南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考研真題-基礎(chǔ)英語2004

朽木易折，金石可鏤。千里之行，始于足下。第頁/共頁試題編號：327試題名稱：基礎(chǔ)英語注重：答題一律答在答題紙上，答在草稿紙或試卷上一律無效PartIReadingComprehension(60points)PassageOneDirections:1.Writeanoutlineofthemainpointscoveredinthefollowingreadingmaterial.(10points)2.Whatinstitutionalconstraintshavebeenmentionedinthistext?Asalanguagelearner,whatdoyouthinkoftheroleoftheindividuallearner,especiallyintermsoflearnerautonomyandlearnerpossibility?(10points)Overthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury,the(English)languageteachingprofessionhasundergonemanychanges.Oneinterestingexampleofthisistheroleofmaterials,andinparticular,inthenatureofcoursebookprovision.Themarketfor‘maincourses’hasgrownenormously,andthetopfivecoursebookseries,inBritainalone,generateverylargesalesindeed.Respondingtothesegreaterrewardsforproducingsuccessfulcourses,theseriesthemselveshavechangeddramatically.Booknowcontainfarmorematerial,with‘multi’syllabuses(SwanandWalter1984-87)aswellasextensiveaccompanyingmaterial.Inaddition,theprofessionalismofthepublishingprocessmeansthatthoseserieswhicharepublishedhavesurvivedarigorousmonitoringandpilotingschedulewhichislikelytohavecausedsignificantrejectionofunsatisfactorymaterialandrevisionofalmosteverythingwhichremains.Allthis,ofcourse,representsasignificantadvance.Itisdifficultnottoconcludethatthematerialswhicharenowavailablearenotsimplymoreextensivebutarealsoofbetterqualitythantheirpredecessors.Insomewaysthesedevelopmentshaverenderedout-of-dateaninterestingexchangeonthevalueoflanguageteachingmaterials.Allwright(1981)arguedthatcommercialmaterialsareajuggernautwhicharestiflingfortheindividualandthemediatingcontributionsthatcanbemadebytheteacher.Incontrast,O’Neill(1982)arguedthatitisbettertouseprofessionalmaterialsthanthoseproducedunderdifficultcircumstancesbyamateurs.Thedebatewasnicelybalanced,witheachpartymakingunansweredpoints,andtheconclusionbeingadifficultonetodraw.SoitisallthemorestrikingthatsincethentheO’Neillpositionhasseemedtoprevailbydefault.Sincethetimeofthedebatewehaveseenanastonishinggrowthinacceptedimportanceofarelativelysmallnumberofwellproducedcoursebookseries,withtheresultthatthepositionthatAllwrightarguedsocogentlyhasbeenmarginalized.This,ofcourse,leadsustoconsiderthepricethatwehavehadtopayforsuchprogress.Clearly,acentralfactorunderlyingpublisherbehavioristomaximizeprofitsandthesimplestequationfordoingsoistosellmoreunits.Thekeytoachievingthisistodevelopaproductthattargetsthewidestpurchasergrouppossible.Mostdirectlyofall,itisinthepublisher’sintereststotreatalllearnersasthesame,inorderthatacoursebookserieswillnotloseappealtoanyparticulargroupofbuyers.Asaconsequencethescopetoadaptmaterialtolearnerdifferencesisseverelyconstrained.Butitwouldbewrongtothinkthatpublishersalonehavecreatedconditionswhichleadtosuchasituation.Syllabusdesigners,too,havetakenasimilarapproach.Theunitsandsequencesofsyllabusdesignareregardedasbeingequallyappropriateforalllearners,andnoaccountistakenofstylesorpreferencesorabilitieswhichmightmakesomeapproachestoorganizingcoursesmoreappropriateforsomelearnersthanothers.Onecouldmakeverysimilarpointsaboutdifferentapproachestoclassroomprocedures.Ingeneral,differentmethodologicalapproachesdisputeprincipleswithoneanother,butdonotexplorethemoreinterestingquestionofhowadaptingaparticularmethodologyfordifferentlearnertypes,orusingdifferentmethodologieswithdifferentsortsoflearner,mightproducebetterresults.Infact,methodologyseemsmostcomfortablewhenitisdevisingtechniquesbywhichlargeclassesoflearnersmaybeorganizedefficiently.Howelsecanweexplainthesuccessofthinrationalesfortheuseofclassactivitiessuchaspatternpractice,drilling,andgenerallockstepteaching?Othergroups,too,participateintheconspiracyofuniformity.Itisextremelyconvenientforadministratorsandeducationalauthorities,forexample,toassumethatalllearnersaresimilar.Afurtherfactorindiscouragingdiversityofprovisionisaccountability.Pursuitofsuchagoalismademucheasierifonecanassumethatalllearnersarethesame.Onecanalsoarguethattheteachertrainingprofessionactstoconsolidatemanyoftheseimplicitpowerrelations,bygenerallyconcentratingonhowentireclassescanbeorganized;byteachingteachershowtoimplementofficialsyllabusesandcoursebooks,andbytestinginanapprovedmanner.Thereislittleemphasis,inmostteachertrainingcourses,onthedevelopmentoftechniqueswhichservetoadaptmaterialtotheindividuallearner,oronwaysoffosteringindividualityinlearning.Theteacherisusuallyequippedtobeapawnwithinalargerstructure,ratherthanamediatorbetweenmaterials,syllabuses,andthelearnersthemselves.Asaresultofthisconspiracyofsamenessonthepartofmanyofthepowerfulagentsinthefieldofsecondlanguageinstruction,wehavetheparadoxicalpositionthatthosewithmostpowerlackinterestinlearnerdifferences,whereasthosewithleastpower,teachers,havetoconfrontmixed-abilityclassesonadailybasis.Itisstrikingthatthosewhohavenochoicebuttodealwiththerealityofclasseswithpalpableindividualdifferencesarenotprovidedwithtoolswhichwouldenablethemtodealwithsuchdiversity.Whateverthereasonfortheseshortcomings,theteacherisplacedinastrangeposition:havingtoimprovisewiththeminimumofguidance.PassageTwoDirections:Readthefollowingpassageandwritea200-300wordcommentonthetextfromtheperspectiveof“dramaticirony”.(15points)PrideandPrejudiceisacomplexstudyofhumandeceptionandself-deception.Throughoutthebook,charactersaredeceivedbyappearances,foolthemselvesandothers,pretendtobewhattheyarenot.Theirexpectationsaremistaken;theiractionsgroundedinfalsepremises.Theauthorrevealsthemotivesandconsequencesofthesefailuresinperceptionbyhavingtheirfalseunderstandingculminateinactionswhoseeffectsaretheoppositeofwhatisintended.Thissharpcontrastbetweenknowledgeandtruth,betweenwhatthecharactersunderstandandwhatthereaderunderstands,betweenintentionorexpectationandfulfillmentiscalleddramaticirony.Dramaticironymayhaveanobjectiveorasubjectivefoundation,orboth.Appearancesmaylie,maysuggesttheoppositeofwhatactuallyis.Thus,Wickham’s“appearancewasgreatlyinhisfavor”(XV)andDarcy’sproudbearingseemstoimplyathoroughlybadcharacter.Butappearancesaremisleading:“Onehasgotallthegoodness,andtheotheralltheappearanceofit”(XL).Jane’smodestybeliesherardentloveforBingley(VI,XXXVI).Georgiana’sshydemeanorconcealsasurprisingcapacityforpassionateimpulse(XLIII).Charlotte’sattentionstoCollinsseemtobeonlycommoncourtesy(XVIII,XX,XXI)forwhichElizabethisgrateful,butsheisactuallystalkingahusband(XXII).Becauseofwhatshehassaidofhiminthepast,ElizabethisthoughttodespiseDarcy(LVII,LXIX),whenactuallysheisinlovewithhim.Ineachofthesesituationsthingsarenotastheywouldseem.Realitywearsamaskthatsolicitsmistakenjudgments.Butalthoughthereareobjectiveoccasionsforsuperficial(anderroneous)opinion,amorecautiousscrutinyofthefactswouldsometimesavoidthisdiscrepancybetweenestimationandactuality.Forexample,Mr.BennetisignorantofElizabeth’struefeelingsaboutDarcy.Whathetakesforthetruth(thathewillamuseElizabethwiththeabsurdityofCollins’ssuggestionthatsheisengagedtoamanshedislikes)isdirectlycontrarytothetruth(LVII).Thesourceofherfather’sironicerror,however,liesinthecircumstancesratherthaninhimself.Ontheotherhand,ElizabethiswrongaboutWickhamandDarcybecauseshehasdisposedherselftobedeceived.Heroffendedprude(V)hasblindedherjudgment(VI).Thingsaretheoppositeofwhatshesupposes(notonlydoesshemisreadtheircharacters,butDarcyadmiresratherthandislikesher).TheironyhereiscompoundedbecauseElizabethpridesherselfonherintelligenceandperception.Whenignorancethuspretendstoknowledge,itisevidenceofamoralfailure.WhenMr.CollinsunderstandsElizabeth’srefusalofhisproposalasanencouragementofhispursuit--acovertacceptance(XIX)—hisblindnesstotheplainrealityisacommentonhisegotism,hissnobbishexaggerationofhissocialimportance.Intheselasttwocases,theironyismoreemphaticbecausedeceptionisself-deception.Inordertodramatizecomicallytheshamandpretenseofmanyofthepersonsinherbook,theauthorjuxtaposestheirinterpretationsofthemselvesandtheiractualbehavior.LadyCatherine’sprideinhersocialstatusisrepeatedlyshownbyherpettymindand“illbreeding”tobewithoutfoundation.CarolineBingleyimpliesthatsheissociallysuperiortotheBennetfamily,buthercrudepursuitofDarcyexposestheflimsinessofherpretensiontorefinement.Mr.Collinscontinuallyannounceshisimportance,andsimultaneouslybetrayshismoral,social,andintellectualunimportance.Thepretensionsofthesecharactersaretheinverseofwhattheirbehaviorshowsthemreallytobe.Becausecharacterstakeappearancesforreality,deceivethemselvesoraredeceived,theyactonwrongpremises,lookforwardinerror.Thingsturnoutcontrarytotheiranticipations.Theiractionsproduceeffectsoppositetothoseintended.Thus,DarcyseekstopreventaconnectionwiththeBennetfamily(hehasmisjudgedthepowerofthegirl’sattractions),andheendsupmarryingaBennethimself.LadyCatherineactstopreventamarriageandshebecomesthecauseofit(LX).Mr.BennetpermitshisdaughtertogotoBrightoninordertokeeppeaceinafamilythatheregardswithironicaldetachment.Butthisresultsinhisgreaterinvolvementandinadisruptionofthefamilypeace.CarolineactstoarouseDarcyagainstElizabeth,butsucceedsonlyinremindinghimoftheintimacytheyshare(XLV).MisledbyappearancestobelievethatDarcydislikesher,preventedbyherprejudiceagainsthimfromseeingthetruth,Elizabethtriesverballytorebukehim;butindoingsosheactuallymakesherselfmoreattractivetohim(VI,IX,X,XI,XVIII,XXXI,LX.).Byallowingeventsdirectlytocontradictthejudgments,expectations,andintentionsofhercharacters,theauthorclarifiestheirlimitations.Thereader(awareoftheatricalsituation)ismadetoseerealitymockandpunishpride,vanity,andfailuresinawareness.Dramaticironythusbecomesawayofdealingoutakindofnaturalretributionandrevealingthesurpriseandcomplexityofexperience.PassageThreeDirections:Readthefollowingpassageandanswerthesequestionsasbrieflyaspossible1.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstranslationofscientificliterature?(5points)2.Whatisthebestwaytoovercomelanguagebarriersintheauthor’sopinion?(5points)3.Whatistheimplicationofusingacommonlanguage?(5points)4..Writeaconcisesummarybasedonthetext“TheLanguageofscience”.(10points)TheLanguageofScienceTheprogressofsciencedependsuponmanyfactors,andnotleastamongtheseistheexistenceofsatisfactoryarrangementsfortherapidexchangeofthenewsandexperimentalresultsbetweenresearchworkershavingsimilarinterests.Inabranchoflearningthatpridesitselfparticularlyuponitspowersofsystematizationitissurprisingthatinthisrespectsomuchhasbeenlefttochanceandsolittlehasbeendonetoformulateandfollowanagreedpolicyappropriatetomodernneeds.Thereis,ofcourse,nolackofscientificliterature,bothbooksandjournals:the‘WorldlistofScientificPeriodicals’nowlistssome50,000titles.Indeed,almosteveryscientistnowfindsitimpossibletoreadalltheworkrelevanttohisownsubject,farlesstoreadextensivelyoutsideit.Yetwidereadingisbecomingincreasinglyimportant,foritisveryfrequentlyinthefieldswhereseveralbranchesofscienceoverlapthatthemostexcitingresultsareobtained.Whilethisproblemofthesheerqualityofliteratureisaseriousone,itisatleastonetowhichsomeeffectiveanswershavebeenfoundandapplied.Mostimportant,ofcourse,arethevariousabstractingservices,thevalueofwhoseworkneedsnoemphasishere.Moreover,thelargenumberofscientificperiodicalsisnotwhollyabadlything:thelessimportantonesservetosomeextentasafilter,thoughbynomeansacompletelyefficientone,thatreservesworkofprovedimportanceforjournalsofwidercirculationandhigherstanding.Thenolessimportantquestionofthelanguageinwhichscientificworkshouldbepresentedremains,however,largelyunsolved.Itis,likesomanyothersinthemodernworld,oneonwhichitisgenerallyagreedthataninternationalpolicyisurgentlynecessarybutonwhichitisinfactdifficulttogetanyagreementatall.Clearly,theproblemisonewhichnoamountofgoodwillandharmoniousagreementcanquicklysolve;thisisanadditionalreasonfordecidingupontheultimategoalandtryingtoagreeuponapolicybywhichitmaybeachieved.Inthemeantimethebarrieroflanguagekeepsmanyscientistsinprolongedignoranceofworkofimmediateimportancetothembeingdoneinmanycountries.Withtherapidexpansionofscientificresearchincountrieswhosecontributionhashithertobeenrelativelysmalltheproblemisrapidlybecomingmoreserious.Thegeneralfactsofthesituationareeasilyascertainedandoccasionnocontroversy.Itisestablished,forexample,thatmuchoftheworld’sscientificliteratureispublishedinalanguageunintelligibletomorethanhalftheworld’sscientists.Thedistributionsofjournalsaccordingtolanguageshowawidevariety.Roughlyspeaking,some44percentofscientificjournalsarepublishedinEnglish,14percentinGerman,13percentinFrench,8percentinRussian,5percentinSpanish,4percentinItalian,andtheremainderintheotherlanguagesoftheworld.Suchfigurescannotbeexact,andtheyvaryfromonebranchofscienceandtechnologytoanother,buttheycertainlyindicatethegeneralsituation.Moreover,theseproportionscanbeexpectedtochangefairlyrapidly.Unlesssomemajorofpolicyoccurs,theproportionofpapersappearingintheRussianlanguageisboundtoriserapidly.ThereiseveryreasontoexpectthatthescientificliteratureofChinawillgrowrapidly,anditislikelythat,ifonlyforpoliticalreasons,muchofthiswillbepublishedinChinese,withRussianthesecondchoice.ItispossiblethatHindiandotherlanguageatpresentunfamiliartothewesternworldmayintimebecomeimportantscientificlanguages.Intheabsenceofpositiveactionthesituationisboundtobecomesteadilymorecomplicatedanddifficulttoresolve.Supposing—andinpresentcircumstanceitisasuppositionrequirementagooddealofoptimism—thatinternationalagreementcouldbeobtainedtomitigatethesedifficulties,whatistheproperpolicytopursue?Threeprincipalcoursesareclearlyopentous,presumingthatthepresentoneoflaissez-faireisrejected.Firstly,wemightaimattheidealofasinglelanguageforthecommunicationofallscientificwork.Secondly,alimitednumberoflanguages,selectedfromthosealreadymostwidelyusedforscientificpurposes,mightbeselected.Thirdly,moreextensiveusecouldbemadeofprofessionallypreparedtranslations.Inconsideringthesegeneralpropelsitisnecessarytoconsiderbothshort-termandlong-termpolicy.Tosatisfyimmediateneeds,takingthesituationasitisandnotasonemightwishittobe,theextensionoftranslationsbetweenlanguagesistheonlypossiblepolicy.Thishas,ofcourse,beenrecognizedbyEndeavoursinceitsinceptionin1942:atthepresenttimewelookuponourforeign-languageeditionsasindispensabletoourobjectofprovidinganinternationallyusefulreviewoftheprogressofscience.Therecentgreatexpansionofprofessionalinterlingualscientifictranslationisevidentthatthisviewisgenerallyaccepted.Muchofthisexpansionhas,ofcourse,beenoccasionedbytherelativelysuddenefflorescenceofscienceinRussian,whichhasintroducedanovelfactorintothesituation.Herewehaveasuddenandunprecedentedflowofimportantscientificworkinalanguagewithwhichthescientificworldingeneralisnotmerelyunfamiliarbuttotallyignorant.InthecircumstancesnochoiceisopentotheWest:forthemomenttheworkmustbefollowedthroughtranslationsornotatall.Itshouldberemarkedthatthissituationapparentlydoesnotexistinreverse.AtleastfiftypercentofRussianscientistsandtechnologistsarereputedtobeabletoreadEnglish,FrenchorGerman,andmanyaresaidtoknowmorethanoneoftheselanguages.Indispensablethoughitis,thereareobviousreasonsagainstindefiniteextensionsofthetranslationsystem.Itiswastefuloftime,money,andscientificmanpower;itcausesdelay;anditcanleadtomisunderstanding.Sofarasthelastpointisconcerned,itisperhapsnotgenerallyrealizedhowdifficultitistomakereallyaccuratetranslationsofhighlytechnicalmaterial.Infieldsdevelopingrapidly,essentialwordsmaynotevenhavebeencoinedincertainlanguages,andonlyknowledgeablecircumlocutioncanrenderthesenseaccurately.Whileanincreaseintranslationserviceseemsinevitableoverthenextfewyears,itisaprocessnotwithoutdanger.Itwillleadtotheevolutionofanextensiveandexpensiveorganizationwhoseveryexistencewillbeprejudicialtotheadoptionofalternativepoliciesthatmayinthelongrunbemoresatisfactory.Auniversallanguageforallscientificcommunicationisobviouslydesirableonmanygrounds,butbothitschoiceanditsachievementsarelikelytobebesetbygreatdifficulties.Thechoiceofanysinglelanguageforthecommunicationofresultsinsoimportantafieldwouldnaturallybebesetbyallkindsofpoliticalandnationalisticobstacles.Manyofthesemightbeovercomeifoneadoptedanon-livinglanguagesuchasLatinoranartificiallanguagesuchasEsperantoorInterlingua.Artificiallanguagesareopentothefundamentalobjectionthattheirverynatureandpurposemakethemunsuitableforconveyingsubtleshadesofmeaning:theyaresatisfactoryenoughfordescribingfactsbutinadequateforconveyingideas,especiallyunfamiliarones.Latinisfreefromthisdefect,forinitslongevolutionitacquiredconsiderableflexibility.Itsevolutionvirtuallystopped,howeverbeforemodernsciencebegan.Itspresentvocabularyandsyntaxarethereforeinappropriateformodernneeds,asiswellknowntoeveryuniversityoratorwhohasbeencalledupontodescribeinLatintheworkofscientists.ItisagreatpitythatLatinwasallowedtolapseastheinternationallanguageofscholars,butitisdoubtfulwhetheritisnowfeasibletoreviveit.Thechoiceofasinglelanguagewouldhavethegreatandobviousadvantagethatnobodywouldberequiredtolearnmorethanonelanguageotherthanhisown.Theargumentinitsfavorisfurtherstrengthenedbytheconsiderationthatfortheinnovationtobeeffectiveitwouldbenecessaryforallscientiststobeablenotmerelytoreadthislanguage—afacilitythatcouldbeacquiredwithoutgreatdifficulty—buttowriteinit,whichisverymuchmoredifficult.Tolearntowritewellinevenonelanguageisfortheordinarypersonaconsiderableandtime-consumingachievement.Acompromise,bywhichtwoorthreemodernlanguagesonlyareacceptedforuniversaluseinscience,seemsmorelikelytoachievesuccess,butevenifadecisionweretakentodayitcouldhaveeffectonlyaftermanyyears.Forthistobeeffective,itwouldbenecessarytoinstituteeducationalreformsinmanycountries,forrealproficienciesinaforeignlanguageisnoteasilyacquiredwithoutformedstudy.These,evenifachieved,couldnotbearfruitforalongtime.Thecertaintyofdifficultyis,however,noargumentformakingnoattempttoreachagenerallyacceptablepolicy.Atleasttheteachingoflanguagesisafeatureofmostnationalcurricula,anditoughtnotultimatelytobeimpossible,whensomuchisatstake,toagreeuponthesubstitutionofoneforanotherwhennecessary.Thebarrierofthelanguageisharmfulinscience,butitis,ofcourseanequallyseriousobstacleinallfieldsoflearning,inpolitics,inindustryandcommerceandineverykindofdealingbetweennations.Itmightwellbethatifscientistsweretogivealead,otherswouldfollow.Whileitismanifestlynottruethatacommonlanguageensuresharmonybetweennations,itcertainlypromotesclearerunderstanding,andatthepresenttimethereisnothingmoreurgentlynecessarythanthis.PartIIVocabulary(30points)Directions:Therearethirtysentencesinthissection.Beneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkeda,b,candd.Chooseonewordorphrasethatcorrectlycompletesthesentence.BesuremarkyouransweronyourAnswerSheet.1.Hecouldexplainanabstrusetheoryinverysimpleterms.A.apuzzlingB.ahardtorememberC.adifficulttounderstandD.animportant2.Dr.JamessaidmedicalmalpracticewasaparadoxintheUnitedStates,whichhesaidhadthebestmedicalcareintheworldaswellasthehighestliabilityclaimrate.A.amaximB.aself-contradictionC.aninfrequentoccurrenceD.acontroversialissue3.Almosteverychemicalplantwereceivedinformationaboutisreleasingstaggeringhighratesofhazardouschemicals,eveninroutinereleases.AtoxicB.insecureC.pollutedD.radiating4.Afterthreepostwardecadesduringwhichtheybecamecozilyaccustomedtoraisingwagesandproliferatingfringebenefits,thelaborunionsarebeingaskedtotightentheirbeltstoholddowninflation.AcausinglittleuneasinesstopeoplewhoreceivethemB.causingharmtoone’shealthC.easytoacquireD.spreadingrapidlyandexcessively5.Thepoemwasaparodyofnineteenth-centuryromanticverse.A.adevelopmentB.areinforcementC.areflectionD.animitation6.Thefiremanhadmadeanegregiousblunder:theyhadtofilltheirgastanks.Thus,thenewhotelburnedtotheground!A.intolerableB.moderateC.superfluousD.commensurate7.Eversince,employershadcomplainedtheywereboggeddownunderawelterofrules.A.pressedB.forbiddenC.controlledD.buried8.OneofthesalientcharacteristicsofErnestHemingway’snoveliscompactexpression.A.attractiveB.commonC.prominentD.salty9.Freedomfromsuperstitionistheresultoftheconvictionthattheworldisnotgovernedbycaprice,butthatitisaworldoforderandcanbeunderstoodbyman.A.GodB.ghostC.disorderD.superpower10.Cropsareprobablynotaffectedsignificantlybytheacidrainand,iftheyare,theeffectscanbemitigated.A.shownclearlyB.studiedcarefullyC.explainedD.diminished11.Sincehewasavotaryofastrology,hebelievedimplicitlyintruthrevealedbythestars.A.veteranB.believerC.devoteeD.participant12.Suchorthodoxthinkingwillnotleadtoanewsolutiontotheproblem.A.strangeB.unusualCordinaryD.simple13.Whichofthefollowingpairsarehomonyms?A.goodbadB.PaulPeterC.liedieD.twotoo14.Hewasamanof_________sizeandgreatphysicalstrength.AprodigiousBprotractedCpredominantD.prolonged15.WinsorMcCay,thecartoonist,coulddrawwithincredible_______:hiscomicstripaboutLittleNemowascharacterizedbymarvelousdraftsmanshipandsequencing.A.authenticityB.inadequacyC.virtuosityD.briskness16.ChinaandU.S.made______tradeagreement.A.unilateralB.unanimousC.sophisticatedD.reciprocal17.Thisyounganimal,inanencounterwithaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills_____intheleg.A.embeddedB.anchoredC.insertedD.plunged18.Since1813reactiontoJaneAusten’snovelshasoscillatedbetween____andcondescension;butingenerallaterwritershaveesteemedherworksmorehighlythandidmostofherliterary______.A.dismissal…admirersB.adoration…contemporariesC.disapproval…readersD.approbation…challengers19.Thereare,asyet,novegetationtypesorecosystemswhosestudyhasbeen____totheextentthattheynolonger_____ecologists.A.perfected…h(huán)inderB.exhausted…interestC.diverted…arouseD.vetoed…irritate20.Theoldmiser,completelyabandonedbyhisrelativesandfriends,livedamiserable,_____life.A.frivolousB.extraneousC.ameliorateD.sordid21.Somecinema-goersinLeipzigevenconfessedthatthefilmhadmadethemfeelemotionalandslightly_____fortheirrecentpast.A.nostalgicB.instinctiveC.intuitiveD.mirthful22.To____thisstateofaffairs,thereportrecommendedaunifiedscheme,onaregionalbasis,withinwhichbothcommonandspecializedunitswouldcaterforthevariousneedsofpart-timeteachers.A.fortifyB.denominateC.assimilateD.rectify23.Hefailedtocarryoutsomeoftheprovisionsofthecontract,andnowhehasto____theconsequences.A.runintoB.abidebyC.answerforD.stepinto24.InpartsoftheArctic,thelandgradesintothelandfasticeso____thatyoucanwalkoffthecoastandnotknowyouareoverthehiddensea.A.permanentlyB.imperceptiblyC.irregularly