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中國(guó)應(yīng)采取何種社會(huì)政策來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕全球視野下社會(huì)政策比較制度優(yōu)勢(shì)的分析與啟示一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle本文旨在探討中國(guó)應(yīng)采取何種社會(huì)政策以實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕,并在全球視野下對(duì)比不同社會(huì)政策制度,分析各自的制度優(yōu)勢(shì)。文章首先定義了共同富裕的概念,明確其在社會(huì)政策中的核心地位。接著,通過(guò)對(duì)比全球范圍內(nèi)具有代表性的社會(huì)政策制度,如北歐的福利國(guó)家制度、新加坡的中央公積金制度以及中國(guó)的社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制等,分析這些制度在實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)和特點(diǎn)。文章將重點(diǎn)關(guān)注教育、醫(yī)療、養(yǎng)老、住房等關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域的社會(huì)政策,探討如何通過(guò)優(yōu)化這些政策,結(jié)合中國(guó)的實(shí)際情況,推動(dòng)共同富裕的實(shí)現(xiàn)。文章還將關(guān)注社會(huì)政策的公平性和可持續(xù)性,以確保政策的長(zhǎng)期效益。文章將總結(jié)全球視野下社會(huì)政策的啟示,為中國(guó)未來(lái)社會(huì)政策制定提供參考和借鑒。ThisarticleaimstoexplorewhatsocialpoliciesChinashouldadopttoachievecommonprosperity,andcomparedifferentsocialpolicysystemsfromaglobalperspective,analyzingtheirrespectiveinstitutionaladvantages.Thearticlefirstdefinestheconceptofcommonprosperityandclarifiesitscorepositioninsocialpolicies.Next,bycomparingrepresentativesocialpolicysystemsonaglobalscale,suchasthewelfarestatesysteminNordiccountries,Singapore'scentralprovidentfundsystem,andChina'ssocialistmarketeconomysystem,theadvantagesandcharacteristicsofthesesystemsinachievingcommonprosperitywillbeanalyzed.Thearticlewillfocusonsocialpoliciesinkeyareassuchaseducation,healthcare,elderlycare,andhousing,andexplorehowtooptimizethesepolicies,combinedwithChina'sactualsituation,topromotetherealizationofcommonprosperity.Thearticlewillalsofocusonthefairnessandsustainabilityofsocialpoliciestoensuretheirlong-termbenefits.Thearticlewillsummarizetheinspirationsofsocialpoliciesfromaglobalperspective,providingreferenceandinspirationforChina'sfuturesocialpolicyformulation.二、全球視野下的社會(huì)政策比較ComparisonofSocialPoliciesfromaGlobalPerspective在全球視野下,各國(guó)為實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕所采取的社會(huì)政策呈現(xiàn)出多樣性和復(fù)雜性。這些政策在一定程度上反映了各國(guó)的歷史文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展階段以及政治體制等特點(diǎn)。通過(guò)比較不同國(guó)家的社會(huì)政策,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)各自的制度優(yōu)勢(shì),并從中獲得啟示。Inaglobalperspective,thesocialpoliciesadoptedbycountriestoachievecommonprosperityexhibitdiversityandcomplexity.Thesepoliciestosomeextentreflectthehistoricalandcultural,economicandsocialdevelopmentstages,aswellaspoliticalsystemsandothercharacteristicsofeachcountry.Bycomparingthesocialpoliciesofdifferentcountries,wecandiscovertheirrespectiveinstitutionaladvantagesandgaininsightsfromthem.北歐國(guó)家如瑞典、丹麥和挪威等,以其高福利、高稅收的社會(huì)政策著稱。這些國(guó)家通過(guò)實(shí)施全面的社會(huì)保障制度,包括醫(yī)療保健、教育、住房、養(yǎng)老等,有效縮小了貧富差距,實(shí)現(xiàn)了較高程度的共同富裕。