版權說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內容提供方,若內容存在侵權,請進行舉報或認領
文檔簡介
ACourseonLinguistics
戴煒棟《新編簡明英語語言學教程》
(網絡下載,調整修改中)1精選2021版課件TheGoalsforthisCourseTogetascientificviewonlanguage;Tounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguistics;Tounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learning(SLAorTEFL),cross-culturalcommunication……;Toprepareforthefutureresearchwork.2精選2021版課件TheRequirementsforthiscourseClassattendanceClassroomdiscussionFulfillmentoftheassignmentExamination3精選2021版課件ReferenceBooks戴煒棟,何兆熊,(2002),《新編簡明英語語言學教程》,上海外語教育出版社。胡壯麟,(2001),《語言學教程》,北京大學出版社。劉潤清,(1995),《西方語言學流派》,外語教學與研究出版社。Fromkin,V.&R.Rodman,(1998),AnIntroductiontoLanguagethesixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,Ranehart&Winston,Inc.4精選2021版課件Chapter1.Introduction
5精選2021版課件1.Whatislanguage?
6精選2021版課件Languagecanmeanwhatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)thewayofspeakingorwriting(e.g.Shakespeare’slanguage,Luxun’slanguage)aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting(e.g.languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)theabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage)thecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages(e.g.Hestudieslanguage)atoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)asetofrules.(rule-governed)7精選2021版課件Sapir’sdefinition(1921)“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”8精選2021版課件Hall’sdefinition(1968)Languageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”9精選2021版課件Chomsky’sdefinition(1957)“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof(finiteorinfinite)sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”10精選2021版課件Languagecanbegenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.11精選2021版課件LanguageisasystemSystematic----rule-governed,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules;can’tbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.12精選2021版課件LanguageisarbitraryArbitrary----nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.13精選2021版課件LanguageissymbolicinnatureSymbolic----wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsideasbyconvention.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”----Shakespeare14精選2021版課件LanguageisprimarilyvocalVocal----theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.15精選2021版課件Languageishuman-specificHuman-specific----differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.16精選2021版課件Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage
(CharlesHockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCulturaltransmission17精選2021版課件Arbitrariness----Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.Onomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)aresomewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,….Chinese:putong,shasha,dingdang…)Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopy…18精選2021版課件Productivity/creativity----Peculiartohumanlanguages,usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesires19精選2021版課件Duality(doublearticulation)Lowerlevel----sounds(meaningless)Higherlevel----meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)Acommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.(wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.20精選2021版課件Displacement----Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.AgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.Beescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundwhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thebeedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveries.21精選2021版課件Culturaltransmission----Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct).Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.AChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Thestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.22精選2021版課件Functionsoflanguage
Phatic:establishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontact.Directive:getthehearertodosomething.Informative:giveinformationaboutfacts.Interrogative:getinformationfromothers.Expressive:expressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.Evocative:createcertainfeelingsinthehearer(amuse,startle,soothe,worryorplease)Performative:languageisusedtodothings,toperformactions.23精選2021版課件Theoriginoflanguage
