專八英語語言學(xué)課件

語言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)語言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)1I語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論II語言學(xué)主要分支學(xué)科III語言學(xué)的流派和理論I語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論2I語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論

1.designfeatureoflanguage（語言的定義特征）2.LanguageFamilies(世界語言分類)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(語言學(xué)研究中幾對(duì)重要的概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(語言學(xué)的研究范圍)I語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論

1.designfeatur3專八英語語言學(xué)ppt課件4專八英語語言學(xué)ppt課件51）Arbitrariness(任意性):定義：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.舉例：書,book,livre喜歡，like，aimer1）Arbitrariness(任意性):62）Duality（二層性）:定義：thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.舉例：

Sounds>syllables>words>phrases>clauses>sentences>texts/discourses2）Duality（二層性）:73）Creativity/Productivity（創(chuàng)造性）:定義：Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeanings

becauseofitsduality舉例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/----carporpark舉例2：England,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.3）Creativity/Productivity（創(chuàng)造性84）Displacement（替代性）:定義：Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.4）Displacement（替代性）:95）CulturalTransmission（文化傳遞性）:定義：languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.反例：印度狼孩5）CulturalTransmission（文化傳遞性103.Designfeature定義特征1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二層性)3)Creativity/Productivity(創(chuàng)造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化傳遞性)

如何記憶:五性，創(chuàng)意遺傳3.Designfeature定義特征1)Arbitr114.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics(語言學(xué)研究中幾對(duì)重要的概念)1)descriptive&prescriptive2)synchronic&diachronic3)langue&parole4)competence&performance4.ImportantDistinctionsinL121)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Prescriptive（規(guī)定性）Descriptive:describinghowthingsare.prescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobe1)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Presc13ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics舉例：Don'tsayX.Peopledon'tsayX.Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.ImportantDistinctionsinLing142).Synchronic（共時(shí)性）vs.Diachronic（歷時(shí)性）synchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.diachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.2).Synchronic（共時(shí)性）vs.Diachr15舉例：研究1800年的英語發(fā)音Synchronicstudies(共時(shí)性研究)研究1800-1900的法語語法變化Diachronicstudies(歷時(shí)研究)舉例：162.世界語言分類2.世界語言分類172.世界語言分類2.世界語言分類18專八英語語言學(xué)ppt課件19ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics3).langue（語言）&parole（言語）Theorist：Saussure（索緒爾）,fatherofmodernlinguisticslangue:abstractlinguisticsystemparole:actualrealizationoflangueImportantDistinctionsinLin20ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics舉例：漢語系統(tǒng)langue每個(gè)中國人在不同具體場景中說出的具體話語paroleImportantDistinctionsinLing21ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics4)Competence（語言能力）andperformance（語言運(yùn)用）theorist:Chomsky(喬姆斯基)competence:user'sknowledgeofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations.ImportantDistinctionsinLing225.ScopeofLinguistics(語言學(xué)的研究范圍)1）按研究內(nèi)容來分2）按研究導(dǎo)向來分5.ScopeofLinguistics(語言學(xué)的研23語言學(xué)分類-按研究內(nèi)容分語言學(xué)分類-按研究內(nèi)容分24語言學(xué)分類-按研究內(nèi)容分語言學(xué)分類-按研究內(nèi)容分25專八英語語言學(xué)ppt課件26語言學(xué)分類-按研究導(dǎo)向分語言學(xué)分類-按研究導(dǎo)向分27語言學(xué)分類-按研究內(nèi)容分語言學(xué)分類-按研究內(nèi)容分28語言學(xué)分類-按研究內(nèi)容分語言學(xué)分類-按研究內(nèi)容分29考點(diǎn):1.語音學(xué)(phonetics)和音系學(xué)(phonology)的定義和區(qū)別2.語音學(xué)重要概念:清音和濁音3.音系學(xué)重要概念:音子，音位,超音段特征