這些政策的制度優(yōu)勢(shì)在于,通過(guò)稅收和轉(zhuǎn)移支付等手段,將財(cái)富從高收入群體轉(zhuǎn)移到低收入群體,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了社會(huì)財(cái)富的再分配。然而,這種高福利政策也面臨著一定的挑戰(zhàn),如財(cái)政壓力、勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)僵化等。NordiccountriessuchasSweden,Denmark,andNorwayareknownfortheirhighwelfareandhightaxsocialpolicies.Thesecountrieshaveeffectivelynarrowedthewealthgapandachievedahighdegreeofcommonprosperitybyimplementingcomprehensivesocialsecuritysystems,includinghealthcare,education,housing,andelderlycare.Theinstitutionaladvantageofthesepoliciesisthattheytransferwealthfromhigh-incomegroupstolow-incomegroupsthroughmeanssuchastaxationandtransferpayments,therebyachievingtheredistributionofsocialwealth.However,thishighwelfarepolicyalsofacescertainchallenges,suchasfiscalpressureandrigidlabormarket.亞洲四小龍(韓國(guó)、新加坡、中國(guó)臺(tái)灣和中國(guó)香港)在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過(guò)程中,采取了較為積極的社會(huì)政策,如教育投資、職業(yè)培訓(xùn)、住房保障等。這些政策為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了有力支撐,同時(shí)也促進(jìn)了社會(huì)公平和共同富裕。這些地區(qū)的制度優(yōu)勢(shì)在于,政府在社會(huì)政策中發(fā)揮了重要作用,通過(guò)政策引導(dǎo)和資源投入,有效推動(dòng)了社會(huì)進(jìn)步和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。然而,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展,這些地區(qū)也面臨著人口老齡化、收入分配不均等問題。Intheprocessofeconomicdevelopment,thefourAsiandragons(SouthKorea,Singapore,Taiwan,ChinaandHongKong)haveadoptedmoreactivesocialpolicies,suchaseducationinvestment,vocationaltrainingandhousingsecurity.Thesepoliciesprovidestrongsupportforeconomicdevelopment,whilealsopromotingsocialequityandcommonprosperity.Theinstitutionaladvantageoftheseregionsisthatthegovernmentplaysanimportantroleinsocialpolicies,effectivelypromotingsocialprogressandeconomicdevelopmentthroughpolicyguidanceandresourceinvestment.However,withthedevelopmentoftheeconomyandsociety,theseregionsarealsofacingissuesofagingpopulationandunequalincomedistribution.美國(guó)作為世界上最為發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家之一,其社會(huì)政策也具有一定的代表性。美國(guó)的社會(huì)政策強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義和市場(chǎng)機(jī)制,通過(guò)稅收減免、社會(huì)保障制度等手段,為低收入群體提供一定的幫助。然而,由于美國(guó)社會(huì)存在著較為嚴(yán)重的貧富差距和種族歧視等問題,其共同富裕的實(shí)現(xiàn)程度相對(duì)較低。盡管如此,美國(guó)在教育、醫(yī)療等領(lǐng)域的改革和創(chuàng)新仍具有一定的借鑒意義。Asoneofthemostdevelopedcountriesintheworld,theUnitedStatesalsohasacertaindegreeofrepresentativenessinitssocialpolicies.ThesocialpolicyoftheUnitedStatesemphasizesindividualismandmarketmechanisms,providingcertainassistancetolow-incomegroupsthroughtaxreductions,socialsecuritysystems,andothermeans.However,duetotheseriouswealthgapandracialdiscriminationinAmericansociety,thedegreeofachievingcommonprosperityisrelativelylow.Nevertheless,thereformandinnovationineducation,healthcare,andotherfieldsintheUnitedStatesstillhavecertainreferencesignificance.各國(guó)在實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕過(guò)程中所采取的社會(huì)政策各有特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)。