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PAGE1必修四Unit1ASTUDENTOFAFRICANWILDLIFE

非洲野生動(dòng)物研究者Itis5:45amandthesunisjustrisingoverGombeNationalParkinEastAfrica.清晨5點(diǎn)45分,太陽(yáng)剛從東非的貢貝國(guó)家公園的上空升起,F(xiàn)ollowingJane'swayofstudyingchimps,ourgroupareallgoingtovisitthemintheforest.我們一行人準(zhǔn)備按照簡(jiǎn)研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜訪它們。Janehasstudiedthesefamiliesofchimpsformanyyearsandhelpedpeopleunderstandhowmuchtheybehavelikehumans.簡(jiǎn)研究這些黑猩猩家族已經(jīng)很多年了,她幫助人們了解黑猩猩跟人類的行為是多么的相似。Watchingafamilyofchimpswakeupisourfirstactivityoftheday.我們當(dāng)天的首項(xiàng)任務(wù)就是觀察黑猩猩一家是如何醒來(lái)的。Thismeansgoingbacktotheplacewhereweleftthefamilysleepinginatreethenightbefore.這意味著我們要返回前一天晚上我們離開(kāi)黑猩猩一家睡覺(jué)的大樹(shù)旁。Everybodysitsandwaitsintheshadeofthetreeswhilethefamilybeginstowakeupandmoveoff.大家坐在樹(shù)蔭下等待著,這時(shí)候猩猩們睡醒了,準(zhǔn)備離開(kāi)。Thenwefollowastheywanderintotheforest.然后這群黑猩猩向森林深處漫步而去,我們尾隨其后。Mostofthetime,chimpseitherfeedorcleaneachotherasawayofshowingloveintheirfamily.在大部分時(shí)間里,黑猩猩或相互喂食,或彼此擦身,這在它們的家庭里是表示愛(ài)的方式。Janewarnsusthatourgroupisgoingtobeverytiredanddirtybytheafternoonandsheisright.簡(jiǎn)預(yù)先提醒我們,到下午的時(shí)候我們就會(huì)又臟又累。她說(shuō)對(duì)了。However,theeveningmakesitallworthwhile.不過(guò)到傍晚時(shí)分我們覺(jué)得這一切都是值得的。Wewatchthemotherchimpandherbabiesplayinthetree.Thenweseethemgotosleeptogetherintheirnestforthenight.我們看到黑猩猩媽媽跟她的幼子們?cè)跇?shù)上玩耍,后來(lái)看見(jiàn)它們晚上一起回窩里睡覺(jué)了。Werealizethatthebondbetweenmembersofachimpfamilyisasstrongasinahumanfamily.我明白了猩猩家庭成員之間的聯(lián)系像人類家庭一樣緊密。

NobodybeforeJanefullyunderstoodchimpbehaviour.在簡(jiǎn)之前沒(méi)有人完全了解黑猩猩的行為。Shespentyearsobservingandrecordingtheirdailyactivities.她花了多年的時(shí)間來(lái)觀察并記錄黑猩猩的日常生活。Sinceherchildhoodshehadwantedtoworkwithanimalsintheirownenvironment.從孩童時(shí)代起,簡(jiǎn)就想在動(dòng)物生活的環(huán)境中研究它們。However,thiswasnoteasy.但是,這不是一件簡(jiǎn)單的事。WhenshefirstarrivedinGombein1960,itwasunusualforawomantoliveintheforest.當(dāng)她1960年最初來(lái)到貢貝時(shí),對(duì)女性來(lái)說(shuō),住進(jìn)大森林還是很稀罕的事情。Onlyafterhermothercametohelpherforthefirstfewmonthswassheallowedtobeginherproject.她母親頭幾個(gè)月來(lái)幫過(guò)她的忙,這才使她得以開(kāi)始自己的計(jì)劃。Herworkchangedthewaypeoplethinkaboutchimps.她的工作改變了人們對(duì)黑猩猩的看法。Forexample,oneimportantthingshediscoveredwasthatchimpshuntandeatmeat.比方說(shuō),她的一個(gè)重要發(fā)現(xiàn)是黑猩猩獵食動(dòng)物。Untiltheneveryonehadthoughtchimpsateonlyfruitandnuts.在此之前,人們一直認(rèn)為黑猩猩只吃水果和堅(jiān)果。Sheactuallyobservedchimpsasagrouphuntingamonkeyandtheneatingit.而她曾經(jīng)親眼看到過(guò)一群黑猩猩捕殺一只猴子,然后把它吃掉。Shealsodiscoveredhowchimpscommunicatewitheachother,andherstudyoftheirbodylanguagehelpedherworkouttheirsocialsystem.她還發(fā)現(xiàn)了黑猩猩之間是如何交流的,而她對(duì)黑猩猩肢體語(yǔ)言的研究幫助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社會(huì)體系。

ForfortyyearsJaneGoodallhasbeenoutspokenaboutmakingtherestoftheworldunderstandandrespectthelifeoftheseanimals.40年來(lái),簡(jiǎn)?古道爾一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重這些動(dòng)物的生活。Shehasarguedthatwildanimalsshouldbeleftinthewildandnotusedforentertainmentoradvertisements.她主張應(yīng)該讓野生動(dòng)物留在野外生活,而不能用于娛樂(lè)或廣告。Shehashelpedtosetupspecialplaceswheretheycanlivesafely.她還為黑猩猩建起了可以安全生活的保護(hù)區(qū)。Sheisleadingabusylifebutshesays:她的生活是忙忙碌碌的,然而,正如她所說(shuō)的:"OnceIstop,itallcomescrowdinginandIrememberthechimpsinlaboratories.It'sterrible.“我一旦停下來(lái),所有的一切都會(huì)涌上心頭。我就會(huì)想起實(shí)驗(yàn)室的黑猩猩,太可怕了。ItaffectsmewhenIwatchthewildchimps.每當(dāng)我看著野生黑猩猩時(shí),這個(gè)念頭總是縈繞著我。Isaytomyself,'Aren'ttheylucky?"我會(huì)對(duì)自己說(shuō):‘難道它們不幸運(yùn)嗎?’AndthenIthinkaboutsmallchimpsincagesthoughtheyhavedonenothingwrong.然后我就想起那些沒(méi)有任何過(guò)錯(cuò)卻被關(guān)在籠子里的小黑猩猩。Onceyouhaveseenthatyoucanneverforget..."一旦你看到這些,你就永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記……”