考點(diǎn):30Phoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,transmittedandhowtheyarereceived.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.區(qū)別:meaning(是否研究和表達(dá)意義有關(guān)的語音）Phoneticsstudiesallspeechs31舉例:too和tea中的/t/發(fā)too中的/t/時(shí),舌位更靠近口腔前部發(fā)tea中的/t/時(shí)，舌位更靠近口腔后部語音學(xué)要研究這種/t/發(fā)音的不同之處,音系學(xué)不研究舉例:32Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechs33語音學(xué)分類articulatoryphonetics(發(fā)音語音學(xué)):speaker’sproductionacousticphonetics（聲學(xué)語音學(xué)）:transmission’smediumauditoryphonetics(聽覺語音學(xué)):receiver’sreception語音學(xué)分類articulatoryphonetics(發(fā)音34如何記憶phonetics和phonolgy的區(qū)別:聯(lián)想:mathematics,physics,mechanicsphonetics語言學(xué)，-ics科學(xué)性更強(qiáng)

geology,sociology,astrologyphonology音系學(xué)，-ology人文性更強(qiáng)如何記憶phonetics和phonolgy的區(qū)別:35HowspeechsoundsaremadeSpeechorgansHowspeechsoundsaremade36專八英語語言學(xué)ppt課件37Positionofthevocalfolds(聲帶):voicing(濁音)andvoiceless(清音)Positionofthevocalfolds(聲帶38Voiceless(清音)：vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstruction清音舉例：[p,s,t]Voicing/Voiced（濁音）：vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibrates濁音:[b,z,d]Voiceless(清音)：vocalcordsare39Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.Asthereisnoobstructionofairintheproductionofvowels,thedescriptionoftheconsonantsandvowelscannotbedonealongthesamelines.Thedistinctionbetweenvowels40音系學(xué)定義：studyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.音系學(xué)重要概念:phone音子，phoneme音位(音系研究的基本單位)supra-segmentalfeatures超音段特征音系學(xué)定義：studyofhowspeechsoun41Phone(音子)：aphoneticunit;thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphones舉例:too和tea中的/t/發(fā)too中的/t/時(shí),舌位更靠近口腔前部發(fā)tea中的/t/時(shí)，舌位更靠近口腔后部所以too和tea中的/t/兩個(gè)不同的音子Phone(音子)：aphoneticunit;the42Phoneme(音位):phonologicalandabstractunit,aunitofdistinctivevalue;thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.舉例：tea和sea,/t/和/s/是兩個(gè)不同的音位morphemePhoneme(音位):phonologica43Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeWhatisthepointofdeparture44Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme(音位)Whatisthepointofdeparture45Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeWhatisthepointofdeparture46Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeWhatisthepointofdeparture47Suprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征)Suprasegmentalfeatures:phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsare:Suprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征48Supra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特征)：stress（重音）舉例:perfect(adj)和perfect(v)tone(聲調(diào))/pitch(音高):定義:soundfeaturewhicharecausedbythedifferingrateofvibrationofthevocalfolds.舉例:mā媽,má麻,m?馬，mà罵比較：英語單詞，如meSupra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特49intonation（語調(diào)）：pitch,stress,andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation.

舉例:intonation（語調(diào)）：pitch,stress,50Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)1.學(xué)科定義2.語素的定義和分類3.詞的分類（classificationofwords）Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)1.學(xué)科定義51形態(tài)學(xué)研究的基本單位

1.morpheme(語素）.Themostbasicelementofmeaninginlanguage，anelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutalteringitsmeaning.舉例：ballfootballballs形態(tài)學(xué)研究的基本單位

1.morpheme(語素）.Th52專八英語語言學(xué)ppt課件53TypesofMorphemesFreemorphemesvs.Boundmorphemes（自由語素和黏著語素）:

Freemorphemes:thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.Boundmorphemes:thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.TypesofMorphemesF54TypesofBoundMorpheme

Inflectionalmorpheme(屈折語素)=inflectionalaffix(屈折詞綴)：changethegrammaticalmeaning(number,aspect,case,tense)Derivationalmorpheme（派生語素）=inflectionalaffix(派生詞綴）:changethelexicalmeaningTypesofBoundMorpheme

Inflec55dis+like+sderivationalfreeinflectionalmorphemedis+like+s56light+en+edfreederivationalinflectionalmorphemelight+en+ed57Derivationalmorpheme(改變?cè)~義):改變?cè)~義：dis-,un-,multi-,micro-改變?cè)~性：en-,-full,-mentInflectionalmorpheme（改變語法含義）:改變名稱的性，數(shù)，格：-ess,-s,改變動(dòng)詞的時(shí),態(tài)，體:-ing,-ed,改變形容詞的級(jí)：-er,-estDerivationalmorpheme(改變?cè)~義):58詞的分類-按構(gòu)詞法分詞的分類-按構(gòu)詞法分59如何區(qū)分派生詞（derivationalword）和合成詞(compoundword):拆開后看各個(gè)組成的語素能否都單獨(dú)成詞，如果可以，就是合成詞，如果不能就是派生詞。Businessman:business+manPlayboy:play+boyMouthful:mouth+fulLighten:light+en如何區(qū)分派生詞（derivationalword）和合成60詞的分類-按詞義分詞的分類-按詞義分61詞的分類-按開放性分詞的分類-按開放性分62詞的分類-按在句子重要性分詞的分類-按在句子重要性分63

