世界銀行（World Bank）：津巴布韋性別評估報告

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EASTERNAND

SOUTHERNAFRICA

GENDER

PLATFORMS

ZimbabweGender

Assessment

◎2023TheWorldBank

1818HStreetNW,WashingtonDC20433

Telephone:202-473-1000;Internet:

Somerightsreserved.

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WORLDBANKGROUP

SocialSustainability&Inclusion

WORLDBANK

HumanDevelopment

GROUP

2.1Introduction

5

2.2HealthandWellbeing

5

TableofContents

Acknowledgments ii

Abbreviationsandacronyms iii

ExecutiveSummary

1.DriversofInequalitiesinHumanEndowments vi

2.DriversofInequalitiesinEconomicOpportunities vii

3.DriversofInequalitiesinOwnershipandControlofAssets vii

4.DriversofInequalitiesinVoiceandAgency vii

PolicyOptions ix

Chapter

1

1.1BackgroundandContext

1

1.2InstitutionalArchitectureforGenderEquality

2

1.3ConceptualFrameworks:Methodology

3

Chapter

2

HumanEndowments

5

MatermalHealth-Antenatal,Intrapartum,PostnatalCare

5

FerilityandFamilyPlanning

6

lllnessandDisease-CommunicableandNon-CommunicableDiseases-Malaria,HIV

andAIDS

8

2.3.Water,SanitationandHygiene(WASH)

9

2.4.Education

9

Chapter

3

EconomicOpportunities

11

3.1.WageandInformalWork

11

UnpaidCareandDomesticWork

12

3.2.Agriculture,ProductiveResources

13

3.3.Entrepreneurship

13

Chapter

4

OwnershipandControlofAssets

15

4.1.LandandOtherAssets

15

4.2.FinancialInclusion

15

ii

ZIMBABWEGENDERASSESSMENT2023

Chapter5

Women'sVoiceandAgency

17

5.1.GenderBasedViolence(GBV)

17

5.2.Marriage

18

AgeatFirstMarriage

18

DecisionMakingandHouseholdGenderDynamics

18

PoliticalVoiceandLeadership

19

Chapter

6

PolicyOptions

20

References.

23

ListofFigures

Figure1:MSMESectorProfitbyGenderofBusinessowner

14

ListofTables

Table1:PopulationDistributionbyAgeandSex1

1

Table2ZimbabweGenderOutcomesAcrossKeyDevelopmentIndicators

2

Table3GenderParityinEnrolmentRatesECDtoUpperSecondarySchool

9

Table4LabourForceParticipationRatesbyAgeGroupandSex,Zimbabwe

11

Table5EmploymentintheInformalSectorbySex

12

iii

Acknowledgements

ThisreportwaspreparedbyajointWorldBankteamworkingcloselyacrossGlobalPractices.ThecoreteamwasledbytheSocialSustainabilityandInclusionGlobalPracticeandincludedKudakwasheDube,SocialDevelopmentSpecialistandTaskTeamLeader,andFadzaiMukonoweshuro,SeniorOperationsOfficerandChenjeraiN.Sisimayi,HealthSpecialistasCo-TaskTeamLeaders.Thefollowingcoreteammemberscontributedsignificantlytothedevelopment,review,andfinalizationofthereportandaregratefullyacknowledged:TanyaLynnD'Lima,SocialDevelopmentSpecialist;LeahGwatimba,Consultant;NjavwaNamposyaChilufya,SeniorSocialDevelopmentspecialist;VioletteMwikaliWambua,SeniorSocialDevelopmentspecialist;CherylKhuphe,ExternalAffairsOfficer;MarkoKwaramba,SeniorEconomist;EastherChigumira,SeniorAgriculturalSpecialist;TapfumaRonaldJongwe,Consultant;MarinaBassi,ProgramLeader;SoujanyaKrishnaChodavarapu,SeniorPrivateSectorSpecialist,Stellallieva,SeniorEconomist,JosephSewedoAkoro,Consultant,andPamelaMajorMhlanga,GenderConsultant.