Shehasachievedeverythingshewantedtodo:workingwithanimalsintheirownenvironment,gainingadoctor'sdegreeandshowingthatwomencanliveintheforestasmencan.簡(jiǎn)已經(jīng)得到了她想要得到的一切:在動(dòng)物的棲息地工作;獲得博士學(xué)位;還向世人證明女人和男人一樣也能在森林里生活。Sheinspiresthosewhowanttocheertheachievementsofwomen.她激勵(lì)著人們?yōu)閶D女們的成就而歡呼喝彩。

必修四Unit1WHYNOTCARRYONHERGOODWORK?為什么不繼續(xù)她的事業(yè)?

IenjoyedEnglish,biology,andchemistryatschool,butwhichoneshouldIchoosetostudyatuniversity?上學(xué)時(shí)我喜歡英語(yǔ)、生物和化學(xué),但是我進(jìn)大學(xué)該選哪門(mén)專業(yè)呢?IdidnotknowtheansweruntiloneeveningwhenIsatdownatthecomputertodosomeresearchongreatwomenofChina.直到有一天晚上坐在電腦旁研究中國(guó)的偉大女性時(shí),我才有了答案。

BychanceIcameacrossanarticleaboutadoctorcalledLinQiaozhi,aspecialistinwomen'sdiseases.很偶然地,我看到了一篇關(guān)于林巧稚大夫的文章。她是婦科專家,Shelivedfrom1901to1983.1901年出生,1983年去世。Itseemedthatshehadbeenverybusyinherchosencareer,travellingabroadtostudyaswellaswritingbooksandarticles.林巧稚似乎一直都在為自己選擇的事業(yè)而奔忙,她去國(guó)外留學(xué),并寫(xiě)了很多書(shū)和文章。Oneofthemcaughtmyeye.其中有一本書(shū)引起了我的注意。Itwasasmallbookexplaininghowtocutthedeathratefromhavingandcaringforbabies.這是一本小書(shū),介紹如何從婦女懷孕到護(hù)理嬰兒的過(guò)程中降低死亡率。Shegavesomesimplerulestofollowforkeepingbabiesclean,healthyandfreefromsickness.她提出了一些可以遵循的簡(jiǎn)單的做法,保持嬰兒清潔和健康,讓他們遠(yuǎn)離疾病。Whydidshewritethat?她為什么要寫(xiě)這些東西呢?WhowerethewomenthatLinQiaozhithoughtneededthisadvice?林巧稚認(rèn)為哪些婦女會(huì)需要這些忠告呢?Ilookedcarefullyatthetextandrealizedthatitwasintendedforwomeninthecountryside.我細(xì)細(xì)地看了這篇文章,了解到那是為農(nóng)村婦女寫(xiě)的。Perhapsiftheyhadanemergencytheycouldnotreachadoctor.也許是她們?cè)谟龅骄o急情況時(shí)找不到醫(yī)生。

Suddenlyithitmehowdifficultitwasforawomantogetmedicaltrainingatthattime.突然我想起,在那個(gè)年代,一個(gè)女子去學(xué)醫(yī)是多么困難啊!Thatwasagenerationwhengirls'educationwasalwaysplacedsecondtoboys'.那可是一個(gè)女性受教育總是排在男性之后的年代。Wasshesomuchclevererthananyoneelse?難道她比別人要聰明得多?Furtherreadingmademerealizethatitwashardworkanddeterminationaswellashergentlenaturethatgotherintomedicalschool.進(jìn)一步閱讀使我了解到,是苦干、決心和善良的天性使她走進(jìn)醫(yī)學(xué)院的大門(mén)。Whatmadehersucceedlateronwasthekindnessandconsiderationsheshowedtoallherpatients.后來(lái)使她成功的是她對(duì)所有病人獻(xiàn)出的愛(ài)心和體貼。TherewasstoryafterstoryofhowLinQiaozhi,tiredafteraday'swork,wentlateatnighttodeliverababyforapoorfamilywhocouldnotpayher.數(shù)不勝數(shù)的故事講述著林巧稚如何在勞累一天之后,又在深夜去為貧苦家庭的產(chǎn)婦接生,而這些家庭是不可能給她報(bào)酬的。

BynowIcouldnotwaittofindoutmoreabouther.現(xiàn)在我迫不及待地想多了解一些有關(guān)她的情況。IdiscoveredthatLinQiaozhihaddevotedherwholelifetoherpatientsandhadchosennottohaveafamilyofherown.我發(fā)現(xiàn)林巧稚把畢生都奉獻(xiàn)給了病人,而自己卻選擇了獨(dú)身。Insteadshemadesurethatabout50,000babiesweresafelydelivered.她確保了大約五萬(wàn)名嬰兒的安全出生。BythistimeIwasveryexcited.這時(shí)候,我非常激動(dòng)。WhynotstudyatmedicalcollegelikeLinQiaozhiandcarryonhergoodwork?為什么不像林巧稚那樣去讀醫(yī)學(xué)院,繼續(xù)她高尚的事業(yè)呢?Itwasstillnottoolateformetoimprovemystudies,preparefortheuniversityentranceexaminations,and….現(xiàn)在努力提高學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)、準(zhǔn)備大學(xué)入學(xué)考試還不算晚……