分類方法

按構(gòu)詞法分簡單詞:dislike,light派生詞:

dislike,lighten合成詞:

cat-like,light-weight按詞義分語法詞:冠,介，代，連詞詞匯詞:名，動(dòng)，形，副按開放性分開放詞:名，動(dòng)，形，副封閉詞:冠,介，代，連詞按在句中重要性分主要詞類:名，動(dòng)，形，副,介次要詞類：冠，代，連詞分類方法64Syntax句法考點(diǎn)1.定義2.句法范疇3.句子類型Syntax句法考點(diǎn)651.Syntax定義：:studiesinternalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence-formation1.Syntax定義：:studiesinternal66Category(范疇):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchassentence,anounphraseoraverb(起相同作用的一類語言單位)Syntacticalcategory(句法范疇):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinsentence-formation.（在句子構(gòu)成中起相同作用的一類語言單位）Category(范疇):agroupoflingu67Syntacticalcategory(句法范疇)Word-----------lexicalcategoryPhrase---------phrasalcategoryClause---------clausalcategorySentenceSyntacticalcategory(句法范疇)Word68LexicalCategory詞法范疇

=PartsofSpeech詞類LexicalCategory詞法范疇

=Partso69

分類方法

按構(gòu)詞法分簡單詞:dislike,light派生詞:

dislike,lighten合成詞:

cat-like,light-weight按詞義分語法詞:冠,介，代，連詞詞匯詞:名，動(dòng)，形，副按開放性分開放詞:名，動(dòng)，形，副封閉詞:冠,介，代，連詞按在句中重要性分主要詞類/范疇:名，動(dòng)，形，副,介次要詞類/范疇：冠，代，連詞分類方法70phrasespecifierheadcomplementacarfivemetersaway

專八英語語言學(xué)ppt課件7172SentenceTypes(句子類型) simple

Sentence complex non-simple compound72SentenceTypes(句子類型) simp724.句子分類：Simplesentence簡單句Coordinatesentence并列句Complexsentence復(fù)雜句4.句子分類：73simplesentence

簡單句定義：alsocalledindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.

simplesentence簡單句74練習(xí)：

JimandMikeplayfootballeveryafternoon.(simplesentence)Marygoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.(coordinatesentence)練習(xí)：

JimandMikeplayfootball75coordinatesentence并列句:containstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(并列連詞)suchasand,or,butetc.Coordinatorsareoftenprecededbyacomma.例句:ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.

Lilywenttoplayfootball,butMariawentshopping.coordinatesentence并列句:contai76Youhavetodoitonewayortheother.SimplesentenceTheworkerswerecheerful,oratleasttheyappearedtobecheerful.CoordinatesentenceYouhavetodoitonewayort77complexsentence定義：Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedwithoneormoredependentclausesbyoneormoresubordinators(從屬連詞)suchasif,when,because,althoug.complexsentence78Asheisgrowingold,heseldomgoesout.Heis

growingold,whereashebecomeshealthier.如何區(qū)分并列和復(fù)雜句---看連詞表示的關(guān)系

并列，選擇和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系---并列句時(shí)間，條件，原因和讓步關(guān)系---復(fù)雜句

Asheisgrowingold,heseldo79Semantics考點(diǎn)：1.定義：studyofmeaning2.兩種基本意義：reference指稱和sense涵義3.五種詞語語義關(guān)系Semantics考點(diǎn)：80LudwigWittgenstein:‘Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage’.Meaningisstudiedbymakingdetailedanalysesofthewaywordsandsentencesareusedinspecificcontexts.Reference（指稱）:howlanguagereferstotherealphysicalworld(語言指代外部物質(zhì)世界)Sense（涵義）:inherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandthemeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.(語言形式的內(nèi)在意義)LudwigWittgenstein:‘Themean81conceptsymbolizes

referstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(object)專八英語語言學(xué)ppt課件82

83Synonymy

同義Synonymy

同義:samenessorsimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.