Inaddition,theteamwouldliketoacknowledgethefollowingforofferingvaluableinputs:DhirajSharma,SeniorEconomist;AlysM.WillmanandJonathanGrabinskyZabludovskyConsultants;AndrewRoberts,SeniorSocialDevelopmentSpecialist;ChenaiLorraineMangezi,ProgramAssistant;TesfahiwotDillnessa,ProgramAnalyst;JoyceCherutoMaswai,ProgramAnalyst;CelestineLyimo,ProgramAssistantand,CybilMaradza,Consultant.

TheWorldBankisgratefultothecontributionsofcolleaguesfromtheMinistryofWomenAffairs,Community,SmallandMediumEnterprisesDevelopment(MoWACSMED),namely:LillianMatsikaTakaendisa,ChiefDirectorGenderPolicyPlanningandProgramManagement;ElizabethKatumba,ActingDirectorGender;andMatildahSingende,ActingDeputyDirectorGender.

TheworkwasoverseenbyHeleneCarlsonRex,PracticeManager,SocialSustainabilityandInclusion;NathanM.Belete,CountryDirectorforTanzania,Malawi,Zambia,andZimbabwe;M.YaaPokuaAfriyieOppong,LeadSocialDevelopmentSpecialist,ProgramLeader;MarjorieMpundu,formerCountryManagerforZimbabwe;andEneidaFenandes,CountryManagerforZimbabwe.

iv

ABBREVIATIONSANDACRONYMS

AbbreviationsandAcronyms

ANC

ART

ASFR

BDPFA

BEAM

BEmONC

CARGs

CEDAW

CEO

CSE

CSO

CEmONC

DHS

DOT

EAA

EPR

EU

FTLRP

FGDs

GBV

GDP

GFR

GER

GEWE

GoZ

HIV

HLPC

ICDS

ILO

I-PRSP

IPTp

ITNs

LFCLS

LFPR

LGBTQI

MDD

MHH

MICS

MiP

MMR

MoFED

MoHCC

MoHTESTD

MLAFWRD

MoWACSMEDMSF

AntenatalCare

AntiretroviralTherapy

AgeSpecificFertilityRate

BeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction

BasicEducationAssistanceModule

BasicEmergencyObstetricandNewbornCare

CommunityARTRefillGroups

ConventionontheEliminationofallFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenChiefExecutiveOfficer

ComprehensiveSexualityEducation

CommunityServiceOrganization

ComprehensiveEmergencyObstetricCare

DemographicandHealthSurvey

DirectlyObservedTherapy

EducationAmendmentAct

EmploymenttoPopulationRatio

EuropeanUnion

FastTrackLandReformProgramme

FocusGroupDiscussions

GenderBasedViolence

GrossDomesticProduct

GeneralFertilityRate

GrossEnrollmentRatio

GenderEqualityandWomenEmpowerment

GovernmentofZimbabwe

HumanImmunodeficiencyVirus

High-LevelPoliticalCompact

InterCensalDemographicSurvey

InternationalLabourOrganization

InterimPovertyReductionStrategyPaper

IntermittentPreventiveTreatmentinpregnancy

InsecticideTreatedNets

LabourForceandChildLabourSurvey

LabourForceParticipationRate

persons

Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual,Transgender,QueerandIntersex

MajorDepressiveDisorder

MenstrualHealthandHygiene

MultipleClusterIndicatorSurvey

MalariainPregnancy

MatenalMortalityRatio

MinistryofFinanceandEconomicDevelopment

MinistryofHealthandChildCare

MinistryofHigherandTertiaryEducation,ScienceandTechnologyDevelopment

MinistryofLands,Agriculture,Fisheries,WaterandRuralDevelopment

MinistryofWomenAffairs,Community,SmallandMediumEnterprisesDevelopmentMédecinsSansFrontières

