中考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí) 考點(diǎn)詳解+真題練習(xí)專項(xiàng)突破39 閱讀理解之說(shuō)明文（含解析）

專項(xiàng)39閱讀理解之說(shuō)明文＂英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文＂，顧名思義，就是一種以＂說(shuō)明、解釋＂為主要表達(dá)方式的英語(yǔ)文體。它是對(duì)客觀事物的性狀、特點(diǎn)、功能和用途等作科學(xué)解說(shuō)的。它既不像故事那樣重在情節(jié)的敘述和描寫(xiě)，也不像議論文那樣，重在闡明主張和論點(diǎn)論據(jù)；更不像科幻作品那樣富于想象和虛構(gòu)夸張。說(shuō)明文是通過(guò)解說(shuō)事物、闡明事理，使人們?cè)鲩L(zhǎng)知識(shí)和技能。說(shuō)明文是高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題中的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一。說(shuō)明文具有與自己特點(diǎn)相適應(yīng)的說(shuō)明方法，因此說(shuō)明文結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)多，易于拉開(kāi)考生分?jǐn)?shù)檔次，便于高校分層次選拔人才。然而對(duì)于考生來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō)明文抽象度高，解題難度大。高考對(duì)說(shuō)明文的考查多為科普知識(shí)，動(dòng)植物特性、自然現(xiàn)象和新產(chǎn)品、新工藝介紹以及人文地理、風(fēng)土人情等方面的說(shuō)明文，文中解釋性、定義性、說(shuō)明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握說(shuō)明文的命題特點(diǎn)，敘述方式，以冷靜的心態(tài)閱讀原文，重點(diǎn)突破長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和邏輯關(guān)系，以便對(duì)其做出準(zhǔn)確的語(yǔ)意理解。說(shuō)明文閱讀理解的特征一般說(shuō)來(lái)，英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文與其他文體一樣，文章所涉及的內(nèi)容不外乎以下幾個(gè)方面，即who→what→when→where→how→why。1.who：?jiǎn)柕氖沁@篇文章的主體是誰(shuí)？（即所要說(shuō)明和描述的人或事物）2.what：?jiǎn)柕氖侵黧w做了什么事情？（即主體表現(xiàn)出的特性、功能和用途）3.when和where：是在何時(shí)何地發(fā)生的？（即何時(shí)何地所表現(xiàn)出的特性、功能和用途）4.how：通過(guò)什么方式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的？5.why：這種特性功能用途的原因是什么？做說(shuō)明文閱讀理解題的時(shí)候，一定要記住上面的wh-word。邊閱讀，邊搜記，牢記要點(diǎn)，把握全文。A（2022·西藏·中考真題）TheFuxingtrainhasstartedrunninginsouthwestChina’sTibetalongtheLhasa—NyingchiRailway(拉薩—林芝鐵路).The435-kilometerrailwaylinksLhasaandNyingchi.ItisChina’sfirstelectrified(電氣化的)railroadonthe“RoofoftheWorld”.ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.Thenewrailwaycoversanareaof226,000squarekilometers.Itgoesthrough47tunnels(隧道)andcrosses121bridges.Thetrainhasatopspeedof160kilometersperhour.Itisthefastesttrainonthehighland,butit’sabitslowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountrybecauseofthespecialenvironment.Therailwaynotonlymakeslocalpeople’slifeeasier,butalsobringsmoretouriststothearea.“Therailwaytripissorelaxingandfast.Thenewtrainhasbroughtourfamilymemberscloserthaneverbefore,”saidateacherwholivesinNyingchi.SheusedtodrivemorethanfivehoursfromNyingchitoLhasatovisitherparentsduringthesummervacation.Besidescarryingpassengers,therailwayalsoprovidesgoodchancesforfarmerstoselllocalproductstomoreplaces.It’ssuretoputnewenergyintoTibet’seconomic(經(jīng)濟(jì)的)development.1．HowmanyhoursdoesthejourneytakebetweenLhasaandNyingchibyFuxingtrain?A．About5hours. B．About4hours. C．About3.5hours. D．About1.5hours.2．What’sthetopspeedofFuxingtrainfromLhasatoNyingchi?A．160kilometersperhour. B．121kilometersperhour.C．47kilometersperhour. D．160metersperhour.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shortens”meaninChinese?A．克扣 B．下降 C．縮短 D．缺少4．What’sspecialabouttheLhasa—NyingchiRailway?A．Itcoversalargearea.B．Itcancarrypassengers.C．Thetraingoesthroughlotsoftunnelsandbridges.D．It’sChina’sfirstelectrifiedrailwayonthe“RoofoftheWorld”.5．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Therailwaytripisnotrelaxingorfast.B．Therailwaydoesnotbringmoretouriststothearea.C．Thetraingoesthrough121tunnelsand47bridges.D．It’sabitslowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountry.【答案】1．C