Thedivine-origintheory----LanguageisagiftofGodtomankind.Theinventiontheory----imitative,criesofnature,thegruntsofmenworkingtogether.Theevolutionarytheory----theresultofphysicalandpsychologicaldevelopment.24精選2021版課件許國璋先生認為把語言定義成交際工具不夠科學,至少不夠嚴謹.他對語言的定義做了如下概括:語言是一種符號系統(tǒng).當它作用于人與人之間的關系的時候,它是表達相互反應的中介;當它作用于人與客觀世界的關系的時候,它是認知事物的工具;當它作用于文化的時候,它是文化的載體.25精選2021版課件2.Whatislinguistics?----Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.----Apersonwhostudieslinguisticsisknownasalinguist.26精選2021版課件FourprinciplesoflinguisticstudiesExhaustiveness/adequacyConsistencyEconomyObjectivity27精選2021版課件ThescopeormajorbranchesoflinguisticsTheoreticallinguisticsPhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsUseoflinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsSociolinguisticsPsycholinguistics……28精選2021版課件TheoreticallinguisticsPhonetics----speechsound(description,classification,transcription):articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,auditoryphonetics.Phonology----soundpatternsoflanguagesMorphology----theformofwordsSyntax----therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentence.Semantics----themeaningoflanguage(whenthemeaningoflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse----Pragmatics)29精選2021版課件UseoflinguisticsAppliedlinguistics----linguisticsandlanguageteachingSociolinguistics----socialfactors(e.g.class,education)affectlanguageusePsycholinguistics----linguisticbehaviorandpsychologicalprocessStylistics----linguisticandliterature30精選2021版課件SomeotherapplicationsAnthropologicallinguisticsNeurolinguisticsComputationallinguistics(e.g.machinetranslation)31精選2021版課件Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics32精選2021版課件DescriptivevsprescriptiveDescriptive----describe/analyzelinguisticfactsobservedorlanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Prescriptive----laydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar)33精選2021版課件SynchronicvsdiachronicSynchronicstudy----descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)
Diachronicstudy----descriptionofalanguagethroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)
34精選2021版課件SpeechvswritingSpeech----primarymediumoflanguageWriting----laterdeveloped35精選2021版課件Languevsparole(F.deSaussure)Langue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofthespeechcommunity.Parole----therealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuretakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.36精選2021版課件Competenceandperformance(Chomsky)Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.37精選2021版課件TraditionalgrammarvsmodernlinguisticsTraditionalgrammar----prescriptive,written,Latin-basedframeworkModernlinguistics-----descriptive,spoken,notnecessarilyLatin-basedframework38精選2021版課件Chapter2Phonology
Languageisprimarilyvocal.Theprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds----soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.39精選2021版課件Phonetics
----Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription,e.g.[p]bilabial,stop.
40精選2021版課件ThreebranchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”Acousticphonetics----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.41精選2021版課件Articulatoryphonetics42精選2021版課件Speechorgans:threeimportantareasPharyngealcavity----thethroat;Theoralcavity----themouth;Nasalcavity----thenose.43精選2021版課件ThediagramofspeechorgansLipsTeethTeethridge(alveolar)HardpalateSoftpalate(velum)UvulaTipoftongueBladeoftongueBackoftongueVocalcordsPharyngealcavityNasalcavity44精選2021版課件Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds----AstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.Broadtranscription----usedindictionaryandtextbookforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics,e.g.clear[l],[pit]Narrowtranscription----usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics,e.g.dark[l],aspirated[p]45精選2021版課件Somemajorarticulatoryvariables----dimensionsonwhichspeechsoundsmayvary:Voicing----voiced&voicelessNasality----nasal&non-nasalAspiration-----aspirated&unaspirated
