豬偽狂犬疫苗研究進(jìn)展

豬偽狂犬疫苗研究進(jìn)展一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle豬偽狂犬病（Pseudorabies，PR）是由偽狂犬病毒（Pseudorabiesvirus，PrV）引起的一種高度接觸性傳染病，對(duì)全球養(yǎng)豬業(yè)構(gòu)成了嚴(yán)重威脅。豬偽狂犬疫苗的研發(fā)和應(yīng)用，對(duì)于預(yù)防和控制該病的傳播、保障養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的健康發(fā)展具有重要意義。本文將對(duì)豬偽狂犬疫苗的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述，旨在全面了解該疫苗的研究現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)展趨勢(shì)以及面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，為未來(lái)的疫苗研發(fā)和應(yīng)用提供參考。Pseudorabies(PR)inpigsisahighlycontagiousdiseasecausedbythePseudorabiesvirus(PrV),posingaseriousthreattotheglobalpigfarmingindustry.Thedevelopmentandapplicationofthepigpseudorabiesvaccineareofgreatsignificanceforpreventingandcontrollingthespreadofthedisease,andensuringthehealthydevelopmentofthepigfarmingindustry.Thisarticlewillprovideareviewoftheresearchprogressonthepigpseudorabiesvaccine,aimingtocomprehensivelyunderstandtheresearchstatus,developmenttrends,andchallengesfacedbythisvaccine,andprovidereferenceforfuturevaccineresearchandapplication.本文首先回顧了豬偽狂犬病毒的生物學(xué)特性，包括病毒的基因組結(jié)構(gòu)、生命周期、宿主范圍以及致病機(jī)制等。在此基礎(chǔ)上，重點(diǎn)分析了豬偽狂犬疫苗的發(fā)展歷程，包括傳統(tǒng)疫苗和新型疫苗的研究進(jìn)展。本文還關(guān)注了疫苗在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中的效果評(píng)估、安全性以及免疫機(jī)制等方面的研究。Thisarticlefirstreviewsthebiologicalcharacteristicsofporcinepseudorabiesvirus,includingitsgenomestructure,lifecycle,hostrange,andpathogenicmechanism.Onthisbasis,thedevelopmentprocessofpigpseudorabiesvaccines,includingtheresearchprogressoftraditionalvaccinesandnewvaccines,wasmainlyanalyzed.Thisarticlealsofocusesontheresearchontheeffectivenessevaluation,safety,andimmunemechanismofvaccinesinpracticalapplications.通過(guò)對(duì)豬偽狂犬疫苗研究進(jìn)展的梳理和分析，本文旨在為相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究人員提供全面的信息，為疫苗的研發(fā)和應(yīng)用提供思路和方法。本文也期望能夠引起更多學(xué)者關(guān)注豬偽狂犬病的防控工作，共同推動(dòng)養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。Throughthereviewandanalysisoftheresearchprogressonporcinepseudorabiesvaccines,thisarticleaimstoprovidecomprehensiveinformationforresearchersinrelatedfields,andprovideideasandmethodsforthedevelopmentandapplicationofvaccines.Thisarticlealsohopestoattractmorescholarstopayattentiontothepreventionandcontrolofpseudorabiesinpigs,andjointlypromotethesustainabledevelopmentofthepigfarmingindustry.二、豬偽狂犬病毒生物學(xué)特性Biologicalcharacteristicsofporcinepseudorabiesvirus豬偽狂犬病毒（Pseudorabiesvirus,PRV）屬于皰疹病毒科α皰疹病毒亞科，是一種具有復(fù)雜生物學(xué)特性的雙鏈DNA病毒。該病毒具有廣泛的宿主范圍，能夠感染包括豬、牛、羊、犬、貓等多種哺乳動(dòng)物，但豬是其自然宿主和主要傳染源。PRV具有多種表面蛋白，能夠與宿主細(xì)胞受體結(jié)合并進(jìn)入細(xì)胞進(jìn)行復(fù)制。病毒在感染細(xì)胞內(nèi)經(jīng)歷吸附、穿入、脫殼、生物合成、裝配與釋放等過(guò)程，完成其生命周期。