Synonymy同義Synonymy同義:samene84同義分類舉例dialecticalsynonym地域同義詞：舉例:fallandautumn,flatandapartmentstylisticsynonym風(fēng)格同義詞：舉例:copandpolice,kidandoffspringcollocationalsynonym搭配同義詞：舉例:accuseof,chargewith,rebukeforSemanticallydifferentsynonym語義稍有不同的同義詞:舉例:surpriseandastound,blameandrebuke同義分類舉例dialecticalsynonym地域同義詞85Antonymy

反義Antonymy

反義:oppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.Antonymy反義關(guān)系分類：gradableantonymy等級(jí)反義complementaryantonymy互補(bǔ)反義converseantonymy反向反義Antonymy反義Antonymy反義:opposi86Gradableantonymy等級(jí)反義young--------middle-aged---------------oldbig--------middle-sized---------------smallgood-------------average-----------------badGradableantonymy等級(jí)反義young---87Complementaryantonymy互補(bǔ)反義alive:deadmale:femalepresent:absentinnocent:guiltyodd:evenpass:failboy:girlhit:missComplementaryantonymy互補(bǔ)反義88Converseantonymy反向反義

buy:selllend:borrowgive:receiveparent:childhusband:wifeteacher:studentabove:belowbefore:afterhost:guestemployer:employeeConverseantonymy反向反義

89Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系Hyponymy上下義:referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Superordinate/hypernym上義詞:themoregeneraltermHyponym下義詞:themorespecifictermHyponymy上下義關(guān)系Hyponymy上下義:re90舉例:hypernym上義詞:animal

Hyponym下義詞:bird,fish,tiger,cat如何記憶:hyper---向上hype炒作hypo---向下hypothesis假設(shè)舉例:91

Animal

birdfishinsectanimal

humananimal

tigerlionelephant...Animal

birdfish92Polysemy一詞多義Polysemy:thesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning.Suchawordiscalledpolysemicword.舉例:Fish:1.魚2.魚肉3.水生動(dòng)物4.捕魚5.尋找Polysemy一詞多義Polysemy:thesam93Homonymy同音/同形異義詞:wordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Identicalinsound:homophones同音詞Identicalinspelling:homograph同形詞Identicalinboth:completehomonyms同音同形詞Homonymy同音/同形異義詞:wordshavin94homophones同音詞：舉例:knightandnight,pieceandpeacehomograph同形詞舉例:tear(v)andtear(n),lead(v)andlead(n)completehomonyms同音同形詞:fast(adj)andfast(n)homophones同音詞：95如何區(qū)分同音同形和一詞多義現(xiàn)象:beauty,fish,ball,scalebeauty:美麗；美女fish:魚；魚肉；水生動(dòng)物；捕魚；尋找ball:球；舞會(huì)scale:規(guī)模；魚鱗

看其多個(gè)意義之間是否有關(guān)聯(lián)，如果有就是一詞多義，沒有就是同音同形詞如何區(qū)分同音同形和一詞多義現(xiàn)象:96Pragmatics語用學(xué)

考點(diǎn):定義和與語義學(xué)的區(qū)別：studyofmeaningincontextorinuse言語行為理論（兩位理論家和三種行為）會(huì)話原則Pragmatics語用學(xué)考點(diǎn):972.SpeechActTheoryJohnAustin(1911-1960)HowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)MainIdea:thingscanbedonewithwords2.SpeechActTheoryJohnAusti98Constatives(敘事句)vs.performatives（施為句）Constatives（敘事句）:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,eg:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.

Constatives(敘事句)vs.performat99Performatives（施為句）:

utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:

name,bet,etc.Performatives（施為句）:utterances100ThreeSpeechActs(三種言語行為)Alocutionaryact(言內(nèi)行為):theactofutteringwords,phrase,sentences.Itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.

Anillocutionaryact（言外行為）:anactofexpressionspeaker’sintention;itisanactperformedinsayingsomething.Aperlocutionaryact（言后行為）:theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.ThreeSpeechActs(三種言語行為)Alo101三種話語行為-舉例老師對(duì)學(xué)生說:Youhaveleftthedooropen.Locutionaryact(言內(nèi)行為):theactofutteringthewordsof“you”,“have”,“l(fā)eft”,“the”,“door”,“open”Illocutinaryact(言外行為):theactofexpressingtheteacher’sintentionofaskingthestudenttoclosethedoor.Perlocutionaryact(言后行為):theeffectoftheutterance:studentgoestoclosethedoor三種話語行為-舉例老師對(duì)學(xué)生說:Youhaveleft102103IllocutionaryActTheory美國哲學(xué)家JohnSearle(約翰-塞爾，1932-)在Austin理論基礎(chǔ)上把言外行為進(jìn)一步分為5類：陳述（assertives），指示(directives)，承諾(commissives)，表達(dá)(expressives)，宣告（declaratives）103IllocutionaryActT103ConversationalImplicature（會(huì)話含義理論）Theorist：英國語言學(xué)家HerbertPaulGrice(格萊斯，1913-1988)MainIdea:Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.ConversationalImplicature（104TheCooperativePrinciple(CP，合作原則)