通過(guò)比較和借鑒這些政策,我們可以更好地認(rèn)識(shí)和理解社會(huì)政策在促進(jìn)共同富裕中的作用和價(jià)值。我們也應(yīng)該看到,社會(huì)政策的制定和實(shí)施需要考慮到本國(guó)的實(shí)際情況和發(fā)展階段,不能簡(jiǎn)單地照搬其他國(guó)家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。因此,中國(guó)在實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕的過(guò)程中,應(yīng)該結(jié)合自身的國(guó)情和發(fā)展需求,制定符合實(shí)際的社會(huì)政策,以實(shí)現(xiàn)更加公平、可持續(xù)的社會(huì)發(fā)展。Thesocialpoliciesadoptedbyvariouscountriesintheprocessofachievingcommonprosperityhavetheirowncharacteristicsandadvantages.Bycomparinganddrawingonthesepolicies,wecanbetterunderstandandcomprehendtheroleandvalueofsocialpoliciesinpromotingcommonprosperity.Weshouldalsorecognizethattheformulationandimplementationofsocialpoliciesneedtotakeintoaccounttheactualsituationanddevelopmentstageofthecountry,andcannotsimplycopytheexperienceofothercountries.Therefore,intheprocessofachievingcommonprosperity,Chinashouldformulatesocialpoliciesthatareinlinewithitsownnationalconditionsanddevelopmentneeds,inordertoachievemorefairandsustainablesocialdevelopment.三、中國(guó)社會(huì)政策的現(xiàn)狀分析AnalysisoftheCurrentSituationofSocialPoliciesinChina在全球視野下,中國(guó)社會(huì)政策在追求共同富裕的道路上呈現(xiàn)出鮮明的制度優(yōu)勢(shì)。近年來(lái),中國(guó)政府通過(guò)一系列社會(huì)政策的制定和實(shí)施,顯著提升了民生福祉,縮小了貧富差距,為實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。Fromaglobalperspective,Chinesesocialpoliciesexhibitdistinctinstitutionaladvantagesinpursuingcommonprosperity.Inrecentyears,theChinesegovernmenthassignificantlyimprovedpeople'slivelihoodsandnarrowedthewealthgapthroughtheformulationandimplementationofaseriesofsocialpolicies,layingasolidfoundationforachievingcommonprosperity.在教育政策方面,中國(guó)政府加大了教育投入,實(shí)現(xiàn)了義務(wù)教育的全面普及和高等教育的快速發(fā)展,為廣大人民群眾提供了平等接受教育的機(jī)會(huì)。這有助于提升勞動(dòng)力素質(zhì)和創(chuàng)新能力,為社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展注入強(qiáng)勁動(dòng)力。Intermsofeducationpolicies,theChinesegovernmenthasincreasedinvestmentineducation,achievingcomprehensivepopularizationofcompulsoryeducationandrapiddevelopmentofhighereducation,providingequalopportunitiesforthegeneralpublictoreceiveeducation.Thishelpstoimprovethequalityoflaborandinnovationcapabilities,injectingstrongimpetusintothesustainabledevelopmentofthesocialeconomy.在醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生政策方面,中國(guó)實(shí)施了一系列重大改革,包括建立基本醫(yī)療保障制度、推進(jìn)公立醫(yī)院改革等。這些政策有效緩解了看病難、看病貴的問題,提高了人民群眾的健康水平。同時(shí),中國(guó)還加強(qiáng)了疾病預(yù)防控制體系建設(shè),有效應(yīng)對(duì)了各類突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件。Intermsofmedicalandhealthpolicies,Chinahasimplementedaseriesofmajorreforms,includingestablishingabasicmedicalsecuritysystemandpromotingthereformofpublichospitals.Thesepolicieshaveeffectivelyalleviatedtheproblemsofdifficultandexpensivemedicaltreatment,andimprovedthehealthlevelofthepeople.Atthesametime,Chinahasalsostrengthenedtheconstructionofitsdiseasepreventionandcontrolsystem,effectivelyrespondingtovariouspublichealthemergencies.