Pseudorabiesvirus(PRV)belongstothefamilyHerpesviridaeαHerpesvirussubfamilyisadoublestrandedDNAviruswithcomplexbiologicalcharacteristics.Thevirushasawidehostrangeandcaninfectvariousmammalsincludingpigs,cows,sheep,dogs,cats,etc.However,pigsareitsnaturalhostandmainsourceofinfection.PRVhasmultiplesurfaceproteinsthatcanbindtohostcellreceptorsandentercellsforreplication.Thevirusundergoesprocessessuchasadsorption,penetration,shelling,biosynthesis,assembly,andreleasewithininfectedcells,completingitslifecycle.PRV感染豬后，可引起豬偽狂犬病，這是一種急性、熱性、高度接觸性傳染病。病豬常表現(xiàn)為發(fā)熱、精神沉郁、食欲不振、呼吸困難、神經(jīng)癥狀以及繁殖障礙等。該病毒具有高度的神經(jīng)侵襲性，常導(dǎo)致中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)感染，引起豬只死亡或留下嚴(yán)重的后遺癥。PRV還可通過(guò)垂直傳播感染胎兒，導(dǎo)致母豬流產(chǎn)、死胎和木乃伊胎等繁殖障礙問(wèn)題。AfterinfectingpigswithPRV,itcancausepseudorabiesinpigs,whichisanacute,febrile,andhighlycontagiousdisease.Sickpigsoftenexhibitsymptomssuchasfever,mentaldepression,lossofappetite,difficultybreathing,neurologicalsymptoms,andreproductivedisorders.Thisvirushasahighdegreeofneuroinvasivenessandoftenleadstocentralnervoussysteminfections,causingpigdeathorleavingserioussequelae.PRVcanalsoinfectfetusesthroughverticaltransmission,leadingtoreproductivedisorderssuchassowmiscarriage,stillbirth,andmummifiedfetuses.在生物學(xué)特性方面，PRV具有潛伏感染的特性。感染豬只可在神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)長(zhǎng)期攜帶病毒而不發(fā)病，成為重要的傳染源。當(dāng)豬只受到應(yīng)激、免疫抑制或其他因素影響時(shí)，潛伏的病毒可被激活并重新引起感染。這一特性使得PRV的防控變得尤為困難。Intermsofbiologicalcharacteristics,PRVhasthecharacteristicoflatentinfection.Infectedpigscanonlycarrythevirusintheirgangliaforalongtimewithoutgettingsick,becominganimportantsourceofinfection.Whenpigsareaffectedbystress,immunesuppression,orotherfactors,latentvirusescanbeactivatedandreinfect.ThischaracteristicmakesthepreventionandcontrolofPRVparticularlydifficult.針對(duì)PRV的生物學(xué)特性，研究人員不斷深入探索其感染機(jī)制、病毒蛋白功能以及宿主免疫應(yīng)答等方面，以期為豬偽狂犬病的防控提供新的思路和方法。目前，已有多種疫苗和抗病毒藥物被用于豬偽狂犬病的防控，但仍需進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)研究和應(yīng)用，以提高防控效果，保障養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的健康發(fā)展。ResearchersarecontinuouslyexploringthebiologicalcharacteristicsofPRV,includingitsinfectionmechanism,viralproteinfunction,andhostimmuneresponse,inordertoprovidenewideasandmethodsforthepreventionandcontrolofporcinepseudorabies.Atpresent,variousvaccinesandantiviraldrugshavebeenusedforthepreventionandcontrolofporcinepseudorabies,butfurtherresearchandapplicationareneededtoimprovetheeffectivenessofpreventionandcontrolandensurethehealthydevelopmentofthepigfarmingindustry.三、豬偽狂犬疫苗的發(fā)展歷程TheDevelopmentHistoryofPorcinePseudorabiesVaccine豬偽狂犬病（Pseudorabies，簡(jiǎn)稱PR）是由偽狂犬病毒（Pseudorabiesvirus，簡(jiǎn)稱PRV）引起的一種急性、烈性傳染病，對(duì)全球養(yǎng)豬業(yè)造成了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。因此，豬偽狂犬疫苗的研發(fā)和應(yīng)用在控制該病流行中起到了至關(guān)重要的作用。