NormanConquestofEnglandfollowingWilliamtheConqueror's

victoryattheBattleofHastings

o1236.

thetermParliamentisusedofficiallyforthefirsttimetodescribethe

gatheringoffeudalbaronsandrepresentativesofcountriesheadedby

theKing.

o1455—1485

WaroftheRoses—namelatergiventopoliticalanddynastictroubles,

involvingclaimsofhousesofLancasterandYorktoEnglishCrown

DatesinBritishHistory

o1534—1540

EnglishReformation:HenryVIIIestablishestheChurchofEngland

o1558—1603

ReignofElizabethI—successfulandcompetent

o1649

ExecutionofCharles/—demandedbyarmyleadersandradicalsafterthe

king'sdefeatduringthecivilwarsbetweenCrownandParliament

o1694

BankofEnglandfounded

o1775—1783

AmericanWarofIndependence—BritainlosesAmericancolonies

o1760—1830

IndustrialRevolution

o1803—1815

BritaininvolvedincontinentalconflicttocontainNapoleon'sexpansionism

o1801

FirstcensusinEnglandandWales—acensushasbeenheldeveryten

yearssince,exceptin1941

DatesinBritishHistory

o1807

SlavetradetoBritishcoloniesabolished

o1832

FirstReformActextendsrighttovotetomenincertaineconomic

categoriesandabolishesmanyrottenboroughsinEnglandandWales

o1833'

Britainabolishesslaveryinallitscolonies

o1837—1901

ReignofVictoria-atitsclosetheBritishEmpirehasexpandedto

almostone-fifthoftheworldlandmassandone-quarteroftheworld

population

o1911

ParliamentActrestrictspowersofHouseofLords

o1918

FourthReformActgivesvotetomenovertwenty-oneanda

substantialmeasureofsuffragetowomenoverthirty

o1928

Allwomenovertwenty-onewinvote

Scotland,WalesandIreland

Scotland

oPopulation:5,111million

oArea:7.8822sqkm

oThecapitalisEdinburgh,

thechiefcentreof

commerceandindustry

isGlasgow

oTheGaeliclanguageis

ratherusedthanEnglish

amongthepeopleofthe

remoteHighlanddistricts

oMostimportant

industriesare

shipbuilding,ironand

steel,heavyandlight

engineeringandcoal

mining

ScottishKings

oJamesI,1394-1437

oJamesII,1430-1460

oJamesIII,1451-1488

oJamesIV,1473-1513

oJamesV,1513-1542

TheScots

oTheScots,particularlythe

"Highlanders"fromthe

mountainousnorth,objectto

beingcalled“English”

oNationaldress-thekilt一the

pleatedskirtsmadeofthe

materialwithasquared,

coloreddesigncalledtartan

othehighlandersareproud

independentandhardypeople

whomainlylivebyfarming

sheepinthemountainareas;

others,onthecoastsand

islands,arefishermen

oTheScotshaveareputationfor

beinginventive,hardworking,

serious-mindedandcautious

withmoney

oApartfromtheirvery

distinctivenationaldressthe

Scotscanberecognizedby

theirparticularstyleofspeech

andaccent

SomefactsfromScottishhistory

oTheconstantwarsbetweenEnglandandthe

independentKingdomofScotlandlastedfromthe

eleventhtothesixteenthcentury.

oIn1603JamesVIoftheScotlandbecamealsoJamesI

ofEnglandwhenQueenElizabethIofEnglanddied

withoutchildren

o1651ScotlandwasunitedwithEnglandandWales

althoughitkeptitsownparliament

o1707EnglandandScotlandwerejoinedbyanActof

Union-

o1715and1745Rebellionsby“Jacobites''whowanteda

Catholicking.In1745theJacobitehopewasPrince

CharlesEdwardStuart,“BonnyPrinceCharlie"

o1746PrinceCharlieswasfinallydefeatedandthe

peopleofhighlandswereforcedtoemigrate

oTodaytherearetwentymillion"'OverseasScots”

Wales

oPopulation:2.899million

Area:20776km2

oThecapitalofWalesis

Cardiff,asmallcityofabout

300000peopleonthesouth

coast.Thissouthernarea

wasanimportantelementin

Britain'sindustrialrevolution,

asithadrichcoaldeposits.

Coal-miningbecameakey

industryfortheWelsh,

employingtensofthousands

atitsheight.