在社會(huì)保障政策方面,中國(guó)逐步建立起覆蓋全民的社會(huì)保障體系,包括養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)等。這些政策的實(shí)施,有效保障了人民群眾的基本生活需求,增強(qiáng)了社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定性和凝聚力。Intermsofsocialsecuritypolicies,Chinahasgraduallyestablishedasocialsecuritysystemthatcoverstheentirepopulation,includingpensioninsurance,medicalinsurance,unemploymentinsurance,etc.Theimplementationofthesepolicieseffectivelyguaranteesthebasiclivingneedsofthepeople,enhancessocialstabilityandcohesion.在就業(yè)政策方面,中國(guó)政府高度重視就業(yè)問題,制定了一系列促進(jìn)就業(yè)的政策措施。通過(guò)實(shí)施積極的就業(yè)政策,中國(guó)政府有效促進(jìn)了勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展,為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展提供了有力支撐。Intermsofemploymentpolicies,theChinesegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetoemploymentissuesandhasformulatedaseriesofpolicymeasurestopromoteemployment.Byimplementingproactiveemploymentpolicies,theChinesegovernmenthaseffectivelypromotedthestabilityanddevelopmentofthelabormarket,providingstrongsupportforeconomicandsocialdevelopment.在住房政策方面,中國(guó)政府推動(dòng)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)健康發(fā)展,通過(guò)實(shí)施住房保障政策,解決了部分低收入家庭的住房問題。同時(shí),中國(guó)政府還加強(qiáng)了對(duì)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的監(jiān)管,防止了房?jī)r(jià)過(guò)快上漲對(duì)人民群眾生活造成的不利影響。Intermsofhousingpolicy,theChinesegovernmentpromotesthehealthydevelopmentoftherealestatemarketandsolvesthehousingproblemofsomelow-incomefamiliesbyimplementinghousingsecuritypolicies.Atthesametime,theChinesegovernmenthasalsostrengtheneditssupervisionoftherealestatemarkettopreventtheadverseeffectsofrapidhousepriceincreasesonpeople'slives.然而,也應(yīng)看到,中國(guó)社會(huì)政策在實(shí)施過(guò)程中仍面臨一些挑戰(zhàn)和問題。例如,城鄉(xiāng)區(qū)域發(fā)展不平衡、教育資源分配不均、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)供給不足等問題仍然存在。為了解決這些問題,中國(guó)政府需要繼續(xù)深化社會(huì)政策改革,加大政策創(chuàng)新力度,確保社會(huì)政策更加公平、有效、可持續(xù)。However,itshouldalsobenotedthatChina'ssocialpoliciesstillfacesomechallengesandproblemsintheimplementationprocess.Forexample,problemssuchasimbalancedurban-ruralregionaldevelopment,unevendistributionofeducationalresources,andinsufficientsupplyofmedicalandhealthservicesstillexist.Toaddresstheseissues,theChinesegovernmentneedstocontinuetodeepensocialpolicyreform,increasepolicyinnovationefforts,andensurethatsocialpoliciesaremorefair,effective,andsustainable.中國(guó)社會(huì)政策在追求共同富裕的道路上已經(jīng)取得了顯著成就,但仍需不斷改進(jìn)和完善。通過(guò)借鑒全球視野下其他國(guó)家的有益經(jīng)驗(yàn),加強(qiáng)國(guó)際交流與合作,中國(guó)社會(huì)政策將更好地發(fā)揮制度優(yōu)勢(shì),為實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕提供有力保障。