本文將對(duì)豬偽狂犬疫苗的發(fā)展歷程進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的梳理和回顧。Pseudorabies,abbreviatedasPR,isanacuteandhighlycontagiousdiseasecausedbythePseudorabiesvirus(PRV),causingsignificanteconomiclossestotheglobalpigfarmingindustry.Therefore,thedevelopmentandapplicationofpigpseudorabiesvaccineshaveplayedacrucialroleincontrollingthespreadofthedisease.Thisarticlewillprovideadetailedoverviewandreviewofthedevelopmentprocessofpigpseudorabiesvaccines.早期的研究階段主要集中在病毒的分離和鑒定上。科學(xué)家們通過(guò)大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)，成功分離出PRV，并對(duì)其生物學(xué)特性進(jìn)行了深入研究，為疫苗的研發(fā)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。隨后，第一代豬偽狂犬疫苗應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，主要包括滅活疫苗和弱毒疫苗。這些疫苗在一定程度上控制了PR的流行，但由于其免疫效果不穩(wěn)定、安全性不高等問(wèn)題，限制了其廣泛應(yīng)用。Theearlyresearchstagemainlyfocusedontheisolationandidentificationofviruses.ScientistshavesuccessfullyisolatedPRVthroughextensiveexperimentsandconductedin-depthresearchonitsbiologicalcharacteristics,layingthefoundationforvaccinedevelopment.Subsequently,thefirstgenerationofporcinepseudorabiesvaccinesemerged,mainlyincludinginactivatedvaccinesandattenuatedvaccines.ThesevaccineshavetosomeextentcontrolledthespreadofPR,buttheirwidespreadapplicationislimitedduetotheirunstableimmuneefficacyandlowsafety.隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，基因工程疫苗成為了研究的熱點(diǎn)。利用基因工程技術(shù)，科學(xué)家們成功構(gòu)建了表達(dá)PRV主要抗原基因的重組疫苗，如基因缺失疫苗和亞單位疫苗。這些疫苗具有免疫效果好、安全性高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，為豬偽狂犬病的防控提供了新的選擇。Withtheadvancementofscienceandtechnology,geneticallyengineeredvaccineshavebecomeahotresearchtopic.Usinggeneticengineeringtechnology,scientistshavesuccessfullyconstructedrecombinantvaccinesthatexpressthemainantigengenesofPRV,suchasgenedeletionvaccinesandsubunitvaccines.Thesevaccineshavetheadvantagesofgoodimmuneefficacyandhighsafety,providingnewoptionsforthepreventionandcontrolofporcinepseudorabies.近年來(lái)，隨著分子生物學(xué)和免疫學(xué)的深入發(fā)展，新型疫苗的研究也在不斷深入。例如，基于病毒樣顆粒（Virus-LikeParticles，VLPs）的疫苗、DNA疫苗以及RNA疫苗等新型疫苗正在逐步進(jìn)入臨床試驗(yàn)階段。這些疫苗具有更高的安全性和免疫原性，有望在未來(lái)成為豬偽狂犬病防控的主要手段。Inrecentyears,withthedeepeningdevelopmentofmolecularbiologyandimmunology,researchonnewvaccineshasalsobeencontinuouslydeepening.Forexample,newvaccinesbasedonVirusLikeParticles(VLPs),DNAvaccines,andRNAvaccinesaregraduallyenteringtheclinicaltrialstage.Thesevaccineshavehighersafetyandimmunogenicity,andareexpectedtobecomethemainmeansofpreventingandcontrollingporcinepseudorabiesinthefuture.豬偽狂犬疫苗的發(fā)展歷程經(jīng)歷了從早期滅活疫苗和弱毒疫苗到基因工程疫苗，再到新型疫苗的不斷創(chuàng)新和完善。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和新型疫苗的研發(fā)，相信豬偽狂犬病的防控將會(huì)取得更加顯著的成效。