必修四Unit2APIONEERFORALLPEOPLE造福全人類的先驅(qū)者AlthoughheisoneofChina'smostfamousscientists,YuanLongpingconsidershimselfafarmer,forheworksthelandtodohisresearch.盡管是中國(guó)最著名的科學(xué)家之一,袁隆平仍然認(rèn)為自己是個(gè)農(nóng)民,因?yàn)樗谔锢锔?,進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究。Indeed,hissunburntfaceandarmsandhisslim,strongbodyarejustlikethoseofmillionsofChinesefarmers,forwhomhehasstruggledforthepastfivedecades.的確,他被太陽(yáng)曬得黝黑的臉龐和和手臂,以及他那瘦削而又結(jié)實(shí)的身軀,就跟其他千百萬(wàn)中國(guó)農(nóng)民一樣,過(guò)去50年來(lái),他一直在努力幫助他們。DrYuanLongpinggrowswhatiscalledsuperhybridrice.袁博士種植的是被稱為“超級(jí)雜交水稻的”的稻種。In1974,hebecamethefirstagriculturalpioneerintheworldtogrowricethathasahighoutput.1974年,他成為世界上第一位種植高產(chǎn)水稻的農(nóng)業(yè)先鋒。Thisspecialstrainofricemakesitpossibletoproduceone-thirdmoreofthecropinthesamefields.這種特殊的稻種使得同樣的田地多收獲三分之一的產(chǎn)量。Nowmorethan60%ofthericeproducedinChinaeachyearisfromthishybridstrain.如今中國(guó)每年出產(chǎn)的稻米有60%以上出自這種雜交稻種。

Borninapoorfarmer'sfamilyin1930,DrYuangraduatedfromSouthwestAgriculturalCollegein1953.袁博士1930年出生,1953年畢業(yè)于西南農(nóng)學(xué)院。Sincethen,findingwaystogrowmorericehasbeenhislifegoal.從那時(shí)起,找到水稻高產(chǎn)的方法就成為他一生的目標(biāo)。Asayoungman,hesawthegreatneedforincreasingthericeoutput.年輕時(shí),他就看到了稻田增產(chǎn)的巨大需求。Atthattime,hungerwasadisturbingprobleminmanypartsofthecountryside.當(dāng)時(shí),饑荒是許多農(nóng)村地區(qū)面臨的嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。DrYuansearchedforawaytoincreasericeharvestswithoutexpandingtheareaofthefields.袁博士要在不增加土地面積的基礎(chǔ)上尋求達(dá)到增收稻谷的途徑。In1950,Chinesefarmerscouldproduceonlyfiftymilliontonsofrice.1950年,中國(guó)農(nóng)民只能生產(chǎn)五千萬(wàn)噸稻谷,Inarecentharvest,however,nearlytwohundredmilliontonsofricewasproduced.而近來(lái)卻生產(chǎn)了將近兩億噸稻谷。Theseincreasedharvestsmeanthat22%oftheworld'speoplearefedfromjust7%ofthefarmlandinChina.這一糧食產(chǎn)量的增加意味著中國(guó)僅僅7%的耕地養(yǎng)活了世界22%的人口。DrYuanisnowcirculatinghisknowledgeinIndia,Vietnamandmanyotherlessdevelopedcountriestoincreasetheirriceharvests.袁院士現(xiàn)在在印度、越南和很多其他欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家傳播提高水稻產(chǎn)量的知識(shí)。Thankstohisresearch,theUNhasmoretoolsinthebattletoridtheworldofhunger.多虧了他的研究,聯(lián)合國(guó)在消除世界饑餓的戰(zhàn)斗中有了更多的辦法。Usinghishybridrice,farmersareproducingharveststwiceaslargeasbefore.用他的雜交水稻種子,農(nóng)民種出的糧食比以前多了一倍。

DrYuanisquitesatisfiedwithhislife.袁博士很滿意他的生活。However,hedoesn'tcareaboutbeingfamous.Hefeelsitgiveshimlessfreedomtodohisresearch.但是,他對(duì)成名并不在意,并且覺(jué)得出名后搞科研就不那么自由了。Hewouldmuchratherkeeptimeforhishobbles.他寧愿把時(shí)間花在自己的業(yè)余愛(ài)好上。Heenjoyslisteningtoviolinmusic,playingmah-jong,swimmingandreading.他喜歡聽(tīng)小提琴樂(lè)曲、打麻將、游泳和讀書(shū)。Spendingmoneyonhimselforleadingacomfortablelifealsomeansverylittletohim.在自己身上花錢(qián)或者享受舒適的生活對(duì)袁博士來(lái)說(shuō)意義不大。Indeed,hebelievesthatapersonwithtoomuchmoneyhasmoreratherthanfewertroubles.事實(shí)上,他認(rèn)為一個(gè)人有了太多錢(qián),他的麻煩事只會(huì)更多,而不是更少。Hethereforegivesmillionsofyuantoequipothersfortheirresearchinagriculture.于是,他拿出好幾百萬(wàn)元幫助其他人進(jìn)行農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究。

Justdreamingforthings,however,costsnothing.夢(mèng)想是不花本錢(qián)的。LongagoDryuanhadadreamaboutriceplantsastallassorghum.Eachearofricewasasbigasanearofcornandeachgrainofricewasashugeasapeanut.很久以前,袁院士曾在夢(mèng)里看到水稻長(zhǎng)得像高粱一樣高,稻穗跟玉米穗一樣大,而每粒稻谷像花生米一樣大。DrYuanawokefromhisdreamwiththehopeofproducingakindofricethatcouldfeedmorepeople.袁院士從夢(mèng)中醒來(lái),希望能種植一種能養(yǎng)活更多人的水稻。Now,manyyearslater,DrYuanhasanotherdream:toexporthisricesothatitcanbegrownaroundtheglobe.在很多年后的今天,袁博士還有另外一個(gè)夢(mèng)想,那就是他的稻谷可以出口并長(zhǎng)遍全球。Onedreamisnotalwaysenough,especiallyforapersonwholovesandcaresforhispeople.一個(gè)夢(mèng)想總是不夠的,尤其對(duì)一個(gè)熱愛(ài)和關(guān)心人民的人來(lái)說(shuō)更是如此。

必修四Unit2CHEMICALORORGANICFARMING?化學(xué)耕作還是有機(jī)耕作?

Overthepasthalfcentury,usingchemicalfertilizershasbecomeverycommoninfarming.在過(guò)去的半個(gè)世紀(jì)里,在耕作中使用化肥已經(jīng)非常普遍。Manyfarmerswelcomedthemasagreatwaytostopcropdiseaseandincreaseproduction.很多農(nóng)民喜歡使用化肥。把化肥作為防治農(nóng)作物病蟲(chóng)害和提高產(chǎn)量的重要手段。Recently,however,scientistshavebeenfindingthatlong-termuseofthesefertilizerscancausedamagetothelandand,evenmoredangerous,topeople'shealth.然而,最近科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期使用這些肥料會(huì)造成土地受損,甚至更危險(xiǎn)的是,會(huì)對(duì)人們的健康造成危害。

Whataresomeoftheproblemscausedbychemicalfertilizers?化肥帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題有哪些呢?First,theydamagethelandbykillingthehelpfulbacteriaandpestsaswellastheharmfulones.首先,化肥在殺死病菌和害蟲(chóng)的同時(shí)也會(huì)殺死有益的細(xì)菌和昆蟲(chóng),從而破壞土地。Chemicalsalsostayinthegroundandundergroundwaterforalongtime.化學(xué)物質(zhì)還會(huì)在地里和地下水中保存很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,Thisaffectscropsand,therefore,animalsandhumans,sincechemicalsgetinsidethecropsandcannotjustbewashedoff.而這會(huì)影響到莊稼,進(jìn)而影響到動(dòng)物和人類,因?yàn)榛瘜W(xué)成分會(huì)進(jìn)入到農(nóng)作物中,并且不能被沖洗掉。Thesechemicalsinthefoodsupplybuildupinpeople'sbodiesovertime.隨著時(shí)間的推移,食物中的這些化學(xué)成分會(huì)在人體中堆積。Manyofthesechemicalscanleadtocancerorotherillnesses.很多化學(xué)成分能導(dǎo)致癌癥或其他疾病。Inaddition,fruit,vegetablesandotherfoodgrownwithchemicalfertilizersusuallygrowtoofasttobefullofmuchnutrition.另外,施過(guò)化肥的水果、蔬菜和其他食物通常生長(zhǎng)得過(guò)快而營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足。Theymaylookbeautiful,butinsidethereisusuallymorewaterthanvitaminsandminerals.它們表面上很好看,但里面通常是含過(guò)多的水分,而不是維生素和礦物質(zhì)。

Withthesediscoveries,somefarmersandmanycustomersarebeginningtoturntoorganicfarming.由于這些發(fā)現(xiàn),一些農(nóng)民和消費(fèi)者開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)向有機(jī)耕作。Organicfarmingissimplyfarmingwithoutusinganychemicals.有機(jī)耕作就是不用任何化學(xué)肥料的耕作。Theyfocusonkeepingtheirsoilrichandfreeofdisease.農(nóng)民關(guān)心的是保持土壤肥沃并且免受病害。Ahealthysoilreducesdiseaseandhelpscropsgrowstrongandhealthy.健康的土壤會(huì)減少病蟲(chóng)害并且?guī)椭r(nóng)作物茁壯成長(zhǎng)。Organicfarmers,therefore,oftenpreferusingnaturalwastefromanimalsasfertilizer.因此,有機(jī)耕作的農(nóng)民通常喜歡把天然的動(dòng)物糞便當(dāng)作肥料。Theyfeelthatthismakesthesoilintheirfieldsricherinmineralsandsomorefertile.他們認(rèn)為這樣會(huì)使地里的土壤更富含礦物質(zhì),因而也會(huì)更加肥沃,Thisalsokeepstheair,soil,waterandcropsfreefromchemicals.同時(shí)還可以讓空氣、土壤、水以及農(nóng)作物不受化學(xué)物質(zhì)的污染。

Organicfarmersalsousemanyothermethodstokeepthesoilfertile.有機(jī)耕作的農(nóng)民也使用很多其他的方法來(lái)保持土地肥沃。Theyoftenchangethekindofcropineachfieldeveryfewyears,forexample,growingcornorwheatandthenthenextyearpeasorsoybeans.在同一塊地里,他們經(jīng)常每隔幾年就換種農(nóng)作物。例如,種玉米和小麥后來(lái)年再改種豌豆或大豆。Cropssuchaspeasorsoybeansputimportantmineralsbackintothesoil,makingitreadyforcropssuchaswheatorcornthatneedrichandfertilesoil.像豌豆或大豆這樣的農(nóng)作物將重要的礦物質(zhì)帶回土壤,從而使之適宜于種植要求土地肥沃的農(nóng)作物,比如玉米或小麥。Organicfarmersalsoplantcropstousedifferentlevelsofsoil,forexample,plantingpeanutsthatusetheground'ssurfacefollowedbyvegetablesthatputdowndeeproots.有機(jī)耕作的農(nóng)民還種植多種農(nóng)作物來(lái)利用不同層次的土壤。比如,他們先種植生長(zhǎng)于淺層土壤的花生,然后再種植生根于深層土壤的蔬菜。Someorganicfarmerspreferplantinggrassbetweencropstopreventwindorwaterfromcarryingawaythesoil,andthenleavingitinthegroundtobecomeanaturalfertilizerforthenextyear'scrop還有一些有機(jī)耕作者喜歡在農(nóng)作物之間種草,以防止水土流失,并且把草留在地里,從而成為來(lái)年農(nóng)作物的天然肥料。Thesemanydifferentorganicfarmingmethodshavethesamegoal:togrowgoodfoodandavoiddamagingtheenvironmentorpeople'shealth.這些不同的有機(jī)耕作的方法有著同樣的目標(biāo):種植好的糧食,避免損害環(huán)境或者人們的健康。