Wales

oWalesreallybeginswiththeAnglo-Saxon

victories

oThesubjectionofthepeoplewas

completedbyEdwardIwhowasmadehis

son,afterwardsEdwardII,thefirstPrince

ofWales.

oTheWelshstillproudlyweartheirnational

dressonfestiveoccasions.Welshand

Englisharebothofficiallanguagesin

Wales

oThewelshcalltheircountryCymrurand

themselvesCymry.

HistoryofWales

o1301

AfterdefeatingthenativeprinceofWales,king

EdwardIofEnglandnamedhisson"Princeof

Wales".Sincethentheeldestsonofthekingand

queenofEnglandhastraditionallybeengiventhis

title

o1536

WaleswasbroughtintotheEnglishsystemof

nationalandlocalgovernmentbyanActofUnion

o1850

Inthe19thcentury,theindustrialrevolution

completelychangedthefaceofSouthWales.

WorkerscameinlargenumbersfromEnglandand

Ireland

NorthernIreland

oPopulation:1.642million

Area:13483

sqkm

oNorthernIreland(often

called"Ulster"afteran

ancientIrishkingdom

whichonceexistedin

thatpartofIreland)is

thesmallestofthefour

nations,bothinareaand

population.

oItscapital,Belfast,isa

relativelysmalltownof

around350000people,

butismuchthebiggest

cityintheprovince.

ThoughNorthernIreland

issmallitissignificant

becauseofthepolitical

troublesthere.

FactsfromhistoryofIreland

o1155

KingHenryIIofEnglandwasmadeKingofallIrelandbythePope.

o1541

KingHenryVIIIofEngland,self-declaredheadofanewEnglish

ProtestantChurch,wasrecognizedasKingofIrelandbytheEnglish

parliament.LaternisdaughterElizabethIbrokethepoweroftheIrish

Kings"

o1609

InafurthermoveagainstIrishCatholics,theirlandwasgiventotens

ofthousandsofProtestantsfromEnglandandtheScottishLowlands.

UlstersoonhadmoreProtestantsthanCatholics

o1689

theDutchProtestantWilliamtheOrangehadbeeninvitedbythe

EnglishparliamenttobecomeKingofEnglandinsteadofthecurrent

king,JamesH,whowasaCatholic.JamesstillclaimedtobeKingof

Ireland,buttheProtestantsinUlsterfoughtagainsthim

o1690

WilliamtheOrangefinallydefeatedJamesIIinIrelandattheBattleof

theBoyne.SincethemtherehasbeennoCatholickingorqueenin

Britain"

FactsfromhistoryofIreland

o1703

bythistime,inUlsterProtestantsowned95percentoftheland

o1800

ActofUnionbetweenGreatBritainandIreland

o1845-1849

TheGreatFamine.RepeatedfailureoftheIrishpotatoharvestcauseddeathandsuffering.

Between1840and1900thepopulationofIrelandfellfrom8.5millionto4.5million.

TwomillionpeopleemigratedtotheUnitedStateofAmerica,CanadaandAustralia

o1916

TheEsterrising.IrishnationalistsrebelledduringtheFirstWorldWar.TheIrish

nationalistpartySinnFeindevelopedamilitarywing,theIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)

o1922

partitionofIreland.TheCatholicSouthbecametheIrishFreeState,withitsparliamentin

Dublin.TheNorthcontinuedtobepartoftheUK,butwithitsownlocalparliamentin

Belfast

o1969

theBritishArmywassenttotheNorthernIrelandafterdisturbancesbetweenProtestants

andCatholics

o1985

theAnglo-IrishAgreementwassignedinBelfast,givingthegovernmentoftheRepublicof

IrelandapartinthefutureofNorthernIreland

THETROUBLESINNUMBERS:

1969—MAY1994

/Total

Deaths3147

oofwhich:Civilians(includingparamilitaries)2202

BritishForces(policeandarmy)945

oKilledby:Republicanparamilitary58%

Loyalistparamilitary27.7%

Britishforces10.9%

TheGovernmentofthe

UnitedKingdom

TheMonarchy

oTheoldestinstitutionof

governmentisthe

Monarchy(rulebythe

king).

oThepowerofthe

monarchywaslargely

derivedfromthe

ancientdoctrineofthe

"divinerightofkings"

oWhiletheKingintheory

hadGodonhisside,in

medievaltimesitwas

thoughtthatheshould

notexerciseabsolute

power

oMagnaCarta-acharter

oflibertyandpolitical

rights

TheParliament

oTheword"parliament

comesfromtheverb

"toparley",thatis,to

discussortalk

oTheGreatCouncil

oJamesI

oCharlesII

oJamesII

oWilliamoforange

oThebillofRights

TheBirthofthePrimeMinisterand

Cabinet

oToensuregoodrelations

betweenCrownand

Parliament,thekingor

queenmetregularlywith

agroupofimportant

Parliamentarians,agroup

whichbecameknownas

theCabinet.

oIn1832,Membersof

Parliament(MPs)

assembledthemselves

intogroupswhich

eventuallywouldbecome

politicalparties,Theparty

withthemostsupporters

intheCommonsformsthe

government,andthe

feaderofthatparty

becomesPrimeMinister.

