英語語音教程Unit

EnglishPhoneticTutorialUnit目錄BasicknowledgeofEnglishphoneticsUnitPromotionSkillsandTrainingPromotionskillsandtrainingfordiphthongsConsistentPronunciationSkillsandTraining目錄ComprehensivetrainingofspeechandintroductionEnglishPhoneticLearningStrategiesandSuggestions01BasicknowledgeofEnglishphoneticsTheEnglishphoneticalphabetconsistencyof44sounds,whicharepresentedbysymbolsfromtheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)PromotionrulesgovernhowthesesoundsarecombinedandpromotedinwordsThereareseveralpromotionvariationswithintheEnglishlanguage,suchasReceivedPromotion(RP)andGeneralAmerican(GA)EachsoundintheEnglishlanguagecanberepresentedbyoneormoretelephonesymbolsPhoneticAlphabetandPronunciationRulesAsymmetricalisaunitofpromotionhavingonevowelsound,withorwithoutsurroundingconsonantsStressistheemphasisplacedoncancersyndromewithinaword,whichcanchangethemeaningofthewordWordscanbedividedintopoemstoaidpromotionStressrulesdeterminewherethestressshouldbeplacedwithinawordBallablesandstressrulesIntroductionreferstotheriseandfallofthevoicewhenspeaking,whichcanaccommodatedifferentmeansandemotionsToneistheuseofpitchchangestodifferentiatebetweenwordsorphrasesthatareotherwisesimilarInEnglish,introductionandtoneareimportantforconveyingmeaningandexpressingemotionDifferentintroductionpatternscanchangethemeaningofapresence,soasmakingastatementsoundlikeaquestionorviceverseIntroductionandtoneexpression02UnitPromotionSkillsandTraining/?/Asin'bit'Tonguetipraisedrewardsthefrontofthesouth,slightlyspreadPronunciationtechniquesforprevowelsLipsneutral,noroundingPronunciationtechniquesforprevowels/E/asin'bed'Tonguetipraisedrewardsthefrontofthesouth,slightlyspreadPronunciationtechniquesforprevowelsLipsneutral,noroundingPronunciationtechniquesforprevowels/?/asin'cat'Tonguetiplowered,southernopenLipsspread,noroundingPronunciationtechniquesforprevowels/?:/Asin'bird'TongueslightlyraisedinthemiddleofthesouthPromotionTechniquesforMiddleVowelsLipsneutral,norounding/?/Asin'about'TonguerelaxedinthemiddleofthesouthPromotionTechniquesforMiddleVowelsLipsneutral,noroundingPromotionTechniquesforMiddleVowels/?/Asin'cut'Tonguetipraisedrewardsthefrontofthesouth,slightlyspreadLipsneutral,noroundingPromotionTechniquesforMiddleVowels0102PostvowelPromotionTechniquesTongueraisedrewardstothebackofthesouth/u:/asin'boot'123Lipsrounded/?/Asin'book'Tongueraisedrewardsthebackofthesouth,butnotashighas/u:/PostvowelPromotionTechniquesLipsrounded/?:/Asin'thought'Tongueraisedrewardsthebackofthesouth,slightlylowerthan/u:/Lipsrounded01020304PostvowelPromotionTechniquesPracticereadingwordsandsentencescontainingprevotes,middlevotes,andpostvotesFocusoncorrecttongueandlippositionsforeachvoicesoundUnitPromotionTrainingRecordyourreadingandcompareyourpromotiontonativespeakermodelsPracticeblendingvowelsoundswithconsistentsoundstoformpoemsandwords03PromotionskillsandtrainingfordiphthongsPronunciationtechniquesforcloseddiphthongsStartingPositionThetongueshouldbeplacedhighinthesouth,towardstheroofofthesouth,forthestartofthediphthongGlidingMotionAsthesoundprogresses,thetongueshouldglidedownandforward,creatingasmoothtransitionbetweenthetwovowelsoundsEndingPositionThediphthongshouldendwiththetongueinalowposition,towardsthebottomofthemouthExamplesPracticepromotingwordslike"beat","peak","south",and"cow"tofamiliarizeoneselfwithcloseddiphthongpromotionTonguePositionForconcentratedvotes,thetongueshouldbepositionedtowardsthecenterofthesouth,neithertoohighnortoolowLipShapeThelipsshouldbeshapedslightlydifferentlyforeachconcentratedvortex,butgenerally,theyshouldbeneithertooroundednortoospreadVowelLengthConcentratedvowelsaretypicallypromotedforashorterperiodcomparedtoothervowelsExamplesPracticepromotingwordslike"bit","pet","hot",and"cut"togetafeelforcentralizedvowelpromotionConcentratedVowelPromotionTechniquesDoublevowelpromotiontrainingVowelCombination:DoublevowelsoccurrencewhentwovowelsoundsarecombinedwithinasingleumbrellaTheycanbeeitheropenorcloseddiphthongsPronunciationRules:DoublevowelsstylishlyfollowcancerpronunciationrulesdependingontheirpositioninawordandthesurroundingsoundsStressandIntroduction:Doublevotesofreceivedstresswithinaword,whichcanaffecttheirpromotionPayattentiontostressandintegrationpatternswhenpromotingdoubleticketsExamples:Practicepromotingwordslike"rain","pay","board",and"toy"toimproveyourdoublevowelpromotion04ConsistentPronunciationSkillsandTrainingPlaceofArticle:Exploratoryconsultantsareproducedbyacompleteclosureoftheairwayinthesouth,followedbyarecentreleaseofairTheplaceofarticulationvariablesdependsonwheretheclosureoccurs,suchasthelips(e.g.,/p/,/b/),alveolarridge(e.g.,/t/,/d/),orvelum(e.g.,/k/,/g/)Aspiration:Aspiratedindividualsareproducedwithastrongburstofair,whileunaspiratedindividualshaveamoresubtlereleaseInEnglish,thevoicelessexploratoryconsultants/p/,/t/,and/k/arestylishlyaspiratedVoicing:Voicedexploratoryconsultantsareproducedwithvibrationofthevocalfolds,resultinginaloudsoundVoicelessexploratoryconsultants,ontheotherhand,lakethisvibrationPronunciationtechniquesforexploratoryindividualsVoicing:Voicedfrictionalconsultantsareproducedwithvibrationofthevocalfolds,whilevoicelessfrictionalconsultantslakethisvibrationPlaceofarticle:Frictionalconsultantsareproducedbynarrowingtheairataspecificpoint,allowingairtopassthroughwithfrictionTheplaceofanimationcanbeatthelips(e.g.,/f/,/v/),tea(e.g/θ/,/e/),Alveolarridge(e.g.,/s/,/z/),orpostalveolar(e.g/?/,/?/).Degreeoffriction:Theamountoffrictionproducedvariesdependingonhowmucharrowtheairis.AarrowairresultsinahigherdegreeoffrictionandamoredistinctsoundTechniquesforPromotionofFrictionalConsonantsLengthingthevotebeforethefricativeThistechnologyinvolvesProlongingthevotesoundbeforethefricativeconsonant,whichhelpstoseparatethetwosoundsandmakethefricativemoredistinctEmphasizingthefricativeByplacingemphasisonthefricativeconsonant,ithascomemorelikelyandeasiertodifferentiatefromsurroundingsoundsUsingminimumpairsMinimumpairsarewordsthatbufferonlyinonesound,soas"ship"and"sheet."PracticingthesepairscanhelpimprovepromotionofromanticindividualsbyhighlightingthesubtitledifferencesinsoundPronunciationtechniquesforbreakingfrictionalconsonantsListeningtonativespeakers'pronunciationofconsonantscanhelplearnersidentifyandimitatecorrectpronunciation.Byrepeatedlylisteningtorecordingsandimitatingpronunciation,accuracyandfluencyofpronunciationcanbeimproved.TonguetwistersarephrasesthatcontainchallengingconsonantcombinationsPracticingthesecanhelpimprovecoordinationofthetongueandlips,aswellasincreasefamilywithdifferentconsistentsoundsForlearnerswhohavediverselearningmethods,speechtherapymaybebeneficialAspeechtherapistcanassessthelearner'spromotionandprovidepersonalizedexercisesandtechniquestoimprovecoherentpromotionAudiorecordingsTonguetwistersSpeechtherapyConsistentpromotiontraining05ComprehensivetrainingofspeechandintroductionWordstressTheemphasisonaparticularsyntaxinaword,whichcanchangethemeaningofthewordForexample,theword"present"canmeaneither"agift"or"tointroduce"dependingonwhichsyntaxisemphasizedSentencestressTheemphasisoncertainwordsinasensetoconveymeaning,emotion,orcontrastIthelpslistenersunderstandthemostimportantinformationinasenseWordstressandpresencestressTypicallyusedtoexpressquestions,uncertainty,orpolarityTheycreateasenseofopennessandresourcelistenerstorespondRisingtonesUsedtoexpressstatements,certificates,orfinalityTheybelieveasenseofclosureandsignalthatthespeakerhasfinishedtheirthoughtFallingtonesExpressingemotionsthroughrisingandfallingtonesPhoneticandIntroductionImitationPracticeSpeakingwithapartnerortutorwhocanprovidefeedbackonyourpromotionandintroductioncanhelpyourefineyourspeechskillsPracticewithapartnerortutorListeningtonativespeakersandimprovingtheirpromotionandintegrationpatternsisaneffectivewaytoimprovespeechListeningandimprovementRecordingyourownspeechandcomparingittonativespeakermodelscanhelpyouidentifyareasforimprovementRecordingandself-assessment06EnglishPhoneticLearningStrategiesandSuggestionsAssessindividuallearningneedsandgoalsIdentifyspecificareasofpharmaceuticaldiversityandsetclearlearningobjectivesCreateabalancedlearningscheduleAllocateappropriatetimeforpharmaceuticalpractice,includingboththeoreticalstudyandpracticalexercisesAdjusttheplanbasedon