46精選2021版課件ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds----Englishspeechsoundsaregenerallyclassifiedintotwolargecategories:VowelsConsonantsNote:Theessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwoclassesisthatintheproductionoftheformertheairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritissomehowobstructed.47精選2021版課件Classificationofconsonants----Englishconsonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtotwodimensions:ThemannerofarticulationTheplaceofarticulation48精選2021版課件Themannerofarticulationstops/plosives:[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g];fricatives:[f],[v],[s],[z],[W],[T],[F],[V],[h];affricates:[tF],[dV];
liquids:[l](lateral),[r];nasals:[m],[n],[N];
glides/semivowels:[w],[j].49精選2021版課件Theplaceofarticulationbilabial:[p],[b],[m],[w];labiodental:[f],[v];dental:[W],[T];alveolar:[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r];palatal:[F],[V],[tF],[dV],[j];velar:[k],[g],[N];
glottal:[h].50精選2021版課件TheplaceofarticulationBilabial;Labiodental;Dentalorinterdental;Alveolar;Palatoalveolar;Palatal;Velar;Uvular;Glottal.51精選2021版課件ThedescriptionofEnglishconsonantsPlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelarGlottalStopsorplosivesVL[p][t][k]VD[b][d][g]Frica-tivesVL[f][W][s][F][h]VD[v][T][z][V]Affri-catesVL([tF])[tF]VD([dV])[dV]NasalsVD[m][n][N]LiquidsVD[l],[r]GlidesVD[w][j]52精選2021版課件Classificationofvowels----Englishvowelscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:Monophthongsorpure/singlevowelsDiphthongsorglidingvowels
53精選2021版課件Monophthongsorpure/singlevowels----Accordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighestintheprocessofproduction,thevowelscanbedistinguishedas:frontvowels:[I:],[I],[e],[Z],[A],[B];centralvowels:[E:],[E],[Q];backvowels:[u:],[u],[C:],[C],[B:].54精選2021版課件AccordingtotheopennessofthemouthClose:[I:],[I],[u:],[u].Semi-close:[e],[E:];Semi-open:[E],[C];Open:[A],[B],[C],[B:],[Q];55精選2021版課件Thediagramofsinglevowelclassificationbyapplyingthetwocriteriasofarmentioned:56精選2021版課件Accordingtotheshapeofthelipsor
thedegreeofliproundingrounded:[u:],[u],[C:],[C];unrounded:[I:],[I],[e],[Z],[A],[B],[E:],[E],[Q],[B:].57精選2021版課件Accordingtothelengthofthevowelslong:
[I:],[E:],[u:],[C:],[B:]short:[I],[e],[Z],[A],[E],[Q],[B],[u],[C].58精選2021版課件Diphthongs/glidingvowels[ei],[ai],[aU],[EU],[Ri],[iE],[ZE],[UE].59精選2021版課件Exercises:underlinethewordsthatbeginwithasoundasrequired.Abilabialconsonant:madsadbadcadpadhadladAvelarconsonant:nodgodcodpodrodLabiodentalconsonant:ratfatsatmatchatvatpatAnalveolarconsonant:nicklicksicktickkickquickApalato-alveolarconsonant:sipshiptipchiplipzipAdentalconsonant:liebuythighthytieryeAglide:onewaryolkrush60精選2021版課件Underlinethewordsthatendwithasoundasrequired:Africative
payhorsetoughricebreathpushsingwreathehangcavemessageAnasal
trainbangleaflimbAstop
drillpipefitcrabfogridelaughrackthroughtipAnaffricate:racksuchridgebooze61精選2021版課件Underlinethewordsthatcontainthesoundasrequired:Acentralvowel:
madlotbutbootwordAfrontvowel:
reedpadloadfatebitbedcookAroundedvowel:whohebusherhittruebossbarwalkAbackvowel:paidreapfooltopgoodfather62精選2021版課件Describetheunderlinedconsonantsaccordingtothreedimensions:vd/vlplacemannerLetterBrotherSunnyHopperItchingLodgerCallingSingingRobbereither63精選2021版課件PhonologyPhonologystudiesthepatterningofspeechsounds,thatis,thewaysinwhichspeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguages.64精選2021版課件Phonetics&phonologyBothareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage----thespeechsounds.Buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofgeneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;itaimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheyhave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.65精選2021版課件Phone,phoneme,allophone
66精選2021版課件PhoneAphone----aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,somedon’t,e.g.[bI:t]&[bIt],[spIt]&[spIt].67精選2021版課件PhonemeAphoneme----isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue;anabstractunit,notaparticularsound,butitisrepresentedbyacertainphoneincertainphoneticcontext,e.g.thephoneme/p/canberepresenteddifferentlyin[pIt],[tIp]and[spIt].68精選2021版課件AllophoneAllophones----thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.69精選2021版課件Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistributionandminimalpair.70精選2021版課件PhonemiccontrastPhonemiccontrast----differentordistinctivephonemesareinphonemiccontrast,e.g./b/and/p/in[bIt]and[pIt].71精選2021版課件ComplementarydistributionComplementarydistribution----allophonesofthesamephonemeareincomplementarydistribution.Theydonotdistinguishmeaning.Theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontexts,e.g.dark[l]&clear[l],aspirated[p]&unaspirated[p].72精選2021版課件MinimalpairMinimalpair----whentwodifferentformsareidentical(thesame)ineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair,e.g.beat,bit,bet,bat,boot,but,bait,bite,boat.73精選2021版課件Somerulesofphonology