TheBritishGovernmentToday

oBritainisbothaparliamentarydemocracy

andaconstitutionalmonarchy

oBecauseofBritain'simperialpast,wefind

similarsystemsofgovernmentinmany

formercolonies

oTheconstitutionhasthreebranches一

Parliament,GovernmentandLawcourts

oQueenisofficiallyheadofallthree

branches

oParliamenthastwoparts:theHouseof

LordsandtheHouseofCommons

oThePrimeMinisteristheleaderofthe

politicalparty

TheConstitution

oBritishgovernancetodayisbaseduponthe

termsandconditionsoftheconstitution.

IsraelandBritainaretheonlytwocountries

withoutwrittenconstitutionsofthesort

whichmostcountrieshave.Thefoundations

oftheBritishstatearelaidoutinstatutelaw,

thatis,lawspassedbyParliament;the

commonlaws,whicharelawswhichhave

beenestablishedthroughcommonpractice

inthecourts,notbecauseParliamenthas

writtenthem;andconventions,whichare

rulesandpracticeswhichdonotexistlegally,

butareneverthelessregardedasvitaltothe

workingsofgovernment.

Parliament

oThedifferentfunctions

ofParliament

oTherearenolegal

restraintsupon

Parliament

oStrictlyspeaking,the

Parliamenttoday

consistsoftheQueen,

theHouseofLords

andtheHouseof

Commons.These

threeinstitutionsmust

allagreetopassany

givenlegislation

TheMonarchy

oTheroleofthemonarchtodayis

primarilytosymbolizethe

traditionandunityoftheBritish

state.Obviouslytheprime

ministerandgoverninqpartyat

anygiventimewillonly

representthepartofthe

populationthatvotedintheir

favor.TheQueen,however,

becausesheisnon-political,

belongstoeverybody.Underthe

termsoftheconstitutionher

otherrolesareasfollows:sheis

legallyheadoftheexecutive,an

integralpartofthelegislature,

headofthejudiciary,

commanderinchiefofthe

armedforcesand"supreme

governor"oftheChurchof

England.

TheHouseofLords

oBelowtheQueenistheHouseof

Lords.ItconsistsoftheLords

Spiritual,andtheLordsTemporal

oNowadaysthecompositionofthe

HouseofLordsisseenasbeing

bothsexistandelitistbecauseof

thewaythemajorityofpeerages

arepasseddownthrough

aristocraticpatrilineallines.

HouseofCommons

otheHouseof

Commonscurrently

consistsofabout650

Membersof

Parliament(MPs)

electedbythepeople

torepresentthem.

oMostMPsbelongto

politicalparties—

Labour,the

Conservativesandthe

LiberalDemocratsare

themajorones.

London,CitiesandTowns

London

oThecapitalofEngland

andoftheUKsituated(C)

ontheThamesriver,the

largestcityinBritain

oTheRomans,theSaxons,

theDanesandNormans

settledLondoninturn

oTheexistenceofLondon

dependedonitswater-

borntrade,historical

andgeographical

circumstanceshave

turnedLondonintoone

oftheworld'smost

importantcommercial

andculturalcenters

oThefirstmayorof

Londonwaselectedin

1193

London

oLondonmanagesina

uniquewaytoreflect

thepastand,atthe

sametime,tolivea

lifeofamoderncity

oTherearetwomain

districtsofLondon一

theWestEndandthe

EastEnd

oTherearemanypublic

parksinLondon

oThereareagreat

numberofprivate

squaresinLondon

TheTowerofLondon

oThesceneofnearly900

yearsofEngland's

history

oThetowerhasinthe

pastbeenafortress,a

palace,aprisonanda

mint.

oWilliamtheConqueror

beganbuildingthe

Towerforthepurposeof

protectingthecity;other

monarchsmade

additionsinlater

centuries

oTheTowercomprises

severaltowers,the

JewelHouse,theWhite

Tower,theBloodyTower.

