英譯漢理論與實(shí)踐課件

英譯漢理論與實(shí)踐教程

第一章報(bào)刊文章選段漢譯

第一節(jié)1OutsidetheUnitedNations,humanrightsmattershavebeendiscussedwiththeGroupof7majorindustrializedcountriesandtheNon-AlliedMovementattheirsummitmeetings,aswellaswiththeOrganizationofAmericanStates,theOrganizationofAfricanUnity,theAssociationofSouth-EastAsianNations,EuropeanUnion,theCommonwealthofIndependentStates,theRioGroupandinotherimportantregionalandsubregionalforums.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:

1.Sentencestructure:Theselectionconsistsofanunusuallylongsimplesentence,whosebackbonestructure

couldbereducedto…h(huán)umanrightsmattershavebeendiscussedwith…aswellaswith….2.Additionalcomplication：Thesentencebeginswithaprepositionalphrase.B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Asrevealedinthegrammaticalanalysis,theselectionconsistsofonlyasinglesimplesentenceanditisaperiodicsentence,beginningwithaprepositionalphrase.Inaddition,theselectionsoundexotictotheChineseearwithsomanynamesofinternationalorganizations.2.Structuralcomplication：Theselectionisstructurallycomplicatedwiththetwocoordinateprepositionalphrasesattheendofthesentence,anditisstructurallyformalforitsstructuralcomplication,grammaticalcompletenessandfreedomfromanycolloquialstructures.3.Parallelstructure：Intheselection,parallelstructuresarefrequentlyused,forexample,with…,aswellaswith…;theGroupof7majorindustrializedcountriesandtheNon-AlliedMovement;theOrganizationofAmericanStates,theOrganizationofAfricanUnity,theAssociationofSouth-EastAsianNations,EuropeanUnion,theCommonwealthofIndependentStates,theRioGroup;andregionalandsubregional.4.Lexicalcohesivedevice：Examplescouldbefoundasfollows:thepattern…discussedwith…andwith…isusedtoreinforcethecoherenceandunityaswell;thepossessivepronountheirisusedtorefertoGroupof7majorindustrializedcountriesandtheNon-AlliedMovement;namesofinternationalorganizationsarelistedoneafteranother;subregionalandregionalareusedaspartialrepetitions,andsoon.5.Lexicalformality：Theselectionischaracterizedbythefrequentemploymentofsuchformalwords,includingnominalizations,asmatter,discuss,major,industrialize,summit,movement,organization,association,commonwealth,independentandothers.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:聯(lián)合國之外，人權(quán)方面的事務(wù)已經(jīng)討論過了，和七個(gè)主要工業(yè)國集團(tuán)、不結(jié)盟運(yùn)動，在它們的峰會上；也已經(jīng)討論過了，同美洲國家組織、非洲統(tǒng)一組織、東南亞國家聯(lián)盟、歐洲聯(lián)盟、獨(dú)立國共同體、里約集團(tuán)以及在其他重要的地區(qū)和次地區(qū)的論壇上。Comments:Suchatranslationisawkwardinthatinthecaseofexpressingthesimilarideasastheselectioncontains,theusualChinesewaywillbe:某某問題已經(jīng)在某某地點(diǎn)和某某、某某以及某某討論過了.Ifthediscussionpartnerlististoolong,theChinesemightturntosuchexpressionas某某問題已經(jīng)在某某地點(diǎn)和某某與某某討論過了，也已經(jīng)在某某地點(diǎn)和某某、某某……等討論過了，…….ThealternativeChinesepatternspointtothenecessitythatsuchphrasesas和七個(gè)主要工業(yè)國集團(tuán)、不結(jié)盟運(yùn)動;在它們的峰會上;同美洲國家組織、非洲統(tǒng)一組織、東南亞國家聯(lián)盟、歐洲聯(lián)盟、獨(dú)立國共同體、里約集團(tuán)以及在其他重要的地區(qū)和次地區(qū)的論壇上shouldbefrontedorreorganized.B)Translation2:

