七年級上冊英語語法

EnglishGrammarforGrade7,Volume1目錄NounPronounArticleAdjectivesandAdvantsVerbsandTenseSentencestructureandsimplesenses01NounThesearenounsthatcanbecountedTheyhaveasingularandapluralform.Forexample,"apple"isacountablenounWecansay"oneapple,""twoapples,"etcCountablenounsThesearenounsthatcannotbecountedTheyonlyhaveasingularform.Forexample,"milk"isanuncountablenounWecanonlysay"milk"or"aglassofmilk."UncountablenounsCountableanduncountablenounsFormationofcommonnounsMostcommonnounsareformedbyadding-sor-estotheendofthesingularnounForexample,"cat"behaviors"cats,"and"box"behaviors"boxes."IrregularregularnounsSomenounshaveirregularregularformsthatdonotfollowthecommonrulesForexample,"mouse"behaviors"mice,"and"child"behaviors"children."NounpluralFormationofpassivenounsPassivenounsshowownershiporsessionTheyareformedbyaddinganapostropheand-stotheendofthenounForexample,"John'sbook"means"thebookiscontinuingtoJohn."PositivepronounsThesearewordsthattaketheplaceofanounandshowownershiporsessionForexample,"mine"means"beingtome,"and"your"means"beingtoyou."Positivecaseofnouns02Pronoun03Positivepersonalpronunciationsmy,your,his,her,its,our,your,their01SubjectivepersonalannouncementsI,you,he,she,it,we,you,they02Objectivepersonalproofsme,you,him,her,it,us,you,themPersonalpronounsSingularpositiveannouncementsmine,yours,his,hers,itsPluralpositivepronounsours,your,theirContractswithpositivepronunciationsmine's,your',hers',its',ours',your',their'PositivepronounSingulardemonstrativeproofsthis,thatPluralDemonstrativePronunsthese,thoseContractswithdemonstrativeproofsthisis,thatis,theseare,thoseareDemonstrativepronoun03ArticleUse"a"beforesingularnounsthatbeginwithaconsonantsoundUse"an"beforesingularnounsthatbeginwithavowelsound"A"and"an"areusedtorefertosomethinginageneralway,forexample,"Acarisavehiclewithfourwheels.""Thedefinearticlea/anUse"the"torefertosomethingthathasbeenmentionedbeforeorisknowntobothspeakersandlisteners"The'canalsobeusedtorefertosomethingthatisuniqueorspecific,forexample,'Thesunisshiningbrighttoday.'""The"isoftenusedwithsuperlatives,forexample,"Sheisthemostbeautifulgirlintheworld."ThedefinearticletheZeroarticleiswhennoarticle(a,an,orthe)isusedbeforeanounZeroarticlecanalsobeusedwithpropernouns,forexample,"Johnismyfriend."andwithabstractnouns,forexample,"Loveisallyouneed."ItiscommoninEnglishtousezeroarticlewithregularnounsanduncountablenouns,forexample,"Ilikeapples."and"Shebouncemilkandbread."Zeroarticle04AdjectivesandAdvantsTheyanswerquestionslike"Whatkind?"or"Whichone?"Adjectivescanbeplacedbeforeanountomodifyit,suchas"beautifulflower"or"happychild."AdjectivesarewordsthatdescribenounsorpronounsBasicusageofobjectivesAdvantersarewordsthatmodifyverbs,objections,orotheradvertisementsTheyanswerquestionslike"How?""When?""Where?"or"Towhatextent?"Advantageouscanbeplacedbeforeorafterthewordtheymodify,dependingonthepresencestructureandcontextBasicusageofadvertisements01Comparativeobjectivesandadvertisementscomparetwothings,showingthedifferencebetweenthemTheyusuallyendin"-er"orusetheword"more"beforetheobjectiveoradvisor02Superlativeobjectionsandadvertisementscomparethreeormorethings,showingtheextremeorhighestdegreeofsomethingTheyusuallyendin"-est"orusetheword"most"beforetheobjectiveoradvisory03Whenusingcomparativeandsuperlativeobjectionsandadvertisements,it'simportanttousethemcorrectlyincontextandavoidoverlappingthemtomaintainclarityandeffectivenessinwritingComparativeandSuperlativeAdjectivesandAdvantageous05VerbsandTenseInfinitive:Thebasicformofaverb,suchas"tobe"or"tohave.""Theformofaverbusedtoexpressactionsthathappenedataspecifictimeinthepast,suchas"Shewalkedtotheparkyesterday.""Futuresimple:Theformofaverbusedtoexpressactionsthatwillhappeninthefuture,suchas"Theywillvisittheirgrandparentsnextweek."Presentsimple:Theformofaverbusedtoexpressactionsthathappenregularlyorhabituallyinthepresentation,suchas"Ieatanappleeveryday."BasicformsofverbsPresentsimpletenseAffirmativeattentionAttentionthatstatesomethingasafactinthepresentation,suchas"IliveinNewYork."NegativesensesSentencesthatdenysomethinginthepresentation,suchas"Shedoesn'tlikechocolate."QuestionsSentencesthataskaboutsomethinginthepresentation,suchas"DotheyplaysocceronSundays?"ShortanswersBriefresponsestoquestionsinthepresentationsimpletense,suchas"Yes,Ido."or"No,shedoesnot.""Thepresentcontinuoustenseisformedwiththeverb"tobe"(am,is,are)andthepresentparticle(-ingformoftheverb),suchas"Iamstudying."""Itisusedtoexpressactionsthatarehappeningnoworthataretemporary,suchas"Theyareplayingtennisatthemoment."Itcanalsobeusedtoexpressfuturearrangementsorplans,suchas"Wearemeetingforlunchtomorrow.""Presentcontinuoustense010203RegularverbsVerbsthatformtheirpasttensebyadding-edor-d,suchas"Iplayedtennisyesterday."IrregularverbsVerbsthatdonotfollowaregularpatternwhenformingtheirpasttense,suchas"Shewettothemovieslastnight."UseThesimplepasttenseisusedtoexpressactionsthathappenedataspecifictimeinthepastItcanalsobeusedtoexpresspasthatsorroutesthatarenolongertrue,suchas"IusedtoplaythepianowhenIwasyounger."Simplepasttense06SentencestructureandsimplesensesSubjectandpredictThebasicstructureofapresenceconcernsofasubject(whatorwhothepresenceisabout)andapredict(whatissaidaboutthesubject)CompletesensesAcompletepresencemusthaveasubjectandapredicatetoexpressacompletethoughtPhrasesandclausesPhrasesaregroupsofwordsthatactasapartofspeechbutcannotstandaloneasacompletethoughtClaimsaregroupsofwordsthatcontainasubjectandapredicateandcanstandaloneasacompletethoughtSentencecomponentsandstructureSV(Subject+Verb)01Thesimplepresencepattern,consistencyofasubjectandaverbForexample,"Shesingles."SVO(Subject+Verb+Object)02Thispatternaddsanobjecttothepresence,whichreceivestheactio