V

MSMEs

Micro,SmallandMediumEnterprises

NAC

NationalAIDSCouncil

NCDs

Non-CommunicableDiseases

NDS1

TheNationalDevelopmentStrategy1

NFE

Non-FormalEducation

NFISI

NationalFinancialInclusionStrategyl

NFISII

NationalFinancialInclusionStrategyll

NGM

NationalGenderMachinery

NGOs

Non-GovemmentalOrganizations

OVCs

OrphanedandVulnerableChildren

PHSM

PublicHealthandSocialMeasures

PAC

PostAbortionCare

RBFP

ResultsBasedFinancingProgram

RBZ

ReserveBankofZimbabwe

SAACOs

SavingsandCreditCooperativeSocieties

SADC

SouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunity

SDGs

SustainableDevelopmentGoals

SGBV

SexualandGenderBasedViolence

SI

SpotlightInitiative

SME

SmallandMediumEnterprise

SRH

SexualandReproductiveHealth

STEM

ScienceTechnologyEngineeringandMathematics

STI

SexuallyTransmittedInfection

TB

Tuberculosis

TFR

TotalFertilityRate

TPA

TerminationofPregnancyAct

TVET

TechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining

UCDW

UnpaidCareandDomesticWork

UN

UnitedNations

UNAIDS

JointUnitedNationsProgrammeonAIDS

UNFPA

UnitedNationsPopulationFund

UNICEF

UnitedNationsChildren'sFund

UNWOMEN

TheUnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen

USAID

UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment

USD

UnitedStatesDollar

WASH

Water,SanitationandHygiene

WASN

WomenandAidsSupportNetwork

WB

WorldBank

WCOZ

Women'sCoalitionofZimbabwe

WBL

Women,Business,andtheLaw

WDR

WorldDevelopmentReport

WFP

WorldFoodProgramme

WHO

WorldHealthOrganization

ZIMSTAT

ZimbabweNationalStatisticsAgency

ZIMVAC

ZimbabweVulnerabilityAssessmentCommittee

ZNFPC

ZimbabweNationalFamilyPlanningCouncil

ZNNP+

ZimbabweNationalNetworkofPeopleLivingwithHIV

ZSHAPSR

ZimbabweSmallHolderAgriculturalProductivitySurveyReport

ZWMFB

ZimbabweWomen'sMicrofinanceBank

vi

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

ExecutiveSummary

ThegovernmentofZimbabwe(GoZ)hasdemonstratedasteadfastcommitmenttowomen'sempowermentoverthedecades.Somemajormilestonesincludeenshriningwomen'srightsandfreedomsinthe2013ZimbabweConstitution,theadoptionoftheNationalGenderPolicy(NGP)(currentlyunderreview),theratificationandadoptionofmajorregionalandinternationalgenderequalityandwomen'sempowermentlegislativeframeworks,and,morerecently,theintegrationofgenderasacrosscuttingissueintheNationalDevelopmentStrategy(NDS)1(2021-2025).Thesecommitmentshavebeensupportedbyadditionalstrategicframeworksandcross-sectoralprogrammesaimedatcombattinggenderdiscrimination,removingsocio-economicandlegalbarrierstowomen,andpreventinganderadicatingharmfulgenderedpractices.Since2007,theMinistryofFinanceandEconomicDevelopment(MoFED)hasspearheadedagenderbudgetpolicytoallocatepublicresourcestofinancegenderequalityinitiatives.

Theseconcertedeffortshaveledtoseveralimprovementsinkeydimensionsofgenderequality,suchassecuringwomen'sreproductiverights,achievinggenderparityinprimaryschoolenrollmentandcompletion,increasinggirls'enrollmentinhigherandtertiaryeducation,andenhancingfemalerepresentationinparliament.ZimbabweranksbetterthantheSub-SaharanAfrica(SSA)averagesacrossvariousgenderequalityindicators.However,severegenderinequalitiesremain.Highratesofgender-basedviolence(GBV),underrepresentationofwomeninwageemployment,overconcentrationintheinformallabormarket,highyouthunemploymentamongwomen,andelevatedlevelsofteenagepregnanciesandchildmarriagespersist.