必修四Unit3AMASTEROFNONVERBALHUMOUR無(wú)聲的幽默的大師AsVictorHugooncesaid,"Laughteristhesunthatdriveswinterfromthehumanface",維克多·雨果曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò):“笑容如同陽(yáng)光,驅(qū)散人們臉上的陰霾”anduptonownobodyhasbeenabletodothisbetterthanCharlieChaplin.關(guān)于這一點(diǎn),直到今天也沒(méi)有人比查理·卓別林做的更好。HebrightenedthelivesofAmericansandBritishthroughtwoworldwarsandthehardyearsinbetween.在兩次世界大戰(zhàn)及中間艱苦的歲月里,他給英國(guó)和美國(guó)人民帶來(lái)了快樂(lè)。Hemadepeoplelaughatatimewhentheyfeltdepressed,sotheycouldfeelmorecontentwiththeirlives.在人們感到沮喪的時(shí)候,查理使人們開(kāi)懷大笑,于是他們對(duì)自己的生活感到更加滿足。

NotthatCharlie'sownlifewaseasy!然而卓別林自己的生活也并不容易。Hewasborninapoorfamilyin1889.Hisparentswerebothpoormusichallperformers.他生于1889年,出身貧寒。他的父母都是雜耍戲院里貧窮的演員。YoumayfinditastonishingthatCharliewastaughttosingassoonashecouldspeakanddanceassoonashecouldwalk.你可能會(huì)感到驚奇,查理剛會(huì)說(shuō)話時(shí)大人就教他唱歌,他剛會(huì)走路時(shí)大人就教他跳舞。Suchtrainingwascommoninactingfamiliesatthistime,especiallywhenthefamilyincomewasoftenuncertain.這樣的訓(xùn)練在當(dāng)時(shí)的演員家庭中是很普遍的,尤其是在家庭收入經(jīng)常不穩(wěn)定的時(shí)候。Unfortunatelyhisfatherdied,leavingthefamilyevenworseoff,soCharliespenthischildhoodlookingafterhissickmotherandhisbrother.不幸的是他的父親去世了,使得他的家庭更加艱難,所以查理在童年時(shí)期就要照顧生病的母親和弟弟。Byhisteens,Charliehad,throughhishumour,becomeoneofthemostpopularchildactorsinEngland.在十多歲的時(shí)候,憑借著自己的幽默,查理已經(jīng)在英國(guó)成為最受歡迎的童星之一。Hecouldmimeandactthefooldoingordinaryeverydaytasks.他能夠不說(shuō)話而僅靠動(dòng)作來(lái)模仿傻子做日常的任務(wù)。Noonewaseverboredwatchinghim-hissubtleactingmadeeverythingentertaining.看他的表演沒(méi)有人會(huì)感到無(wú)聊——他巧妙的表演使得一切都那么滑稽可笑。

Astimewentby,hebeganmakingfilms.隨著時(shí)間的推移,他開(kāi)始拍電影。Hegrewmoreandmorepopularashischarmingcharacter,thelittletramp,becameknownthroughouttheworld.他塑造的可愛(ài)的“小流浪漢”角色開(kāi)始聞名于世,而查理越來(lái)越受歡迎。Thetramp,apoor,homelessmanwithamoustache,worelargetrousers,worn-outshoesandasmallroundblackhat.Hewalkedaroundstillycarryingawalkingstick.這個(gè)窮苦的無(wú)家可歸的小流浪漢,留著小胡子,穿著大褲子、破鞋子,頭頂著黑色的小圓帽。他手里拿著一根手杖邁著僵硬的步伐四處走動(dòng)。Thischaracterwasasocialfailurebutwaslovedforhisoptimismanddeterminationtoovercomealldifficulties.這個(gè)角色是個(gè)社會(huì)生活中的失敗者,但他樂(lè)觀的精神和戰(zhàn)勝困難的決心使他受到人們的喜愛(ài)。Hewastheunderdogwhowaskindevenwhenotherswereunkindtohim.面對(duì)并不善待他的人,這個(gè)弱者依然保持友善的態(tài)度。

Howdidthelittletrampmakeasadsituationentertaining?然而這個(gè)小流浪漢是如何把悲涼的遭遇變得滑稽可笑的呢?Hereisanexamplefromoneofhismostfamousfilms,TheGoldRush.這里有一個(gè)例子,來(lái)自于他最著名的電影之一《淘金記》。Itisthemid-nineteenthcenturyandgoldhasjustbeendiscoveredinCalifornia.19世紀(jì)中葉,在加利福尼亞州發(fā)現(xiàn)了金子。Likesomanyothers,thelittletrampandhisfriendhaverushedthereinsearchofgold,butwithoutsuccess.像其他很多人一樣,小流浪漢和他的朋友也涌向那里去淘金,但卻沒(méi)有成功。Insteadtheyarehidinginasmallhutontheedgeofamountainduringasnowstormwithnothingtoeat.相反,他們被暴風(fēng)雪困在山邊的一個(gè)小木屋中,沒(méi)有任何東西可吃。Theyaresohungrythattheytryboilingapairofleathershoesfortheirdinner.他們餓極了,只好煮了一雙皮鞋來(lái)充饑。Charliefirstpicksoutthelacesandeatsthemasiftheywerespaghetti.查理首先挑出鞋帶來(lái)吃,像吃意大利面條一樣。Thenhecutsofftheleathertopoftheshoeasifitwerethefineststeak.然后他把皮鞋上端的皮子切下來(lái),就像切下一塊最好的牛排。Finallyhetriescuttingandchewingthebottomoftheshoe.最后他試著把鞋底割下來(lái)嚼著吃。Heeatseachmouthfulwithgreatenjoyment.他每一口都嚼得津津有味。Theactingissoconvincingthatitmakesyoubelievethatitisoneofthebestmealshehasevertasted!查理的表演是那么有說(shuō)服力,以至于你會(huì)相信這頓飯是他所吃過(guò)的最美味的一餐!