在聯(lián)合國之外，人權(quán)問題已經(jīng)在峰會上同七大工業(yè)國集團(tuán)、不結(jié)盟運(yùn)動討論過了，也已經(jīng)同美洲國家組織、非統(tǒng)組織、東南亞國家聯(lián)盟、歐洲聯(lián)盟、獨(dú)立國共同體和里約集團(tuán)討論過了，在其他地區(qū)性和次地區(qū)性的論壇上也已經(jīng)討論過了。Comments:Thepresenttranslationistotallydifferentfromthepreviousinthatbyrepeating同……討論過了with在……也已經(jīng)討論過了asareinforcement,allthediscussionparticipantsarenowwellorganizedinanorderlypattern.However,abbreviationscouldhavebeenusedforthenamesoftheinternationalorganizations,andothermeasurescouldalsobetaken.C)Translation3:人權(quán)問題在聯(lián)合國內(nèi)外都已經(jīng)討論過了。例如，在聯(lián)合國機(jī)構(gòu)之外，在七國集團(tuán)和不結(jié)盟運(yùn)動的峰會上，在美洲國家組織、非統(tǒng)、東盟、歐盟、獨(dú)聯(lián)體、里約集團(tuán)中，在重要的地區(qū)與次地區(qū)論壇上，都已經(jīng)討論過了。Comments:Inthepresentversion,abbreviationsareused,therepetitionof討論過了isavoidedbyrepetitionof在….上（中）threetimes,andadditionof人權(quán)問題在聯(lián)合國內(nèi)外都討論過了。例如fortheclarityoftheideas,coherenceofthetextandimprovementonthestructureofthetranslationasawhole.Theadditionof在聯(lián)合國內(nèi)外,togetherwiththerepetitionof討論過了,ismeaningfulinthatfirst,theimpliedmeaningismadeexplicit;second,thetranslationnowassumesanexplicitdeductivepatternofdevelopment,thatis,developmentfromgeneraltospecific.2Paralleltothis,theHighCommissionerhasinitiatedandvigorouslypursuedtherestructuringoftheCentreforHumanRightswiththeaimofensuringasecretariatcapableofprovidingthehigheststandardsofworktorespondeffectivelytoanever-growingnumberofmandatesandhumanrightschallengesaroundtheworld.TheCommissiononhumanRightsisauniqueworldforumwithprimaryobjectivebeingtomaketheenjoymentofhumanrightsarealityforallpeople.Thiscanonlybeachievedbytranslatingprinciplesandnormsintoconcretedeedsaffectingthewaypeoplelive.Indoingso,theCommissiononhumanrightscanalsogivegreaterimpetustotheinitiativesbeingundertakenbytheHighCommissioner.ItisessentialthattheCommission,asthemostimportantforumdedicatedtohumanrights,accordtheHighCommissionerthesupportneededforforginggreaterdeterminationinpromotingandprotectingallhumanrights.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Theselectionconsistsoffivesentencesinall,withthelongestrunningthreeandahalflines,andtheshortestoneandahalflines.Ofthefivesentences,thefirstisasimplesentence;thesecondisalsoasimplesentencebutwithanabsolutenominalconstructionembedded;thenexttwoarealsosimplesentencesbutthelastisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandasubjectclause.2.Additionalcomplication：Thefirstsentencebeginswithanadjectivephraseandthestructureofthesentencecouldbereducedtosuchabackbonestructureas…theHighCommissionerhasinitiatedandpursued…withtheaimof….3.Notes：Inthesentence,asecretariatcapableof…meansasecretariatthatiscapableof….Andalsointhesentence,…provide…to…meansto…provideinorderto….Inthesecondsentence,…withprimaryobjectivebeingtomaketheenjoyment…isanabsolutenominalconstruction.Againinthesecondsentence,…make…arealityforallpeopleassumesthestructureofmake+object+objectcomplement.InItisessentialthat…inthelastsentence,thethatclauseservesastherealsubject,anditservesastheformalsubject.Theclauseisinsubjunctivemood.Alsointhesentence,thereisapatternofaccordsomebodysomething.B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Ofthefivesentencestheselectionconsistsof,thefirst,thefourthandthelastareperiodicwhiletheothertwoareloosesentences.Thethreesentencesareregardedasperiodicinthatthefirstsentencebeginswithanadjectivephrase;thefourthbeginswithaprepositionalphrasewhilethelastbeginswithaformalsubject,keepingtherealsubjectfurtherback.Alsointhelastsentence,thereisaparentheticstructureembedded,asdiscussedinthegrammaticalanalysis.2.Structuralcomplication：allthesentencesarestructurallycomplicatedtosomeextentthoughmostofthemarecomplicatedatphrasallevelratherthanatsententiallevel.Forexample,inthefirstsentence,thetwopastparticiplesinthepredicateareincoordination;andthereareanumberofprepositionalphrasestogetherwithanadjectivephraseandaninfinitivephrase.Inthesecondsentence,thereisanabsolutenominalconstructiontogetherwithotherstructuralcomplications;andothersentencesarecomplicatedinsimilarways.Inaddition,allthesentencesvaryinlength,rhetoricstructureandgrammaticalstructure.3.Structuralformality：Allthesentencesarestructurallyformalfortheirgrammaticalcompletenessandfreedomfromanycolloquialstructure.4.Parallelstructure：Parallelstructurearefrequentlyused,forexample,initiatedandvigorouslypursued;anever-growingnumberofmandatesandhumanrightschallengesaroundtheworld;principlesandnorms;andpromotingandprotecting.5.Lexicalcohesivedevice：Examplescouldbefoundasfollows:theHighCommissioner,commissionandhumanrightsarerepeated;initiativeisusedasapartialrepetitionforinitiate;andsoon.6.Lexicalformality：Formalwords,includingnominalizations,canbeeasilylocatedsuchascommissioner,initiate,vigorously,pursue,restructuring,andmanyothers.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:與此平行，高級專員已經(jīng)啟動了并不遺余力地追求人權(quán)中心改組，目的是確保書記處能夠提供最高的工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以有效地回應(yīng)不斷增長的官方要求和世界范圍內(nèi)的人權(quán)挑戰(zhàn)。人權(quán)專署是世界上唯一的論壇，其主要目的是讓享受人權(quán)成為所有的人的一種現(xiàn)實(shí)。這個(gè)目的的達(dá)到，只有通過將原則和規(guī)范轉(zhuǎn)換成影響人們生活方式的具體的做法。在這樣做的時(shí)候，人權(quán)專署也可以提供更大的動力，為正在采取的啟動行動的高級專員。下面的做法是有必要的，專署，作為致力于人權(quán)工作的最重要的論壇，必須為高級專員提供支持，為他更加增強(qiáng)決心來促進(jìn)和保護(hù)所有的人權(quán)。Comments:Thetranslationofthefirstthreesentences,thoughwordforword,sentenceforsentence,arebasicallyacceptable.Forinthetranslatingprocess,whatshouldbefrontedandreadjustedhasbeenfrontedandreadjustedalready.However,thatofthelasttwosentencesarebeyondtheChinesenorm,which,inthecaseofexpressingthesimilarideas,wouldrequiretwosentenceslikethis:在這樣做的時(shí)候，人權(quán)專署也可以為……提供更大的動力;and作為……，專署必須為……提供更多的支持，以便他……。這樣做是很有必要的.Thisanalysispointstothenecessityforimprovementtobemadeonthetranslation.Inaddition,與此平行attheverybeginningisnotatypicalChineseexpressionforthecontext;這個(gè)目的的達(dá)到，只有通過將原則和規(guī)范轉(zhuǎn)換成影響人們生活方式的具體的做法couldbereadjusted,andsoon.B)Translation2:同樣，高級專員已經(jīng)啟動并正在竭力追求重組人權(quán)中心，以確保書記處能夠提供最好的工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來有效地回應(yīng)日益增長的官方指令和世界范圍內(nèi)的人權(quán)挑戰(zhàn)。人權(quán)專署是唯一的世界論壇，其主要目的是將人人都享有人權(quán)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。這個(gè)目標(biāo)，只有通過將原則和規(guī)范都轉(zhuǎn)換成影響人們的生活方式的具體行動，才能達(dá)到。這樣做，人權(quán)專署就能為高級專員做好正在啟動的工作提供更大的動力。作為致力于人權(quán)工作的最重要的論壇，專署必須為高級專員提供必要的支持，以便他在促進(jìn)和維護(hù)所有的人權(quán)事務(wù)中能下更大的決心。Comments:Improvementshavebeenmadeonthereadability,coherenceandauthenticitywiththeproperchoiceofwordsandsentencepatterns.Forexample,thepatternsproposedintheabovecommentsarenowused;同樣issubstitutedfor與此平行;andreadjustmentsaremadeinaccordancewithwhatispreviouslycommentedonaboutothertranslations.Consequently,thetranslation,nowwithoutanyforeignizedstructure,ismuchmorereadable,coherentandauthentic.C)Translation3:與此同時(shí)，高級專員已經(jīng)啟動并孜孜以求于改組人權(quán)中心，以便秘書處能以最高工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)去有效應(yīng)對聯(lián)合國官員日益增長的要求和世界范圍的日益增長的挑戰(zhàn)。專署是世界上的唯一人權(quán)論壇，主要致力于實(shí)現(xiàn)人人享有人權(quán)。