Goingforward,theGoZisencouragedtoadoptanintersectoralstrategytoaddressthemanyremainingdimensionsofgenderinequalityinthecountry.Itisnecessarytoaddresspolicyimplementationgaps,harmonizegenderlawsandpolicies,andstrengthentheinstitutionalcapacitiesofgender-relevantministries.Improvedcoordinationmechanismsareneededtobreakdownorganizationalsilosandensureamorealignedgenderagendaacrossministries.Innovativeapproachesarerequiredtomeetwomen'sempowermentgoalsandtargetsinthecountry.

Thisreportaimstoidentifyprioritiesandstrategiesforadvancinggenderequalityandwomen'sempowermentinZimbabwe.Itconsolidatesinformationongendergapsanddriversofinequalityinhumanendowments,economicopportunities,ownershipandcontrolofassets,andvoiceandagency.Thereportalsoseekstoidentifypromisingpracticesthatcanbereplicatedandscaled,andwhichcanbeeffectivelycascadedacrossallgeographicregionsinthecountry.Itpaysspecialattentiontounderstandingwomen'svulnerabilities,suchasbydisabilitystatus,placeofresidence,andothersocial,cultural,andeconomicfactors.

Thereportemployesamixedmethodsapproach,relyingonnationallyrepresentativehouseholdsurveysforquantitativeinsights,aswellasaliteraturereview.Qualitativeresearchfromstakeholderconsultations,includingwithrepresentativesfromtheGoZ,developmentpartners,theUnitedNations(UN),non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs),andwithlocalgovernmentsandcommunities,alsoinformedthereport.Itidentifiesseveralintersectionalgendergapsinthecountryandanumberofpolicyoptionsthatcouldbeadoptedmovingforward,adaptedtothelocalcontext.Thereportcautionsagainstone-size-fits-allmodelsandpolicies,advocatingfornuancedinterventionsthataddressthecontextualchallengesandissuesfacingwomeninZimbabwe.

vii

KeyFindings

1.DriversofInequalityinHumanEndowments

Despiteadeclineovertime,maternalmortalityremainshigh,at363deathsper100000livebirthsin2022.ThisisbelowtheaverageforSSAof536per100000births,butwellabovetheSustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)targetof70by2030.12Thistrendisdrivenbyseveralfactorsincluding:(i)risksfromteenagepregnancies;(ii)impactsofcommunicableandnon-communicablediseases,suchasHumanImmunodeficiencyVirus(HIV);(i)unsafeabortionsandpoorpostabortioncare;and(iv)challengeswithdeliveryofmaternalcare(prenatal,intrapartum,andpost-natal),particularlyforwomenlivinginruralareas,thoselivinginpovertyandthosewithlesseducation.

Womenbearaheavierburdenofbothcommunicableandnon-communicablediseases.At13.7

percent,HIVprevalenceamongwomenages15-49isnearlydoublethatformeninthesameagebracket.Women'shigherprevalenceoftheseillnessesisdrivenby:(i)genderpowerinequalitiesthatincreasewomen'sexposuretosexualviolenceandtransactionalsex;(i)limitedvoiceandagency,(ii)ackofaccesstohealthservices,and(iv)limitedaccesstoinformationandfinancialresourcesforpreventionorearlydetection.

Gendergapsatthesecondaryschoollevelincludelownetattendanceanddisparitiesin

completionratesatuppersecondaryschool.Thesearedrivenby:(i)highincidenceofteenagepregnancies;(ii)earlychildmarriage;(i)financialconstraintscompoundedbylackofsocialsafetynets,especiallyforgirlsandruralbasedchildren;and(iv)limitedaccesstoappropriatemenstrualhealthandhygiene(MHH).

