環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)政策 課件 Command and Control Regulations

CommandandControlRegulationsCommandandControlRegulationEnvironmentalPoliciesinChina

Laws:EnvironmentalProtectionLawofChina(2015)

andmanymoreonspecificenvironmentalissues.

Regulations:

Rules:https:///ywgz/fgbz/CommandandControlRegulation

Forms:PublicProvision:GovernmentagencyandState-ownedenterprisesRegulateinput:eliminatetheuseofcertainmaterialsMontrealProtocolonSubstancesThatDepletetheOzoneLayerphasesouttheuseofanumberofsubstancesbelievedtoberesponsibleforozonedepletion,notablyCFC.RegulateoutputRegulatepollutionRegulateprocessRegulatetechnologyCommandandControlRegulation

Maxp∑qi-∑Ci(qi,ai)-∑Di(qi,ai)Implications:Forquantityofproduction:pricereflectsnotonlyproductioncostbutalsothecostofenvironmentaldamages.Forquantityofpollutionabatement:themarginalcostofpollutionabatementequalstothemarginalbenefitofpollutionabatement.OutputRegulation

LimittheuseofelectricityAnEconomicExplanationforElectricityShortagePerformanceRegulationTheEnvironmentalProtectionLawofChina(2015)Article43:MEPorlocallyEPBshoulddevelopstandardsforpollutantdischarge;TheWaterPollutionPreventionandAbatementLawofChina(1984;1996;2008;2016)MEPorlocallyEPBshoulddevelopstandardsforwastewaterdischarge;ManyStandardsatTheEnvironmentalProtectionLawofChina(2016)Article59:Industrialenterprisesandpublicinstitutionsthatcauseseriousenvironmentalpollutionmusttakecorrectivestepsinacertainperiodoftime.

Keychallenges:ProcessRegulation

U.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)ProcessSafetyManagement(PSM)programandtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)RiskManagementProgram(RMP).TheEPA’sRMPregulationrequiresfacilitiestoassessboththelikelihoodofaccidentsandtheirconsequencesandtosubmitariskmanagementplan.TheEnvironmentalProtectionLawofChina(2015)Article19:EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentReport:Assessingenvironmentalimpact,Sketchingoutpreventionmeasures,Beingauditedbysupervisoryagency,GettingapprovalfromEnvironmentalProtectionBureau.

Keychallenges:TechnologyRegulationTheCleanAirActof1970andtheFederalWaterPollutionControlActof1972mandatedtheinstallationofpollutionabatementequipmentdeemedtobethebestavailabletechnology(BAT).UndergroundStorageTank(UST)TechnicalStandards:USTsystemsinstalledbeforeDec.22,1988musthaveleakdetectionnolaterthanDec.1993,andspillandoverfillprotectionandcorrosionprotectionbyDec.22,1998.TheEnvironmentalProtectionLawofChina(2015)Article40:Whendevelopinganewindustrialenterprisesorretrofittingexistingindustrialenterprises,theenterprisesshouldusetechnologythatusesresourcesefficientlyandcausedlesspollution,andshouldusewastereusingandtreatmenttechnology.

Keychallenges:EnforcementExpensiveTietenberg(1985)foundthattheratioofactualaggregatecostsofthecommandandcontrolapproachtotheaggregatecostofleastcostbenchmarksrangedfrom1.07forsulfateemissionsintheLosAngelesareato22.0forhydrocarbonemissionsatalldomesticDupontPlants.單位：億元數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源：《中國(guó)環(huán)境統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒（2017）》TheEnvironmentalinvestmentwas2.9billionRMBor0.15%ofGDPin1986.Itreached922.0billionRMBin2016or1.24%ofGDP.Theannualgrowthrateisabout21.17%.IncentiveAlignmentIncentiveAlignmentIn1989,MexicoCityintroducedapolicythatbannedmostdriversfromusingtheirvechiclesoneweek-dayperweek.IncentiveAlignmentIncreaseinnewautomobilesalesrepresentslessthan2percentofthetotalnumberofregisteredvechicles.Consequently,theobservedincreaseinregisteredvehiclesmustbecomposedoverwhelminglyofusedvehicles,importedfromotherpartsofMexicoorfromthemuchlargerU.S.market.PolicyRoadstotheFuture

Traditionalenvironmentalprotectiontoolsdonotworkwell.Thegeneralpublicshowsconcernstotheenvironmentandarewillingtotakeactionstoprotectit.StrengthenCommand&ControlRegulations

2014amendmenttotheenvironmentalprotectionlawofChina;

2015effective,viewedasthemoststringentEPLever.DailyFineEnvironmentalLawsuitsCitizenParticipationCriminalChargeNaturalResourcesandEnvironmentalAuditsCEIP:CentralEnvironm