MaximofQuality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）MaximofQuantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）MaximofRelation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）MaximofManner（方式準(zhǔn)則）TheCooperativePrinciple(CP，105TheCooperativePrinciple(CP，合作原則)

MaximofQuality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;MaximofQuantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）MaximofRelation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）MaximofManner（方式準(zhǔn)則）TheCooperativePrinciple(CP，106MaximofQuality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）MaximofQuantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）：Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.MaximofRelation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）MaximofManner（方式準(zhǔn)則）MaximofQuality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）107MaximofQuality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）MaximofQuantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）MaximofRelation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）：Berelative.MaximofManner（方式準(zhǔn)則）MaximofQuality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）108MaximofQuality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）MaximofQuantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）MaximofRelation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）MaximofManner(方式準(zhǔn)則)：Beperspicuous.Avoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief.Beorderly.MaximofQuality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）109Macro-Linguistics

宏觀語言學(xué)Macro-Linguistics

宏觀語言學(xué)110Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)1.定義2.語言變體languagevariety3.雙語Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)111Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)1定義：Thesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.Speech語言變體雙語Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)112Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)定義Speechvariety/languagevariety語言變體:refertoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.雙語Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)113專八英語語言學(xué)ppt課件114專八英語語言學(xué)ppt課件115專八英語語言學(xué)ppt課件116Pidgin(洋涇浜語/皮欽語)：aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeaksdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.上海洋涇浜

Pidgin(洋涇浜語/皮欽語)：aspeciallan117上海話中的洋涇浜英語“蹩腳”（BILGE，船底污水，引申為骯臟的、下三濫的、劣質(zhì)的）“癟三”（BEGSIR，乞丐先生，用來形容叫花子、難民、逃荒者等各式窮人，后引申為最廣泛的罵人用語之一?！俺嗬小笔怯⒄Z“CHEAT”（欺騙）和中文“佬”的混生詞語，一個(gè)魯迅時(shí)代最流行的洋涇浜俚語（隱語）。上海話中的洋涇浜英語118119Frompidginto

creoles(克里奧語):Pidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageasaresultofintermarriage,itisspokenathomeandlearnedbychildrenasamothertongue.舉例.French-basedHaitianCreole,EnglishbasedjamaicaCreole119Frompidgintocreoles(克里奧語119Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)定義語言變體雙語Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)120Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象)Diglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象)Multilingualism（多語現(xiàn)象）Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象)121Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers.舉例：Canada(FrenchandEnglish),Wales(WelshandEnglish)Diglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象)Multilingualism（多語現(xiàn)象）Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象):alinguist122Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象)Diglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.舉例：Switzerland:HighGermanasthestandard(public,official)SwissGermanasthevernacular(informal,daily)Multilingualism（多語現(xiàn)象）Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象)123Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象)Diglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象)Multilingualism（多語現(xiàn)象）:alinguisticsituationinwhichmorethantwolanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers.舉例：Singapore(English,Chinese,Malay)

Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象)124Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakersDiglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplayMultilingualism（多語現(xiàn)象）:alinguisticsituationmorethantwovarietiesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakersBilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象):alinguist125人類語言學(xué)AnthropologicalLinguistics定義:studyoftherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage假說：Sapir-WhorfHypothesis(薩丕爾-沃爾夫假說)：structureofthelanguagepeopleuseinfluencesthewaytheythinkandbehave(簡言之,語言影響人的思想行為)人類語言學(xué)AnthropologicalLinguist126127Sapir-WhorfHypothesisEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.

Linguisticdeterminism:Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.Linguisticrelativity:differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround.127Sapir-WhorfHypothesis127128English:horseshoeFrench:feracheval

——ironforhorseGerman:hufeisen——hoofironTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.128English:horseshoe128心理語言學(xué)Psycholinguistics:thestudyofthementalprocessoflanguagecomprehensionandproduction.計(jì)算機(jī)語言學(xué)ComputationalLinguistics:studyoftheuseofcomputerstoprocessandproducehumanlanguage.心理語言學(xué)Psycholinguistics:thest129語言學(xué)理論流派語言學(xué)理論流派130考點(diǎn)：四大學(xué)派的代表人物及其理論名稱考點(diǎn)：四大學(xué)派的代表人物及其理論名稱131