CharlieChaplinwrote,directedandproducedthefilmshestarredin.查理·卓別林自編、自導(dǎo)、自制他主演的電影。In1972hewasgivenaspecialOscarforhisoutstandingworkinfilms.1972年他被授予奧斯卡特別獎(jiǎng),以表彰他在電影界的杰出工作。HelivedinEnglandandtheUSAbutspenthislastyearsinSwitzerland,wherehewasburiedin1977.他生活在英國(guó)和美國(guó),卻在瑞士度過(guò)了生命中最后的日子,并于1977年安葬在那里。Heislovedandrememberedasagreatactorwhocouldinspirepeoplewithgreatconfidence人們熱愛(ài)和懷念這位偉大的演員,因?yàn)樗奈枞藗儾⒃鰪?qiáng)他們的信心。

必修四Unit3英語(yǔ)笑話

SherlockHolmesandDoctorWatsonwentcampinginamountainousarea.夏洛克·福爾摩斯和華生醫(yī)生去山區(qū)野營(yíng)。Theywerelyingintheopenairunderthestars.他們?cè)谏絽^(qū)一塊露天的地上躺了下來(lái),頭上頂著星星。SherlockHolmeslookedupatthestarsandwhispered,"Watson,whenyoulookatthatbeautifulsky,whatdoyouthinkof?"夏洛克·福爾摩斯仰望著星空,輕聲地說(shuō)道:“華生,當(dāng)你望著美麗的天空時(shí),你想到了什么?”Watsonreplied,"Ithinkofhowshortlifeisandhowlongtheuniversehaslasted."華生回答說(shuō):“我想到生命是如此的短促,而宇宙卻是如此的漫長(zhǎng)?!?No,no,Watson!"Holmessaid."Whatdoyoureallythinkof?."“不,不對(duì),華生!”福爾摩斯說(shuō),“你到底想到了什么?”Watsontriedagain."IthinkofhowsmallIamandhowvasttheskyis."于是華生又試著回答:“我想到我是如此的渺小,而天空是如此的廣闊。”"Tryagain,Watson!"saidHolmes.“再回答一次,華生!”福爾摩斯說(shuō)。Watsontriedathirdtime."Ithinkofhowcoldtheuniverseisandhowwarmpeoplecanbeintheirbeds."華生試著第三次回答了:“我想到宇宙是如此的寒冷,而人們睡在床上是如此的暖和。Holmessaid,"Watson,youfool!Youshouldbethinkingthatsomeonehasstolenourtent!"福爾摩斯說(shuō):“華生,你這個(gè)傻瓜!你應(yīng)該想到有人把我們的帳篷偷走?!北匦匏腢nit4COMMUNICATION:NOPROBLEM?交際:沒(méi)有問(wèn)題了嗎?

Yesterday,anotherstudentandI,representingouruniversity'sstudentassociation,wenttotheCapitalInternationalAirporttomeetthisyear'sinternationalstudents.昨天,我和另一個(gè)學(xué)生代表我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生會(huì),到首都國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)迎接今年的留學(xué)生。TheywerecomingtostudyatBeijingUniversity.Wewouldtakethemfirsttotheirdormitoriesandthentothestudentcanteen.他們來(lái)北京大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。我們會(huì)首先把他們帶到宿舍,然后去學(xué)生食堂。Afterhalfanhourofwaitingfortheirflighttoarrive,Isawseveralyoungpeopleenterthewaitingarealookingaroundcuriously.在等了半個(gè)小時(shí)之后,我看見(jiàn)幾個(gè)年輕人走進(jìn)了等候區(qū),好奇地向四周張望。Istoodforaminutewatchingthemandthenwenttogreetthem.站著觀察了他們一分鐘后,我便走過(guò)去跟他們打招呼。

ThefirstpersontoarrivewasTonyGarciafromColombia,closelyfollowedbyJuliaSmithfromBritain.第一個(gè)到達(dá)的是從哥倫比亞來(lái)的托尼?加西亞,隨后緊跟著的是英國(guó)的朱莉婭?史密斯。AfterImetthemandthenintroducedthemtoeachother,Iwasverysurprised.在與他們碰面并介紹他們彼此認(rèn)識(shí)之后,我(對(duì)看到的情景)感到很吃驚。TonyapproachedJulia,touchedhershoulderandkissedheronthecheek!托尼走進(jìn)朱莉婭,摸了摸她的肩,親了親她的臉!Shesteppedbackappearingsurprisedandputupherhands,asifindefence.她后退了幾步,看上去有些吃驚,并舉起了手,好像是在自衛(wèi)。Iguessedthattherewasprobablyamajormisunderstanding.我猜想這里可能有個(gè)很大的誤會(huì)。ThenAkiraNagatafromJapancameinsmiling,togetherwithGeorgeCookfromCanada.隨后,來(lái)自日本的永田明微笑著走了進(jìn)來(lái),同時(shí)進(jìn)來(lái)的還有加拿大的喬治?庫(kù)克。Astheywereintroduced,GeorgereachedhishandouttotheJapanesestudent.當(dāng)我為他們做介紹時(shí),喬治把手伸向了這位日本學(xué)生。Justatthatmoment,however,AkirabowedsohisnosetouchedGeorge'smovinghand.然而,就在那時(shí),永田明正在鞠躬,所以他的鼻子碰到了喬治伸過(guò)來(lái)的手。Theybothapologized-anotherculturalmistake!兩個(gè)人都互相道了歉——這又是一個(gè)文化差錯(cuò)!