Thegendergapintertiaryeducationhasnarrowedsince2016,althoughmalescontinuetodominateinScience,Technology,andMathematics(STEM).Femalestudentshavebeenenrolling

atfasterratesthanmales,particularlyinarts,education,andsocialstudies.TheGrossEnrolmentRatio

(GER)currentlyatthetertiarylevelistenpercentforwomencomparedtoeightpercentformales.3MalescontinuetodominateinSTEMfields.4

1WHO,UNICEF,UNFPA,WorldBankGroup,andUNDESA/PopulationDivision2023.TrendsinMaternalMortality2000to2020.Geneva,

WorldHealthOrganization.

2UNDESA.“The17Goals|SustainableDevelopment.”

3UNESCOInstituteforStatistics(UIS).DatafromOctober24,2022.

4ZIMSTAT2022.PopulationandHousingCensus.

viii

三三而而而而言三三

………………

2.DriversofInequalityinEconomicOpportunities

Womenarelesslikelytobeemployedinwageworkandmorelikelytoearnlessthanmen.Thelaborforceparticipationrate(LFPR)formalesis53percentcomparedto34percentforfemales?andmenoutnumberwomeninmostsectors.Intheagriculture,forestry,andfishingsector,malesaccountfor58percentofthesector,whilefemalesmakeup42percent.Only22percentofworkingwomenareemployedinwageorsalariedpositions,comparedto41percentformen.6Wagedwomenemployeesearnonaverageabouttwo-thirdsoftheirmalecounterparts.Thisisdrivenby:(i)women'sconcentrationinlessrenumeratedfields,suchasinagriculture,education,andasofficeadministrators(ii)limitedworkexperienceandskills;(ii)unequalfamilyandhouseholdcareresponsibilities,andunevenresponsibilitiesoverfetchingwaterandfuel,especiallyinruralareas,thatcontributetotimepovertyandlimitthetimetheyhaveavailableforpaidwork;and(iv)concentrationintheinformaleconomy.7

Women'sagriculturalproductivityislowerthanthatofmen.Fewerwomenearntheirlivelihoodsintheagriculturesector,(66percentcomparedto57percent)?andtheirproductivityislower.Thistrendisdrivenby(i)theirconcentrationinsubsistenceagriculture,(ii)limitedaccesstolandtitles,especiallyforhighproductivity(commercial)farming;(ii)limitedaccessto:financing,agriculturalassets,farm,andcropmanagementskills,and(iv)restrictedaccesstoadditionalfarmlabour.

3.DriversofInequalityinOwnershipandControlofAssets

Comparedtomen,womenhavelessownershipandaccesstoagriculturalland.Documented

ownershipofagriculturallandislowinZimbabwe,just2percentofwomenand3.8percentofmenaredeededlandowners.9Thisisdrivenby:(i)lackoffinancetopurchasecommercialfarmland;(ii)challengeswithnavigatingthesystemoflandtitling;(ii)traditionalexclusionoffemalespousesinlandtitling/userrights.

Thegendergapinfinancialinclusionisclosingandadditionalworkisrequiredtoaccelerate

thepace.Loanstowomenasapercentageoftotalloanshasincreasedfrom7.5percentin2016to15.6percentin2019,stimulatedbyFirstNationalFinancialInclusionStrategy(NFISI)2016-20.Andyet,in2020,femaleborrowersaccountedforjust31.1percentofthetotalnumberofloans.1011Thisgapisdrivenby:(i)lackofcollateralforhighvalueborrowingcompoundedbyconstraintsinuseoftheformalbankingsystem;(ii)limitedresourcesandbaseearningstoleverageaccesstofinance;and(ii)women'suseofinformalsavingsmechanismsthatdonotholdlongtermpotentialtosecurecommercialfinance.

5LFCLS,2019

6InternationalLabourOrganization.“ILOmodelledestimatesdatabase”ILOSTAT.DatafromJanuary2021

?InterimPovertyReductionStrategyPaper2016-18

8InternationalLabourOrganization.“ILOmodelledestimatesdatabase”ILOSTAT.DatafromJanuary2021

9ZIMSTAT(2019)WomenandMeninZimbabweReport.