2．A

3．C

4．D

5．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹拉薩—林芝鐵路的相關(guān)信息。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.”可知，它將拉薩和林芝之間的路程從5個(gè)多小時(shí)縮短到約3.5小時(shí)。所以是3.5小時(shí)，故選C。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Thetrainhasatopspeedof160kilometersperhour.”可知，這列火車的最高時(shí)速為160公里。故選A。3．詞句猜測(cè)題。分析“ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.”可知，它將拉薩和林芝之間的路程從5個(gè)多小時(shí)縮短到約3.5小時(shí)。所以shortens的意思是“縮短”，故選C。4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“ItisChina’sfirstelectrified(電氣化的)railroadonthe‘RoofoftheWorld’.”可知，它是中國(guó)第一條在“世界屋脊”上的電氣化鐵路。故選D。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Itisthefastesttrainonthehighland,butit’sabitslowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountrybecauseofthespecialenvironment.”可知，它是高原上最快的火車，但由于特殊的環(huán)境，它比我們國(guó)家的一些其他復(fù)興列車要慢一些。故選D。B（2022·江蘇南京·中考真題）SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyearsbuttheywereneverinterestedineachother.Thenoneday,SuesawJim’smusiccollection.ShenoticedararepunkrockCDthatshealsoowned.Atthatmoment,sherealizedthattheybothhadthesameinterestinmusicandtheystartedtalking.Suesaid,“Ithoughtwehadnothingincommon(相同)untilIsawhisCDbytheNewYorkDolls.”Theyarenowmarriedandlivingwitheachother.Somepsychologists(心理學(xué)家)thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto(有聯(lián)系的)yourpersonality.AspartofatestattheUniversityofTexas,Austin,USA,volunteerscreatedaCDoftheirfavouritesongs.Thevolunteersthenlistenedtoeachother’sCDsandmadeguessesabouttheCDcreator’spersonality—outgoing,adventurous,happy,andsoon.Thesestrangerscorrectlyguessedmuchmoreabouteachothers’personalitiesthroughtheirCDsthanthroughtheirclothesortasteinfilms.Forexample,SueandJimlovepunkmusic,whichmeanstheyhaveoutgoingpersonalities.ThepsychologistswhodidthetestfoundSnoopDogg(hip-hop)fansarelikelytobeenergeticandtalkative.PeoplewholikeU2(rock/popmusic)aregenerallyindependentandadventurous.ThepsychologistsalsofoundthatLouisArmstrong(jazz)fanstendto(傾向于)beseriousandintelligent.Whilefansofclassicalmusicarealsolikelytoenjoyjazzmusicandtendtobeshy.Thepsychologistsweresurprisedtofindthatrapandheavymetalfanswerealsoshierandquieterthanmanyothermusiclovers.Title:Musicand____6____Anopinion◆Your____7____inmusicisrelatedtoyourpersonality.Findings◆One’sclothesortasteinfilmsis____8____importantthanhis/herCDsinatestofguessingaboutone’spersonality.◆Itis____9____thathip-hopfansareenergeticandtalkative.◆Peoplewho____10____rockorpopmusicareusuallyindependentandadventurous.◆Jazzfanstendtobe____11____andintelligent.◆It’s____12____thatrapandheavymetalfansareshierandquieterthanmanyothermusiclovers.An____13____◆____14____SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyears,theywereneverinterestedineachother.◆AfterSuenoticedtheybothhadrarepunkrockCDs,shefoundtheyhad____15____incommon.◆Theyarenowmarriedandlivingwitheachother.【答案】Personality