oNowtheTowerisa

museum

TrafalgarSquare

oIsoftenreferredtoin

theBritishpressasa

placewheremass

meetingsand

demonstrationsare

held,thetraditional

anti-warmarch

amongthem

oTocommemoratethe

victoryofadmiralLord

NelsonatTrafalgar,it

wasconstructed

oTheNelsonColumn

oOnthenorthsideof

Trafalgarsquare

standstheNational

Gallery

St.Paul'sCathedral

oIntheWestEndof

Londononecansee

famousSt.PauTs

Cathedral,the

masterpieceofthe

well-knowEnglish

architectChristopher

Wren.

oTheWhispering

Gallerywhichisover

100feetabovethe

flooroftheCathedral,

isremarkableforits

acoustics

WestminsterAbbey

oIsnotedforits

architectureand

historicalassociations

oIsanationalshrine

wherethekingsand

queensarecrownedand

famouspeopleare

buried

oOneofthegreatest

treasuresoftheAbbeyis

theoakenCoronation

Chairmadein1300

oIsnotedforitsPoets'

Corner

oNearthewestdoorof

theAbbeyliesthe

UnknownWarrior

TheColorfulCapital

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E

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Oxford

oTheoldestuniversity

inGreatBritainis

Oxford

oOxfordwasfounded

inthe12thcenturyas

anaristocratic

Universityandretains

itsaristocratic

charactertothe

presentday

oOxford'sorganization

isverycomplicated

oThetutorialsystemof

educationusedboth

inOxfordand

Cambridgeisoneof

thewaysinwhich

Oxbridgediffersfrom

otherEnglish

universities

Cambridge

oIsthesecondoldest

universityinBritain

oCambridgewasopened

in1284withthe

constructionofthefirst

college,Pererhouse

oLyingontheriverCam,

thecityofCambridge

takesitsnamefrom

theriver

oIntheoldtimes

students5lifewasfullof

restrictions

oSomeofthefamous

personswhoreceived

theireducationin

Cambridge

Manchester

oIsthesecondlargest

cityinLancashire,and

theindustrialcapital

ofthenorthof

England

oIsthefifthlargestport

inBritain

oThepopulationis

about680,000people

oWasthefirstcityin

Englandtobuildits

ownairportin1919

Edinburgh

oThecapitalof

Scotland,oneof

themostbeautiful

citiesinEurope

andispopularly

knownas“the

Athensofthe

North"

oKingArthur's

chair—thehighest

hill

oMainstreet一

Princesstreet

Bath

SuperbRomanremains,awealth

offineGeorgianarchitectureand

impeccablehistoriccredentials.No

wonderBathisaWorldHeritage

Site.

Thisworld-famouscityhas

originatedanddevelopedaroundits

hotspringwater,hencethename

Bath.Thisisathrivingandvibrant

city,combiningafascinating

historywithadiversity

ofmuseums,galleries,gardens

andattractions.Bathispacked

withplacestovisitandoffersa

lively,year-roundcalendar

offestivals,theatrical,musicala

ndsportingevents.Over150

restaurantsandtraditionalpubsare

scatteredamonqafabulouschoice

ofspecialistanaindependentshops.

Withallthisonoffer-Bathreallyis

anunmissablepartofthegreat

BritishExperience.

Liverpool

ArtsandLiterature

EarlyWriting

oMuchearlyBritish

writingwasconcerned

withChristianity

oWiththeNorman

Conquestin1066

Britainenteredthe

MiddleAges(1066一

1485),andthe

languageoftheroyal

courtbecameFrench.

Soliteratureofthat

periodwaswrittenin

FrenchorLatin

EarlyWriting

oThelegendofKing

Arthurbecame

establishedinliterary

formwiththe

publicationin1138of

Geoffreyof

Monmouth'sHistoryof

theKingsofBritain,a

Latinwork

oLocationsmentioned

inthelegendssuchas

theruinedcastleat

TintagelinCornwall

arepopulartourist

destinations.

ElizabethanDrama

oTherewasageneral

floweringofcultural

andintellectuallifein

Europeduringthe

15thand16tn

centurieswhichis

knownas"The

Renaissance'1

oInBritishcultureone

ofthemostsuccessful

andlong-lasting

expressionsofthis

developmentlayin

drama

oMarlowe(1564—1593)

oWilliamShakespeare

(1564—1616)

17thCentury

oLiteraturecannotreallybedividedinto

exactperiods.Anysuchdivisionsactually

overlapandblendintooneanother.Thus

thelateElizabethansarealsoJacobeans.