10ReserveBankofZimbabwe.TheZimbabweNationalFinancialInclusionStrategyJourney2016-2020.

11Thisincludesloansfromacrossallfinancialproviders,outofwhich89percentaremicrofinanceinstitutions,7percentarecommercialbanks,andtherestareinformalproviders,suchascreditstores,insurancecompaniesandbuildingsocieties.

ix

……1

4.DriversofInequalitiesinVoiceandAgency

GBVprevalenceiswellabovetheglobalandregionalaverages.Anestimated44percentofwomen

over15yearsofageinZimbabwehaveexperiencedsexualorphysicalviolencebyanintimatepartner,12comparedtotheglobalaverageof27percentandregionalaverageof33percent.13Thistrendisdrivenby:(i)socialandculturalnormsthatenableviolenceandlimithelp-seekingbysurvivors;and(ii)challengeswiththeGBVpreventionandresponsesystemswhichincludethepoordeliveryofjustice.

Womenhavelowerlevelsofparticipationandrepresentationingovernmentandinkey

leadershippositions.Despitetheimplementationofaffirmativeactionpolicies,in2019,representationofwomeninparliamentwasat34.2percent,andonly14percentinlocalgovernment.Thisisdrivenby:(i)institutionalpolicyweaknesses;(il)exclusionfrompowerpositionsinpoliticalparties;and(ii)patriarchalnormsandcustoms,whichprivilegemaleoverfemaleleadership.Someprogresshasbeenmadeinthejudiciary,where,in2019,femalehighcourtjudgesrepresented38percentofthetotalnumberofjudges.14

ChallengesintheimplementationofGBVpoliciesremainandadditionalworkisrequiredto

addressthelegalconstraintsfacingwomen.AlthoughthereisasoundlegislativeframeworkforaddressingGBV,financialandoperationalchallengesremain.DespiteZimbabwerankingbetterthanglobalandregionalaveragesinexistinglegalgapsbetweenmenandwomen,asdetailedinthe2023Women,Business,andtheLaw(WBL)index,thecountry'slegislativeprogresshasstalled.Additionalworkisneededtoaddressthebindinglegalconstraintsfacingwomeninaccessingequalpayand,equalbenefitsatmarriage,whilstexpandingthelegalprotectionsofmothersandpregnantwomen.15

PolicyOptions

Thecoreelementsnecessaryforadvancinggenderequalityandwomen'sempowerment(GEWE)agendainZimbabweareinplace.Thissectionoffersasummaryofproposedpolicyoptions,whicharealignedwiththefourfundamentaldimensionsdiscussedinthisreport:humanendowments,economicopportunities,ownershipandcontrolofassets,andwomen'svoiceandagency.Thesepolicyoptionsareorganizedaccordingtotheirimplementationtimeframes:short-term,medium-term,andlong-term.Itisessentialtomaintainacross-cuttingapproachacrossthesedimensionstoenhancewomen'saccesstoopportunitieswithinthecountry.

However,concernspersistregardingtheinsufficientresourcesallocatedtosupportgendercoordinationmechanismsandstructures.Historically,theMoWACSMEDhasreceivedlessthanonepercentofthenationalbudget.Programimplementationhasbeenhamperedbysiloedapproaches,capacitylimitations,andhighstafftumoverrates,allofwhichhaveimpededtheGoZabilitytoeffectivelyadoptnewgenderpoliciesandimplementexistingones.Toaddressthesechallenges,thereisaneedforimprovedintegrationandmonitoringofgendertargetsacrossvariousgovernmentlevels,aswellasenhancedcoordinationandalignmentamongministriesandwithstakeholdersfromtheprivateandnon-profitsectors.

12MICS2019

13WorldHealthOrganization2021.ViolenceAgainstWomenPrevalenceEstimates,2018.NewYork:UnitedNations.

14ZIMSTAT.(2019).WomenandMeninZimbabweReport.ZimbabweNationalStatisticsAgency.

15WorldBank.WomenBusinessandtheLaw2023.