Thedevelopmentprocessofporcinepseudorabiesvaccineshasgonethroughcontinuousinnovationandimprovement,fromearlyinactivatedvaccinesandattenuatedvaccinestogeneticallyengineeredvaccines,andthentonewvaccines.Withtheadvancementofscienceandtechnologyandthedevelopmentofnewvaccines,itisbelievedthatthepreventionandcontrolofporcinepseudorabieswillachievemoresignificantresults.四、豬偽狂犬疫苗研究現(xiàn)狀Currentresearchstatusofpigpseudorabiesvaccine豬偽狂犬病是由偽狂犬病毒（PRV）引起的一種急性傳染病，對(duì)全球養(yǎng)豬業(yè)構(gòu)成了嚴(yán)重威脅。近年來(lái)，隨著分子生物學(xué)和基因工程技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，豬偽狂犬疫苗的研究取得了顯著進(jìn)展。PseudorabiesinpigsisanacuteinfectiousdiseasecausedbythePseudorabiesVirus(PRV),posingaseriousthreattotheglobalpigfarmingindustry.Inrecentyears,withtherapiddevelopmentofmolecularbiologyandgeneticengineeringtechnology,significantprogresshasbeenmadeintheresearchofporcinepseudorabiesvaccines.目前，豬偽狂犬疫苗的研究主要集中在疫苗株的改良、新型疫苗的研發(fā)以及疫苗免疫效果的評(píng)價(jià)等方面。傳統(tǒng)的豬偽狂犬疫苗主要是基于Bartha-K61株，該毒株具有良好的免疫原性和安全性，但仍存在一定的毒力返強(qiáng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此，研究者們通過(guò)基因工程技術(shù)對(duì)Bartha-K61株進(jìn)行基因缺失或基因修飾，以進(jìn)一步降低其毒力并增強(qiáng)其免疫效果。Atpresent,researchonporcinepseudorabiesvaccinesmainlyfocusesontheimprovementofvaccinestrains,thedevelopmentofnewvaccines,andtheevaluationofvaccineimmuneeffects.ThetraditionalpigpseudorabiesvaccineismainlybasedontheBartha-K61strain,whichhasgoodimmunogenicityandsafety,butthereisstillacertainriskofvirulenceresurgence.Therefore,researchersusedgeneticengineeringtechniquestoperformgenedeletionsormodificationsontheBartha-K61strain,inordertofurtherreduceitsvirulenceandenhanceitsimmuneresponse.除了對(duì)疫苗株的改良外，新型豬偽狂犬疫苗的研發(fā)也是當(dāng)前研究的熱點(diǎn)。其中，基因工程亞單位疫苗和DNA疫苗是兩種備受關(guān)注的新型疫苗?；蚬こ虂唵挝灰呙缡峭ㄟ^(guò)基因工程技術(shù)表達(dá)病毒的主要免疫原性蛋白，從而誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生針對(duì)PRV的特異性免疫應(yīng)答。DNA疫苗則是將編碼病毒抗原基因的真核表達(dá)質(zhì)粒直接注射入動(dòng)物體內(nèi)，通過(guò)體內(nèi)表達(dá)抗原蛋白來(lái)刺激機(jī)體產(chǎn)生免疫反應(yīng)。這些新型疫苗具有安全性高、免疫效果好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，為豬偽狂犬病的防控提供了新的選擇。Inadditiontoimprovingvaccinestrains,thedevelopmentofanewtypeofporcinepseudorabiesvaccineisalsoacurrentresearchhotspot.Amongthem,geneticengineeringsubunitvaccinesandDNAvaccinesaretwonewtypesofvaccinesthathavereceivedmuchattention.Geneticengineeringsubunitvaccinesexpressthemainimmunogenicproteinsofvirusesthroughgeneticengineeringtechnology,therebyinducingaspecificimmuneresponseagainstPRVinthebody.DNAvaccinesinjecteukaryoticexpressionplasmidsencodingviralantigengenesdirectlyintoanimals,andstimulateimmuneresponsesbyexpressingantigenproteinsinthebody.Thesenewvaccineshaveadvantagessuchashighsafetyandgoodimmuneeffects,providingnewchoicesforthepreventionandcontrolofporcinepseudorabies.在疫苗免疫效果的評(píng)價(jià)方面，研究者們通過(guò)建立豬偽狂犬病的動(dòng)物模型、檢測(cè)疫苗誘導(dǎo)的特異性抗體和細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答等指標(biāo)來(lái)評(píng)估疫苗的免疫效果。