China'ssocialpolicieshavemadesignificantachievementsinpursuingcommonprosperity,buttheystillneedtobecontinuouslyimprovedandperfected.Bydrawingonthebeneficialexperiencesofothercountriesfromaglobalperspectiveandstrengtheninginternationalexchangesandcooperation,China'ssocialpolicieswillbetterleverageitsinstitutionaladvantagesandprovidestrongguaranteesforachievingcommonprosperity.四、制度優(yōu)勢(shì)視角下的中國(guó)社會(huì)政策優(yōu)化建議SuggestionsforoptimizingsocialpoliciesinChinafromtheperspectiveofinstitutionaladvantages在全球視野下,中國(guó)要實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕,需要充分利用和發(fā)揮制度優(yōu)勢(shì),對(duì)社會(huì)政策進(jìn)行優(yōu)化和創(chuàng)新。以下是一些具體的建議:Inaglobalperspective,Chinaneedstofullyutilizeandleverageitsinstitutionaladvantagestooptimizeandinnovatesocialpoliciesinordertoachievecommonprosperity.Herearesomespecificsuggestions:強(qiáng)化社會(huì)保障體系:應(yīng)繼續(xù)完善覆蓋全民的社會(huì)保障體系,特別是要加強(qiáng)農(nóng)村和欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的社會(huì)保障力度,確保每個(gè)人都能夠享受到基本的生活保障。同時(shí),應(yīng)提高社會(huì)保障的可持續(xù)性,通過(guò)科學(xué)的資金管理和投資運(yùn)營(yíng),保障社保基金的長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行。Strengtheningthesocialsecuritysystem:Weshouldcontinuetoimprovethesocialsecuritysystemthatcoverstheentirepopulation,especiallyinruralandunderdevelopedareas,toensurethateveryonecanenjoybasiclivingsecurity.Atthesametime,thesustainabilityofsocialsecurityshouldbeimproved,andthelong-termstableoperationofsocialsecurityfundsshouldbeensuredthroughscientificfundmanagementandinvestmentoperation.深化教育改革:教育是實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)公平的重要途徑。應(yīng)進(jìn)一步深化改革,推動(dòng)教育資源向基層和農(nóng)村地區(qū)傾斜,提高教育質(zhì)量和公平性。同時(shí),應(yīng)加大對(duì)職業(yè)教育的投入,培養(yǎng)更多的技術(shù)技能人才,滿足社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需求。Deepeningeducationreform:Educationisanimportantwaytoachievesocialequity.Weshouldfurtherdeepenreforms,promotethetiltofeducationalresourcestowardsgrassrootsandruralareas,andimprovethequalityandfairnessofeducation.Atthesametime,weshouldincreaseinvestmentinvocationaleducation,cultivatemoretechnicalandskilledtalents,andmeettheneedsofsocialandeconomicdevelopment.優(yōu)化稅收和分配制度:應(yīng)進(jìn)一步完善稅收制度,實(shí)現(xiàn)稅收的公平性和效率性。同時(shí),應(yīng)優(yōu)化分配制度,確保勞動(dòng)成果能夠公平地分配給所有人,防止貧富差距的進(jìn)一步拉大。Optimizingtaxanddistributionsystems:Thetaxsystemshouldbefurtherimprovedtoachievefairnessandefficiencyintaxation.Atthesametime,thedistributionsystemshouldbeoptimizedtoensurethatthefruitsoflaborcanbefairlydistributedtoeveryone,andtopreventfurtherwideningofthewealthgap.加強(qiáng)社會(huì)救助和扶貧工作:對(duì)于貧困和弱勢(shì)群體,應(yīng)加大社會(huì)救助和扶貧力度,確保他們的基本生活需求得到滿足。同時(shí),應(yīng)建立長(zhǎng)效的扶貧機(jī)制,通過(guò)產(chǎn)業(yè)扶貧、教育扶貧等方式,幫助他們實(shí)現(xiàn)自我發(fā)展和脫貧。Strengthensocialassistanceandpovertyalleviationwork:Forimpoverishedandvulnerablegroups,socialassistanceandpovertyalleviationeffortsshouldbeincreasedtoensurethattheirbasiclivingneedsaremet.Atthesametime,along-termpovertyalleviationmechanismshouldbeestablishedtohelpthemachieveself-developmentandpovertyalleviationthroughindustrialpovertyalleviation,educationalpovertyalleviation,andothermeans.