7．taste

8．less

9．likely

10．like

11．serious

12．surprising

13．example

14．Though##Although

15．something【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文主要通過(guò)一個(gè)事例和一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)介紹了音樂(lè)和個(gè)性之間的關(guān)系。6．根據(jù)第二段“Somepsychologists(心理學(xué)家)thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto(有聯(lián)系的)yourpersonality.”可知，本文主要談?wù)摰氖且魳?lè)和個(gè)性的關(guān)系，personality“個(gè)性”，名詞，與名詞“Music”構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。標(biāo)題首字母要大寫(xiě)，故填Personality。7．根據(jù)第二段“Somepsychologists(心理學(xué)家)thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto(有聯(lián)系的)yourpersonality.”可知，一些心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為你對(duì)音樂(lè)的品味與你的個(gè)性有關(guān)。形容詞性物主代詞“Your”修飾名詞，taste“品味”，名詞。故填taste。8．根據(jù)第二段“Thesestrangerscorrectlyguessedmuchmoreabouteachothers’personalitiesthroughtheirCDsthanthroughtheirclothesortasteinfilms.”這些陌生人通過(guò)CD更能正確地猜測(cè)了彼此的個(gè)性，而不是通過(guò)衣服或在電影中的品味?？芍诓聹y(cè)一個(gè)人的個(gè)性時(shí)，一個(gè)人的衣服或品味不如她的CD重要。根據(jù)空后的比較詞“than”，所以用“important”的比較級(jí)lessimportant“較不重要的”。故填less。9．根據(jù)第三段“SnoopDogg(hip-hop)fansarelikelytobeenergeticandtalkative.”可知，嘻哈音樂(lè)的粉絲們可能精力充沛且健談。belikelytodo“可能做某事”，和It’slikelythat…“……是可能的”為同義句。本小題為主語(yǔ)從句，系動(dòng)詞后跟形容詞作表語(yǔ)。故填likely。10．根據(jù)第三段“PeoplewholikeU2(rock/popmusic)aregenerallyindependentandadventurous.”可知，喜歡搖滾和流行音樂(lè)的人通常是獨(dú)立和冒險(xiǎn)的。故填like。11．根據(jù)最后一段“ThepsychologistsalsofoundthatLouisArmstrong(jazz)fanstendto(傾向于)beseriousandintelligent.”可知，心理學(xué)家還發(fā)現(xiàn)，路易斯·阿姆斯特朗（爵士樂(lè)）迷們傾向于嚴(yán)肅和聰明。故填serious。12．根據(jù)最后一段“Thepsychologistsweresurprisedtofindthatrapandheavymetalfanswerealsoshierandquieterthanmanyothermusiclovers.”可知，說(shuō)唱樂(lè)和重金屬音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者也比許多其他音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者更害羞、更安靜，這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)是令人驚奇的，系動(dòng)詞后跟形容詞作表語(yǔ)，surprising“令人驚奇的”，形容詞。填surprising。13．根據(jù)右欄的內(nèi)容可知，此處以“SueandJim”的這一事例舉例說(shuō)明，example“例子”，名詞。根據(jù)“An”，可知填名稱單數(shù)修飾，故填example。14．根據(jù)第一段“SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyearsbuttheywereneverinterestedineachother.”可知，盡管蘇和吉姆五年來(lái)一直是鄰居，但他們從來(lái)沒(méi)有對(duì)彼此感興趣。though/although“雖然，盡管”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。故填Though/Although。15．根據(jù)第一段“Ithoughtwehadnothingincommon(相同)untilIsawhisCDbytheNewYorkDolls.”可知，直到Sue看到他的CD，她才認(rèn)為他們有共同之處。固定搭配havesomethingincommon意為“有一些共同之處”。故填something。C（2022·重慶璧山·一模）Pollutioninsidehomesandotherbuildingskillsmorethan4millionpeopleeachyear.Manypeopledieasaresultofbreathingsmokeorfromcookingoverwoodpoweredorcoalpoweredstoves.Onewaytoreducethenumberofdeathsisthroughcookingequipment(設(shè)備)poweredbythesun.CrosbyMenzies,asolarpowerexpertinaSouthAfricancompany,describedhislatestsolarcookercalledthe“Sol4”.“Itisfoursquaremetersofmirrors,sixtoeightmetersinlength.Itisquitealargecooker.”The“Sol4”worksbyreflecting(反射)lightfromthesunofflargemirrors.Themirrorsdirect(把……對(duì)準(zhǔn))thelightatacookingpan.Thenthelightheatsthepanwithsolarenergy.Withintwominutes,thepanishotenoughtocooksausagesandonions.Injustfourminutes,watercanbeboiled.Thatisasfastascookingwithnaturalgasorelectricity.Thecookerisalsomuch“friendlier”thanothermodelsbecausepeopledonothavetostandinthesuntouseit.Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.Suchindividualswouldbelesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.Atpresent,thecookeronlyworkswhenthesunisshining.Butengineersareworkingonawaytomakeitworkwithoutsunlight.Eachcookercostsabout$2,000,whichisalargeamountofmoneyformostAfricans.Tosolvethatproblem,CrosbyMenzieshascreatedanongovernmental(非官方)organizationcalledSolarCookersforAfrica.Itplanstoraisemoneythroughdonations(捐款)toprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcookingequipment.16．Thewriterstartsthepassageby________.A．comparingfacts B．sharingexperiences C．listingnumbers D．givingreasons7．Theunderlinedword“individuals”mostprobablymeans“________”.A．cookers B．people C．mirrors D．experts18．Whichofthefollowingaboutthe“Sol4”isTRUE?A．Itissixtoeightsquaremetersofmirrors.B．Itcanworkinanyweatherconditionnow.C．Itcanalsoheatthepanbylightingfirewood.D．Itismoreenvironment-friendlythanothercookers.19．Fromthepassage,wecaninferthat________.A．the“Sol4”willbedesignedinasmallersizeB．moreAfricanscanusethesolarcookersinthefutureC．the“Sol4”isthefirstproductoftheSouthAfricancompanyD．theAfricangovernmentwillprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcooker【答案】16．C