隨著高通量測(cè)序技術(shù)和生物信息學(xué)分析方法的發(fā)展，研究者們還可以從基因組學(xué)和轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)等層面深入解析疫苗誘導(dǎo)的免疫應(yīng)答機(jī)制，為疫苗的優(yōu)化和改進(jìn)提供理論依據(jù)。Intermsofevaluatingtheimmuneefficacyofvaccines,researchersevaluatedtheimmuneefficacyofvaccinesbyestablishinganimalmodelsofporcinepseudorabies,detectingspecificantibodiesinducedbyvaccines,andcellularimmuneresponses.Withthedevelopmentofhigh-throughputsequencingtechnologyandbioinformaticsanalysismethods,researcherscanfurtheranalyzetheimmuneresponsemechanismsinducedbyvaccinesfromtheperspectivesofgenomicsandtranscriptomics,providingtheoreticalbasisforvaccineoptimizationandimprovement.豬偽狂犬疫苗的研究在疫苗株改良、新型疫苗研發(fā)以及疫苗免疫效果評(píng)價(jià)等方面取得了顯著進(jìn)展。然而，仍需進(jìn)一步深入研究和探索，以開(kāi)發(fā)出更加安全、有效的新型疫苗，為豬偽狂犬病的防控提供更加有力的支持。Significantprogresshasbeenmadeintheresearchofpigpseudorabiesvaccines,includingvaccinestrainimprovement,newvaccinedevelopment,andvaccineimmuneefficacyevaluation.However,furtherin-depthresearchandexplorationarestillneededtodevelopsaferandmoreeffectivenewvaccines,providingstrongersupportforthepreventionandcontrolofporcinepseudorabies.五、豬偽狂犬疫苗未來(lái)展望Futureprospectsofpigpseudorabiesvaccine隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和生物技術(shù)的深入研究，豬偽狂犬疫苗的研究和應(yīng)用前景日益廣闊。未來(lái)的研究將更加注重疫苗的創(chuàng)新性、安全性和有效性，以滿足全球養(yǎng)殖業(yè)對(duì)豬偽狂犬病的防控需求。Withthecontinuousdevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandin-depthresearchinbiotechnology,theresearchandapplicationprospectsofpigpseudorabiesvaccinesarebecomingincreasinglybroad.Futureresearchwillfocusmoreontheinnovation,safety,andeffectivenessofvaccinestomeettheglobaldemandforthepreventionandcontrolofporcinepseudorabiesinthebreedingindustry.一方面，新一代豬偽狂犬疫苗的研發(fā)將成為重點(diǎn)。這包括基于基因工程的重組疫苗、DNA疫苗、RNA疫苗以及新型載體疫苗等。這些新型疫苗具有更高的安全性和免疫原性，能夠更好地激發(fā)豬體的免疫反應(yīng)，從而提供更強(qiáng)大的保護(hù)。Ontheonehand,thedevelopmentofanewgenerationofpseudorabiesvaccineforpigswillbecomeafocus.Thisincludesrecombinantvaccinesbasedongeneticengineering,DNAvaccines,RNAvaccines,andnovelvectorvaccines.Thesenewvaccineshavehighersafetyandimmunogenicity,whichcanbetterstimulatetheimmuneresponseofpigsandprovidestrongerprotection.另一方面，疫苗的研發(fā)將更加注重個(gè)性化和精準(zhǔn)化。通過(guò)對(duì)豬群基因組、免疫組等的研究，可以開(kāi)發(fā)出更適合不同豬種的個(gè)性化疫苗，提高疫苗的保護(hù)效果和應(yīng)用范圍。同時(shí)，借助大數(shù)據(jù)、人工智能等現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)手段，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)豬群健康狀況的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控和預(yù)警，為精準(zhǔn)防控提供有力支持。