AhmedAziz,anotherinternationalstudent,wasfromJordan.另一位留學(xué)生艾哈邁德?阿齊茲是約旦人。Whenwemetyesterday,hemovedveryclosetomeasIintroducedmyself.我們昨天見(jiàn)面,我進(jìn)行自我介紹時(shí),他靠我很近。Imovedbackabit,buthecameclosertoaskaquestionandthenshookmyhand.我往后退了一點(diǎn)兒,但是他又上前問(wèn)了我一個(gè)問(wèn)題,然后同我握手。WhenDarleneCoulonfromFrancecamedashingthroughthedoor,sherecognizedTonyGarcia'ssmilingface.當(dāng)來(lái)自法國(guó)的達(dá)琳?庫(kù)隆匆忙走進(jìn)門(mén)的時(shí)候,她認(rèn)出了托尼·加西亞微笑的面孔。Theyshookhandsandthenkissedeachothertwiceoneachcheek,sincethatistheFrenchcustomwhenadultsmeetpeopletheyknow.兩個(gè)人握了握手,并且在對(duì)方的面頰上吻了兩下。因?yàn)椋▏?guó)成年人見(jiàn)到熟人通常就是這么做的。AhmedAziz.,onthecontrary,simplynoddedatthegirls.而艾哈邁德?阿齊茲卻只是朝女孩們點(diǎn)了點(diǎn)頭。MenfromMiddleEasternandotherMuslimcountrieswilloftenstandquiteclosetoothermentotalkbutwillusuallynottouchwomen.來(lái)自中東和一些穆斯林國(guó)家的男士在談話時(shí)通常站得離其他男士很近,但一般不會(huì)與女士接觸。

AsIgettoknowmoreinternationalfriends,Ilearnmoreaboutthiscultural"bodylanguage".隨著認(rèn)識(shí)的國(guó)際朋友越來(lái)越多,我也了解到更多不同文化背景下的“身體語(yǔ)言”。Notallculturesgreeteachotherthesameway,noraretheycomfortableinthesamewaywithtouchingordistancebetweenpeople.各種文化背景下的人互致問(wèn)候的方式不盡相同,身體接觸和相互間距離的程度也并不一樣。Inthesamewaythatpeoplecommunicatewithspokenlanguage,theyalsoexpresstheirfeelingsusingunspoken"language"throughphysicaldistance,actionsorposture.用口頭語(yǔ)言交流的同時(shí),人們還使用不出聲的語(yǔ)言——身體間的距離、動(dòng)作或姿態(tài)等,來(lái)表達(dá)情感。Englishpeople,forexample,donotusuallystandveryclosetoothersortouchstrangersassoonastheymeet.比如,英國(guó)人通常不會(huì)站得離別人太近,也不會(huì)一見(jiàn)面就(用身體)接觸陌生人。However,peoplefromplaceslikeSpain,ItalyorSouthAmericancountriesapproachotherscloselyandaremorelikelytotouchthem.不過(guò),來(lái)自西班牙、意大利或南美等國(guó)的人會(huì)站在離別人很近的地方,而且很可能(用身體)接觸對(duì)方。Mostpeoplearoundtheworldnowgreeteachotherbyshakinghands,butsomeculturesuseothergreetingsaswell,suchastheJapanese,whoprefertobow.現(xiàn)在世界上大多數(shù)人見(jiàn)面都要握手相互問(wèn)候,但有些文化(背景下的人)會(huì)采取另外一些寒暄方式。比如說(shuō),日本人就更愿意鞠躬。

Theseactionsarenotgoodorbad,butaresimplywaysinwhichcultureshavedeveloped.這些行為都無(wú)所謂好與壞,只不過(guò)是文化發(fā)展的不同方式而已。Ihaveseen,however,thatculturalcustomsforbodylanguageareverygeneral-notallmembersofaculturebehaveinthesameway.然而,我發(fā)現(xiàn)身體語(yǔ)言的文化習(xí)俗是多元的——同一個(gè)(民族)文化中也并非所有成員的行為都一樣。Ingeneral,though,studyinginternationalcustomscancertainlyhelpavoiddifficultiesintoday'sworldofculturalcrossroads!但總的來(lái)說(shuō),在當(dāng)今文化交融的世界,學(xué)習(xí)不同國(guó)家的習(xí)俗肯定能幫助我們避免交往中的困難。必修四Unit4SHOWINGOURFEELINGS表達(dá)我們的情感

Bodylanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulmeansofcommunication,oftenevenmorepowerfulthanspokenlanguage.身體語(yǔ)言是最強(qiáng)有力的交際手段之一,甚至經(jīng)常比口頭語(yǔ)言更有力量。Peoplearoundtheworldshowallkindsoffeelings,wishesandattitudesthattheymightneverspeakaloud.世界各地的人們表達(dá)各種各樣的情感、愿望和態(tài)度,他們可能從來(lái)不會(huì)大聲地說(shuō)出來(lái)。Itispossibleto"read"othersaroundus,eveniftheydonotintendforustocatchtheirunspokencommunication.“讀懂”我們周圍的人的意思是有可能的,即便是人們并不想讓我們捕捉到他們沒(méi)有說(shuō)出來(lái)的信息。Ofcourse,bodylanguagecanbemisread,butmanygesturesandactionsareuniversal.當(dāng)然,身體語(yǔ)言可能會(huì)被誤讀,但是很多手勢(shì)和動(dòng)作都具有普遍性。

Themostuniversalfacialexpressionis,ofcourse,thesmile–itsfunctionistoshowhappinessandputpeopleatease.最普遍通用的面部表情當(dāng)然是微笑——其作用是表示快樂(lè)和安人心境。Itdoesnotalwaysmeanthatwearetrulyhappy,however.然而微笑并不總是意味著我們是真的快樂(lè)。Smilesaroundtheworldcanbefalse,hidingotherfeelingslikeanger,fearorworry.世界上的微笑可能是假的,用來(lái)掩蓋其他情緒,比如生氣、害怕或煩惱。Thereareunhappysmiles,suchaswhensomeone"losesface"andsmilestohideit.還有不愉快的微笑,比如當(dāng)某人“丟了面子”就會(huì)用微笑來(lái)掩飾。However,thegeneralpurposeofsmilingistoshowgoodfeelings.但是,微笑的一般目的就是表達(dá)好的情緒。