17．B

18．D

19．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文主要介紹了一種可以通過(guò)太陽(yáng)能來(lái)烹飪的設(shè)備及其工作原理。目前，該設(shè)備只是在陽(yáng)光燦爛的時(shí)候工作，但工程師們正在努力工作，使它在沒(méi)有陽(yáng)光的情況下也能工作。16．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Pollutioninsidehomesandotherbuildingskillsmorethan4millionpeopleeachyear.”（家庭和其他建筑物內(nèi)的污染每年導(dǎo)致400多萬(wàn)人死亡。）可知作者以列舉數(shù)字開(kāi)始這篇文章。故選C。17．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)“Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.”及“wouldbelesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.”可知，這里的individuals是主語(yǔ)，表示使用這種灶具的people“人”也不太可能因有害煙霧而患呼吸疾病。故選B。18．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Thecookerisalsomuch‘friendlier’thanothermodelsbecausepeopledonothavetostandinthesuntouseit.Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.Suchindividualswouldbelesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.”（這種炊具也比其他型號(hào)“友好”得多，因?yàn)槿藗儾挥谜驹陉?yáng)光下使用它。人們可以在不必?fù)觳窕鸹蚧ㄥX買煤的情況下做飯。這些人不太可能因有害煙霧而患上呼吸疾病。）可知，這種新灶具比其他炊具更環(huán)保。故選D。19．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Tosolvethatproblem,CrosbyMenzieshascreatedanongovernmental(非官方)organizationcalledSolarCookersforAfrica.Itplanstoraisemoneythroughdonations(捐款)toprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcookingequipment.”（為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題，克羅斯比·孟基斯創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)名為“非洲太陽(yáng)能炊具”的非官方組織。它計(jì)劃通過(guò)捐贈(zèng)籌集資金，為窮人提供太陽(yáng)能烹飪?cè)O(shè)備。）可以推斷出未來(lái)會(huì)有更多的非洲人用上太陽(yáng)能炊具。故選B。D（2022·重慶開(kāi)州·二模）①Facial-recognition(人臉識(shí)別)camerasareeverywhere,eveninyoursmartphone.Manypeopleusethistechnologytounlocktheirphones,opendoors,ormakequickpayments.Butduringthepandemic(疫情),canitstillworkwhenpeopleputonmasks?②Theanswerisno.Scientistsaretryingtosolvethisproblem.Forexample,Engineering&Technology(E＆T)magazinereportsthatHanwang,atechcompanyinBeijing,hasmadeanewsystem(系統(tǒng)).Itcanrecognize95percentofpeoplewhentheywearmasks.③What’sthesecret?It’sallaboutyoureyes.④MariosSavidesfromCarnegieMellonUniversity,US,studiesfacialrecognition.Aswegetolder,hesays,ourfaceschangeshape.Buttheareaaroundoureyesdoesn’t.Itstaysthesame—evenifweputonweight.Aslongasthereareenoughdata(數(shù)據(jù))fromtheareaofoureyes,thecamerascanrecognizeus.⑤Tech5isanotherfacial-recognitioncompany.TheSwisscompany’sproductscans(掃描)theshapeofyourface.Italsoscansyouriris(虹膜),whichisthecoloredpartofyoureyes.Tech5hopestoleaveout(忽略)allofthefacebelowthenose.⑥Thiskindofsoftwareismoreimportantthanjustunlockingyourphone.“Itcans