SequentialrulesAssimilationruleDeletionrule74精選2021版課件SequentialrulesSequentialrules----therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage,e.g.inEnglish,“kbiI”mightpossiblyformblik,klib,bilk,kilb.Ifawordbeginswitha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.75精選2021版課件SequentialrulesIfthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules,e.g.spring,strict,square,splendid,scream.a)
thefirstphonememustbe/s/,b)
thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/,c)
thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w/.*[N]neveroccursininitialpositioninEnglishandstandardChinese,butitdoesoccurinsomedialects,e.g.inCantonese:“牛肉,我,俄語……”76精選2021版課件AssimilationruleAssimilationrule----assimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar,e.g.theprefixinispronounceddifferentlywhenindifferentphoneticcontexts:indiscreetalveolar[In]inconceivablevelar[IN]
inputbilabial[Im]77精選2021版課件AssimilationinMandarin好啊haowa海啊haiya看啊kanna唱啊changNa跳啊tiaowa……78精選2021版課件DeletionruleDeletionrule----ittellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented,e.g.design,paradigm,thereisno[g]sound;butthe[g]soundispronouncedintheircorrespondingformssignature,designation,paradigmatic.79精選2021版課件SuprasegmentalfeaturesSuprasegmentalfeatures----thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments(largerthanphoneme):stresstoneintonation80精選2021版課件Syllable(whatissyllable?)AncientGreek:aunitofspeechsoundconsistingofavoweloravowelwithoneormorethanoneconsonant.Dictionary:wordorpartofawordwhichcontainsavowelsoundorconsonantactingasavowel.Thesyllableconsistsofthreeparts:theONSET,thePEAK,theCODA,e.g.[mAn].Thepeakistheessentialpart.Itisusuallyformedbyavowel.But[l],[n]and[m]mightalsofunctionaspeaksasin“apple,hidden,communism”.81精選2021版課件Stress
WordstressSentencestress82精選2021版課件WordstressThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,e.g.ashiftinstressinEnglishmaychangethepartofspeechofaword:
verb:im5port;in5crease;re5bel;re5cord…noun:5import;5increase;5rebel;5record…83精選2021版課件WordstressSimilaralterationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements:
compound:5blackbird;5greenhouse;5hotdog…nounphrase:black5bird;green5house;hot5dog…84精選2021版課件WordstressThemeaning-distinctiveroleplayedbywordstressisalsomanifestedinthecombinationsof-ingformsandnouns:modifier:5dining-room;5readingroom;5sleepingbag…doer:sleeping5baby;swimming5fish;flying5plane…85精選2021版課件SentencestressSentencestress----therelativeforcegiventothecomponentsofasentence.Generally,nouns,mainverbs,adjectives,adverbs,numeralsanddemonstrativepronounsarestressed.Othercategorieslikearticles,personpronouns,auxiliaryverbsprepositionsandconjunctionsareusuallynotstressed.Note:forpragmaticreason,thisruleisnotalwaysright,e.g.wemaystressanypartinthefollowingsentences.
Heisdrivingmycar.
Mymotherboughtmeanewskirtyesterday.86精選2021版課件ToneTonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Englishisnotatonelanguage,butChineseis.
ma媽(level)ma麻(thesecondrise)ma馬(thethirdrise)
ma罵(thefourthfall)87精選2021版課件Intonation
Whenpitch,stressandlengthvariationsaretiedtothesentenceratherthantotheword,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Englishhasthreetypesofintonationthataremostfrequentlyused:fallingtone(matteroffactstatement)risingtone(doubtsorquestion)thefall-risetone(impliedmessage)Forinstance,“That’snotthebookhewants.”88精選2021版課件Grammaticalfunctionsofintonations----Intonationplaysanimportantroleintheconveyanceofmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,esp.inEnglish.a)Itmayindicatedifferentsentencetypesbypitchdirection.89精選2021版課件Grammaticalfunctionsofintonationsb)Itmayimposedifferentstructuresonthesentencebydividingitintodifferentintonationunits,e.g.“Johndidn’tcomebecauseofMarry”
Withinoneintonationunit,itmeans:Johncame,butithadnothingtodowithMarry.Withtwointonationunits,itmeans:MarrywasthereasonwhyJohndidn’tcome.