Fromthetimewearebabies,weshowunhappinessorangerbyfrowning.從孩提時(shí)候起,我們就通過(guò)皺眉來(lái)表示不高興或者憤怒。Inmostplacesaroundtheworld,frowningandturningone'sbacktosomeoneshowsanger.在世界上大多數(shù)地方,皺眉或者背對(duì)著某人都表示發(fā)怒。Makingafistandshakingitalmostalwaysmeansthatsomeoneisangryandthreateninganotherperson.把手握緊,朝著別人晃拳頭幾乎總是意味著憤怒并且威脅別人。

Therearemanywaysaroundtheworldtoshowagreement,butnoddingtheheadupanddownisusedforagreement,almostworldwide.世界上有很多方式用來(lái)表示同意,但是幾乎全世界都用點(diǎn)頭來(lái)表示同意。Mostpeoplealsounderstandthatshakingtheheadfromsidetosidemeansdisagreementorrefusal.大多數(shù)人也知道搖頭表示不同意或拒絕做某事。

HowaboutshowingthatIambored?如何來(lái)表示我很厭煩呢?Lookingawayfrompeopleoryawningwill,inmostcases,makemeappeartobeuninterested.在多數(shù)情況下,把眼光從人們身上移開(kāi)或者打個(gè)哈欠,會(huì)使我看上去(對(duì)此人或此事)不感興趣。However,ifIturntowardandlookatsomeoneorsomething,peoplefromalmosteveryculturewillthinkthatIaminterested.但是如果我轉(zhuǎn)身并看著某人或某物,幾乎每一個(gè)文化背景的人都會(huì)認(rèn)為我(對(duì)此人或此事)感興趣。IfIrollmyeyesandturnmyheadaway,ImostlikelydonotbelievewhatIamhearingordonotlikeit.如果我轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)著眼球,把頭扭到一邊,很可能是我不相信或者是不喜歡所聽(tīng)到的話。

Beingrespectfultopeopleissubjective,basedoneachculture,butingeneralitisprobablynotagoodideatogiveahugtoabossorteacher.根據(jù)每一種文化,對(duì)人們表示尊重都是帶有主觀性的。但是一般來(lái)說(shuō),擁抱你的老板或老師很可能是不妥當(dāng)?shù)?。Inalmosteveryculture,itisnotusuallygoodtostandtooclosetosomeoneofahigherrank.幾乎在每一種文化里,站得離級(jí)別更高的人太近都不太好。StandingatalittledistancewithopenhandswillshowthatIamwillingtolisten.站得有一定的距離,把手微微張開(kāi),會(huì)表示我愿意傾聽(tīng)。

Withsomanyculturaldifferencesbetweenpeople,itisgreattohavesomesimilaritiesinbodylanguage.人們之間的文化差異如此之多,但好在身體語(yǔ)言有一些相似之處。Wecanoftenbewrongabouteachother,soitisanamazingthingthatweunderstandeachotheraswellaswedo!盡管我們常常會(huì)彼此誤解,但我們?nèi)阅茏龅奖舜死斫?,這真是件令人驚奇的事!

必修四Unit5THEMEPARKS—FUNANDMORETHANFUN主題公園——是娛樂(lè),又不僅僅是娛樂(lè)

Whichthemeparkwouldyouliketovisit?你想要參觀哪一個(gè)主題公園呢?Therearevariouskindsofthemeparks,withadifferentparkforalmosteverything:food,culture,science,cartoons,moviesorhistory.(世界上)有各種各樣的主題公園,不同的公園有不同的主題,但幾乎囊括了一切:食物、文化、科學(xué)、卡通、電影及歷史。Someparksarefamousforhavingthebiggestorlongestrollercoasters,othersforshowingthefamoussightsandsoundsofaculture.有一些主題公園因?yàn)橛凶畲蠡蛘咦铋L(zhǎng)的過(guò)山車而聞名,有些則展示了文化中那些著名的聲音和視覺(jué)景象。Whicheverandwhateveryoulike,thereisathemeparkforyou!不論你喜歡哪一個(gè),不管你喜歡什么,都會(huì)有一個(gè)適合你的主題公園!

ThethemeparkyouareprobablymostfamiliarwithisDisneyland.你最熟悉的主題公園很可能就是迪斯尼樂(lè)園吧。Itcanbefoundinseveralpartsoftheworld.世界上好幾個(gè)地方都有迪斯尼樂(lè)園。Itwillbringyouintoamagicalworldandmakeyourdreamscometrue,whethertravelingthroughspace,visitingapirateshipormeetingyourfavouritefairytaleorDisneycartooncharacter.無(wú)論你是在太空遨游,參觀海盜船,還是邂逅你最喜歡的童話故事或者迪斯尼卡通里的人物,迪斯尼會(huì)把你帶入一個(gè)魔幻的世界,使你的夢(mèng)想變成現(xiàn)實(shí)。Asyouwanderaroundthefantasyamusementpark,youmayseeSnowWhiteorMickeyMouseinaparadeoronthestreet.當(dāng)你在游樂(lè)園漫步時(shí),你可能會(huì)在游行隊(duì)伍中或者街上看到白雪公主或米老鼠。OfcourseDisneylandalsohasmanyexcitingrides,fromgiantswingingshipstoterrifyingfree-falldrops.當(dāng)然,迪斯尼還有很多頗具刺激性的游樂(lè)設(shè)施,比如巨大的吊船和可怕的自由落體(設(shè)施)。Withalltheseattractions,nowondertourismisincreasingwhereverthereisaDisneyland.有所有這么多引人入勝的東西,難怪哪里有迪斯尼樂(lè)園,哪里的旅游業(yè)就會(huì)興旺。Ifyouwanttohavefunandmorethanfun,cometoDisneyland!如果你想盡情娛樂(lè),而且有更多的收獲,那就來(lái)迪斯尼樂(lè)園吧!

Dollywood,inthebeautifulSmokyMountainsinthesoutheastern

USA,isoneofthemostuniquethemeparksintheworld.位于美國(guó)東南部美麗的斯莫基山脈中的多萊塢,是世界上最獨(dú)特的主題公園之一。DollywoodshowsandcelebratesAmerica'straditionals

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