X

…umm

PolicyOptions

DriverAddressed

PolicyOptions

Priority

HumanEndowments

Sexualand

Reproductive

Health&Rights

Scaleupprenatalandpost-natalservicedeliveryinfrastructureintegratingWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)standardsand

guidelines

·Continueexpansionofaccessandusageofcontraceptive

methods,asarticulatedintheGoZ'sNationalFamilyPlanningStrategy;2022-2026.

Mediumto

ong-term

Acceleratetheexpansionofaccesstomenstrualhealthandhygiene(MHH)inschools,asmandatedinthe2020Education

AmendmentAct(EAA).

Short-term

Girls’Enrollment

andEducational

Attainment

RevisittheBasicEducationAssistanceModuletoincludean

expandedpackage(uniforms,textbooks)consideringchildrenwithdisabilitiesandintersectingvulnerabilities.

Short-term

Enforceexistinglegislation,suchasthe2016ConstitutionalCourtandthe2022MarriagesAct,thatprohibitschildmarriage

StrengthenSTEMprogrammestargetinggirlstoimprove

enrolmentsintechnicaldisciplinesathigherandtertiarylevels

Short-term

●Supportgendertargetedinitiativesforout-of-schoolyouthlinkedtolivelihoodskillsandtechnicalandvocationaltraining,includingsafespacesforout-of-schoolgirls.

Mediumtoong-term

EconomicOpportunities

Women's

Employment,

Entrepreneurship

●Supportsocio-economicskillstrainingswhichhaveshowntoincreasebusinessoutcomesamongwomenmicroentrepreneurs

inSSA

Short-term

●Supportprovisionofchildcareservices,suchasthroughofferingpreferentialtaxregimestochildcarecenters,toaddresswomen'stimepovertyandexpandtheirabilitytoengageacrossallareasoftheeconomy

Mediumtolong-term.

·Supportfinancingtohelpimprovewomen'saccesstoanduseofhigh-qualityagriculturalinputs

Short-term

OwnershipandControlofAssets

Addressgender

dividesin

ownershipof

landandassets

·Improvewomen'slandtiltinginresettledlandandcommunal

lands,drawingonsuccessfulinitiativesinotherpartsofSub-SaharanAfrica(SSA)

Mediumto

long-term

Ringfencelow-costfinanceforwomentopurchaseandowntitledlandandagriculturalimplements.

Short-term

中Expandaccesstofinancialinclusionbypromotingsavingschemesandincreasingaccesstomobilefinancialproducts.

Short-term

Women'sVoiceandAgency

EradicateGBV

andpromote

genderparityin

leadership

positions.

Strengthenandscalethemulti-prongedmodelforpreventionandresponsetoGBVadoptedbytheSpotlightInitiative.

·Fasttrackimplementationofthe2021HighLevelPoliticalCompactonEndingGBVandHarmfulPracticesinZimbabwe.

Short-term

·EnforceexistinglawsandpoliciestoensurethatthegenderquotaintheNationalAssembly,GeneralAssemblyandtheSenateisproperlyapplied.

Mediumto

ong-term

1

Chapter1

1.1BackgroundandContext

Zimbabweisalowermiddle-incomecountry.Accordingtothe2022PopulationandHousingCensus,thepopulationofthecountryin2022was15,178,000,ofwhich48percentweremaleand52percentwerefemale.Althoughthecountryisurbanizingrapidly,Zimbabweremainshighlyrural:anestimated61.4percentofthepopulationlivesinruralareas,and38.6percentliveinurbanareas.16

Zimbabwehasaveryyoungpopulation-40percentofthepopulationisunder15years,and6percentofthepopulationis65yearsofageorolder.AsshowninTable1,accordingtoUnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA),in2017,64.1percentofthepopulationwereadolescentsandyouthages10and24years,and31.3percentwerefemale.YoungpeopleinZimbabwefacehighlevelsofunemployment,whichhaspushedmanytopursuemoreperilousforms