ThistermcomesfromtheLatinformof

thenameofKingJamesI,Jacobus.

oApermanentmonumentofEnglish

literaturestylecommemoratesJames's

name.

oHeorderedthetranslationoftheHoly

ScripturesknownastheKingJamesBible

(1611).

17thCentury

oTheEssaysofFrancis

Bacon(1561-1626)

madepopularin

Englishaliteraryform

widelypracticed

oTheliterarygiantof

the17thcentury,John

Milton(1608-74),was

muchboundupin

PuritanRevolution.

ohismasterpieces:the

epicParadiseLost

(1667),itssequel,

ParadiseRegained

(1671),anathepoetic

tragedySamson

Agonistes(1671).

18thCentury

oEighteenth-centuryEnglishliteratureis

markedbyaratherlargeshiftfromthe

moodandtoneof17th-centuryliterature-

-asecondgreatpoliticaldisturbancetook

placeinthelate17thcentury.

oIntellectualactivitysetsthe18thcentury

apart.

oanageofwit

oItwasanageofskepticism

18thCentury

oJonathanSwift(1667-1745),

oRobertBurns(1759-96)

oDanielDefoe(1660-1731)

TheRomanticPeriod

oRoughlythefirstthirdofthe

19thcenturymakesupEnglish

literature'sromanticperiod.

oWritersofromanticliterature

aremoreconcernedwith

imaginationandfeelingthan

withthepowerofreason,

oTwopoetsofferedwhathad

beencalledromanticpoetry's

"DeclarationofIndependence."

Thiswasavolumeofpoems

calledLyricalBallads(1798),

writtenbyWilliamWordsworth

(1770-1850)andSamuel

TaylorColeridge(1772-1834).

TheRomanticPeriod

oThreemenbroughttheRomanticMovementtoits

height.

oLordByron(1788-1824),

oJohnKeats(1795-1821)

oPercyByssheShelley'

TheNineteenthCenturyNovel

ospiritofRomanticism

alsooccurredinthe

novel,notablyinMary

Shelley's(thepoet

Shelley'swife)

Frankenstein(1818),

oInScotlandthere

developedatypeof

romanticismdifferent

fromthatofByron,

KeatsandShelley

oItsspokesmanwasSir

WalterScott(1771-

1832)

TheNineteenthCenturyNovel

oJaneAusten

(1775-1817)

othemostfamous

literaryfamilyin

Britishhistoryare

theBrontesisters,

andtheytoowere

influencedbythe

Romantic

movement.

oCharlotte,Emily

andAnn

TheNineteenthCenturyNovel

oRobertLouisStevenson

oThomasHardy(1840-1928)

TwentiethCenturyLiterature

oThe20thcenturymarkedtheendofthe

BritishEmpire,whichwasreplacedbythe

CommonwealthofNations.YetEnglish

civilizationandculturecontinuetohavea

stronginfluenceontherestoftheworld.

TheheritageofEnglishliteratureformsan

outstandingpartofthatculture.

oTwentiethcenturyliteraturecanbe

broadlydividedintotwostylisticperiods:

Modernism,andPostmodernism

TwentiethCenturyLiterature

oModernismin

literaturecanbeseen

asareactionagainst

thenineteenthcentury

forms

oJosephConrad(1857-

1924)

oVirginial/l/oo/f(1882-

1941),She

sometimesusedwhat

hasbeencalledthe

"streamof

consciousness"

technique

TwentiethCenturyLiterature

oD.H.Lawrence

oE.M.Forster

oGeorgeOrwell

oGrahamGreene

oWilliamGolding

oKingsleyAmis

oMaragretDrabble

oSalmanRushdie

(India),GraceNichols

(Guyana),Kazio

Ishiguro(Japan),V.S.

Naipaul(Trinidad)

ArtisticandCulturalLifeinBritain

oArtisticandculturallifeinBritainis

ratherrich.Itpassedseveralmain

stagesinitsdevelopment

oKingAlfred

oEHza-bethanage

oQueenVictoria

oGermanairraids

oImmigrants

PopularMisconceptionsaboutWilliam

Shakespeare

oAgooddealoftheconfusioninpeople's

mindsaboutthegreatestwriterhascome

fromliteraryscholarsleavingopen

questionsabouthislifeandassociations

whichcanbesettled.Theresultisthat

thousandsofpeopleinBritainand

Americadonotknowwhetherheever

existedorwrotehisownplays,or

whetherQueenElizabethwrotethem

underanassumedname.Muchofthe

nonsensewrittenaboutShakespeare

comesfrompeoplewhoknownothingof

theElizabethanAgeinwhichhelived