Ontheotherhand,vaccinedevelopmentwillplacegreateremphasisonpersonalizationandprecision.Bystudyingthegenomeandimmunesystemofpigherds,personalizedvaccinesthataremoresuitablefordifferentpigbreedscanbedeveloped,improvingtheprotectiveeffectandapplicationrangeofvaccines.Meanwhile,withthehelpofmoderninformationtechnologysuchasbigdataandartificialintelligence,real-timemonitoringandearlywarningofthehealthstatusofpigherdscanbeachieved,providingstrongsupportforprecisepreventionandcontrol.疫苗的生產(chǎn)工藝和質(zhì)量控制也將得到進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化。通過(guò)采用先進(jìn)的生物反應(yīng)器、純化技術(shù)等手段，可以提高疫苗的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量，降低生產(chǎn)成本，為疫苗的廣泛應(yīng)用提供有力保障。Theproductionprocessandqualitycontrolofvaccineswillalsobefurtheroptimized.Byadoptingadvancedbioreactors,purificationtechnologies,andothermeans,theyieldandqualityofvaccinescanbeincreased,productioncostscanbereduced,andstrongguaranteescanbeprovidedforthewidespreadapplicationofvaccines.隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步和創(chuàng)新，豬偽狂犬疫苗的研究和應(yīng)用將迎來(lái)更加廣闊的前景。我們期待通過(guò)不斷的努力和研究，為全球養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的健康發(fā)展做出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。Withthecontinuousprogressandinnovationofscienceandtechnology,theresearchandapplicationofpigpseudorabiesvaccineswillusherinbroaderprospects.Welookforwardtomakinggreatercontributionstothehealthydevelopmentoftheglobalaquacultureindustrythroughcontinuouseffortsandresearch.六、結(jié)論Conclusion隨著畜牧業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，豬偽狂犬病作為一種嚴(yán)重影響?zhàn)B殖業(yè)的重要疾病，其防控工作越來(lái)越受到人們的關(guān)注。豬偽狂犬疫苗作為防控該疾病的重要手段，其研究與應(yīng)用對(duì)于保障豬只健康、維護(hù)畜牧業(yè)穩(wěn)定具有重要意義。本文綜述了豬偽狂犬疫苗的研究進(jìn)展，旨在為進(jìn)一步的研究和應(yīng)用提供參考。Withtherapiddevelopmentofanimalhusbandry,pseudorabiesinpigs,asanimportantdiseasethatseriouslyaffectsthebreedingindustry,hasreceivedincreasingattentioninitspreventionandcontrolwork.Theresearchandapplicationofthepigpseudorabiesvaccine,asanimportantmeansofpreventingandcontrollingthisdisease,areofgreatsignificanceforensuringthehealthofpigsandmaintainingthestabilityofanimalhusbandry.Thisarticlereviewstheresearchprogressofporcinepseudorabiesvaccines,aimingtoprovidereferenceforfurtherresearchandapplication.在豬偽狂犬疫苗的研究方面，近年來(lái)取得了顯著的進(jìn)展。新型疫苗的研發(fā)、基因工程技術(shù)的應(yīng)用、免疫策略的優(yōu)化等方面都取得了重要突破。新型疫苗如基因缺失疫苗、基因工程亞單位疫苗等，具有更好的安全性和免疫效果，為豬偽狂犬病的防控提供了新的選擇?；蚬こ碳夹g(shù)的應(yīng)用如基因重組、基因敲除等，為疫苗的研發(fā)提供了強(qiáng)有力的技術(shù)支持。免疫策略的優(yōu)化則更加注重疫苗的接種時(shí)機(jī)、接種劑量、接種方式等，以提高疫苗的免疫效果。Significantprogresshasbeenmadeintheresearchofporcinepseudorabiesvaccinesinrecentyears.Significantbreakthroughshavebeenmadeinthedevelopmentofnewvaccines,theapplicationofgeneticengineeringtechnology,andtheoptimizationofimmunestrategies.Newvaccinessuchasgenedeficientvaccinesandgeneticallyengineeredsubunitvaccineshavebettersafetyandimmuneefficacy,providingnewchoicesforthepreventionandcontrolofpo