Exercises:Thinkoftheutteranceindifferentintonations:
“Thosewhoboughtquicklymadeaprofit.”90精選2021版課件Grammaticalfunctionsofintonationsc)Itcanmakeacertainpartofasentenceespeciallyprominentbyplacingnucleusonit,e.g.
Jackcameyesterdaybytrain.91精選2021版課件Grammaticalfunctionsofintonationsd)Itsattitudinalfunctions.Fallingtone----matter-of-factstatement,downrightassertion,commands.Risingtone----politeness,encouragement,pleading.Note:thesecanonlybeverygeneralindications.Thespecificattitudinalmeaningofanintonationpatternmustbeinterpretedwithinacontext.92精選2021版課件Chapter3Morphology
Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.93精選2021版課件Openclasswordandclosedclassword
Openclasswords----contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs,e.g.beatnik(amemberoftheBeatGeneration),hacker,email,internet,“做秀,時裝秀…”inChinese.Closedclasswords----grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.94精選2021版課件Morpheme--theminimalunitofmeaning---Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes,e.g.1-morphemeboy,desire2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+ble3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+ness6-morphemeanti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism95精選2021版課件AffixPrefix----morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothers,e.g.un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.Suffix----morphemesthatoccuronlyafterothers,e.g.-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,tion,etc.96精選2021版課件Freemorpheme&boundmorphemeFreemorpheme----isonethatmayconstituteaword(freeform)byitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance,etc.Boundmorpheme----isonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“ed”in“recorded”,etc.97精選2021版課件Allomorph
Somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts,suchas“dog,bark,cat”,etc.Inotherinstances,theremaybesomevariation,thatis,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme,thepluralmorphememayberepresentedby:map----maps[s]dog----dogs[z]watch----watches[iz]mouse----mice[ai]ox----oxen[n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.98精選2021版課件Derivationalmorpheme&inflectionalmorphemeDerivationalmorphemes----themorphemeswhichchangethecategory,orgrammaticalclassofwords,e.g.modern---modernize,length---lengthen,fool---foolish,etc.Inflectionalmorphemes----themorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon;theyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory,neveraddanylexicalmeaning,e.g.a)number:tablesapplescars
b)person,finitenessandaspect:talk/talks/talking/talkedc)case:John/John’s99精選2021版課件SomeothertermsRootStemBase100精選2021版課件RootArootisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes(inflectional&derivational)areremoved,e.g.“desire”in“desirable”,“care”in“carefully”,“nation”in“internationalism”,“believe”in“unbeliev(e)able”…101精選2021版課件StemAstemispartofaword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixes
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網頁內容里面會有圖紙預覽,若沒有圖紙預覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經權益所有人同意不得將文件中的內容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內容負責。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權或不適當內容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 高雁飛課程設計
- 高中數學課程設計計劃表
- 馬踏棋盤課程設計
- 鋼筆行楷課程設計
- 物料搬運系統(tǒng)課程設計
- 聰明的徐文長課程設計
- 餐飲團購課程設計
- 音頻保護課程設計
- 館陶地下水課程設計
- 食品工藝學課程設計范例
- 國網山東電力生產技術改造原則
- 鐵路運輸安全現(xiàn)場管理
- 2023年某保險公司春節(jié)經營教材
- 劉都才-南方水稻田雜草發(fā)生動態(tài)及防控技術
- 全自動化學發(fā)光分析儀操作規(guī)程
- 北侖區(qū)建筑工程質量監(jiān)督站監(jiān)督告知書
- 深藍的故事(全3冊)
- GB/T 42461-2023信息安全技術網絡安全服務成本度量指南
- 職校開學第一課班會PPT
- 央國企信創(chuàng)白皮書 -基于信創(chuàng)體系的數字化轉型
- GB/T 36964-2018軟件工程軟件開發(fā)成本度量規(guī)范
評論
0/150
提交評論