推動(dòng)社會(huì)政策與科技融合:應(yīng)充分利用現(xiàn)代科技手段,如大數(shù)據(jù)、人工智能等,提高社會(huì)政策的精準(zhǔn)性和有效性。例如,可以利用大數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行政策效果評(píng)估,為政策調(diào)整提供科學(xué)依據(jù);可以利用人工智能進(jìn)行政策宣傳和執(zhí)行,提高政策執(zhí)行的效率和質(zhì)量。Promotingtheintegrationofsocialpoliciesandtechnology:Moderntechnologicalmeanssuchasbigdataandartificialintelligenceshouldbefullyutilizedtoimprovetheaccuracyandeffectivenessofsocialpolicies.Forexample,bigdatacanbeusedforpolicyeffectivenessevaluation,providingscientificbasisforpolicyadjustments;Artificialintelligencecanbeusedforpolicypromotionandimplementation,improvingtheefficiencyandqualityofpolicyimplementation.要實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕,需要充分發(fā)揮中國(guó)的制度優(yōu)勢(shì),以人民為中心,全面優(yōu)化和創(chuàng)新社會(huì)政策。這不僅有助于解決當(dāng)前的社會(huì)問題,還能為實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)的長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定發(fā)展奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。Toachievecommonprosperity,itisnecessarytofullyleverageChina'sinstitutionaladvantages,putthepeopleatthecenter,andcomprehensivelyoptimizeandinnovatesocialpolicies.Thisnotonlyhelpstosolvecurrentsocialproblems,butalsolaysasolidfoundationforachievinglong-termstabledevelopmentofsociety.五、結(jié)論Conclusion在全球視野下,社會(huì)政策在實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕的目標(biāo)上扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。通過(guò)對(duì)不同國(guó)家社會(huì)政策的比較,我們可以清晰地看到,有效的社會(huì)政策不僅能夠幫助縮小貧富差距,還能促進(jìn)社會(huì)的整體繁榮和穩(wěn)定。中國(guó)作為一個(gè)快速發(fā)展的國(guó)家,已經(jīng)采取了一系列社會(huì)政策來(lái)推動(dòng)共同富裕的實(shí)現(xiàn)。然而,面對(duì)日益復(fù)雜的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境,中國(guó)仍需不斷完善和調(diào)整其社會(huì)政策,以更好地滿足人民的需求和期待。Inaglobalperspective,socialpoliciesplayacrucialroleinachievingthegoalofcommonprosperity.Bycomparingthesocialpoliciesofdifferentcountries,wecanclearlyseethateffectivesocialpoliciescannotonlyhelpnarrowthewealthgap,butalsopromotetheoverallprosperityandstabilityofsociety.Asarapidlydevelopingcountry,Chinahasadoptedaseriesofsocialpoliciestopromotetherealizationofcommonprosperity.However,facingtheincreasinglycomplexsocio-economicenvironment,Chinastillneedstocontinuouslyimproveandadjustitssocialpoliciestobettermeettheneedsandexpectationsofthepeople.從制度優(yōu)勢(shì)的角度來(lái)看,中國(guó)的社會(huì)政策具有鮮明的中國(guó)特色和時(shí)代特征。在堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義基本制度的前提下,中國(guó)積極探索和實(shí)踐符合國(guó)情的社會(huì)政策,形成了包括社會(huì)保障、教育、醫(yī)療、住房等在內(nèi)的全面覆蓋、多層次的社會(huì)政策體系。這一體系在保障人民基本生活、促進(jìn)社會(huì)公平正義方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。Fromtheperspectiveofinstitutionaladvantages,China'ssocialpolicieshavedistinctChineseandcontemporarycharacteristics.Underthepremiseofadheringtothebasicsocialistsystem,Chin
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