這個(gè)目標(biāo)，只有通過將原則和規(guī)范變?yōu)橛绊懭藗兊纳罘绞降木唧w行動，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。在實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的過程中，人權(quán)專署就能進(jìn)一步推動高級專員做好正在啟動的工作。作為最重要的人權(quán)論壇，專署必須為高級專員提供必要的支持，以便他痛下決心，來推進(jìn)和保護(hù)一切人權(quán)。Comments:Improvementsarefurthermadeonauthenticityandcoherencebyusingsuchexpressionsas與此同時(shí)；以便；主要在于，andsoon;andbyemployingthesentencepattern這個(gè)目標(biāo)，只有……，才能實(shí)andbysubstituting主要致力于實(shí)現(xiàn)人人享有人權(quán)and在實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的過程中，人權(quán)專署就能進(jìn)一步推動高級專員做好正在啟動的工作fortheprevious.Consequently,thetranslationsoundsmorelikeapieceofChinesewriting.3Thediverseramificationsoftheendofthecoldwarremainapalpablefactorintheworldeventoday,nearlyadecadelater.Thecessationofsuper-Powerrivalsandmilitaryconfrontationsetintrainawholehostofprogressivechangeswithinandamongcountries.Atthesametime,theinternationalcommunityisstillstrugglingwiththeadverseconsequencesofbipolarity’scollapse.Theinner-ethnicconflictsthatfollowedthebreak-upofseveralmulti-ethnicStates,whetherincentralAsiaortheformerYugoslavia,aretragiccasesinpoint.SomeoftheformerproxybattlegroundsofthecoldwarinAsiaandAfricacontinuetoreelfrominstability.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Theselectionconsistsoffivesentences,andallofthesentencesaresimpleinstructureexceptforthefourth,whichisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanattributiveclause.2.AdditionalcomplicationInthefirstsentence,nearlyadecadelaterisinappositiontotodaybeforeit,servinggrammaticallyastheappositiveandfunctionallytoexplainwhentodayis.Inthesecondsentence,thephrasesetintrainmeanscause…tohappen.Thethirdsentencebeginswithaprepositionalphrasewhilethefourthsentencehasaparentheticstructureembedded,thatis,whetherincentralAsiaortheformerYugoslavia.B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Theselectionconsistsoffivesentences,ofwhichthefirsttwoandtheverylastareloosesentenceswhilethetwointhemiddleareperiodic,forthebeginningwithaprepositionalphraseandtheinsertionofaparentheticstructurerespectively.However,attheendofthefirstsentence,thereisanounphraseservingasappositivetowhatgoesbeforeandaddingcomplexitytothesentencestructure.2.Structuralcomplication：Thestructurecomplicationofthethirdsentenceliesinitsbeginningwithaprepositionalphrase.Andthefourthsentencecontainsasubordinateclauseandaparentheticstructure.3.Structuralformality：Allthesentencesintheselectionareformalinstructureinthattheyareallgrammaticallycompleteandfreefromanycolloquialstructure.4.Parallelstructure：Intheselection,parallelstructuresarefrequentlyused,forexample,super-Powerrivalsandmilitaryconfrontation;withinandamong;centralAsiaortheformerYugoslavia;andAsiaandAfrica.5.Lexicalcohesivedevice：Examplescouldbeidentifiedasfollows:super-Powerrivalsisusedasaspecificationforcoldwar;internationalcommunityisusedasanearsynonymfortheworld;coldwarandmulti-ethnicarerepeated;conflictisusedasanearsynonymforconfrontation,andsoon.6.Lexicalformality：Formalwords,includingnominalizations,canbefoundthroughouttheselectionsuchasdiverse,ramification,palpable,cessation,confrontation,bipolarity,progressive,adverse,andmanyothers.C)Backgroundknowledge:(1)ThecoldwarreferstothecoldwarbetweentheformerSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates;(2)ThesuperpowersalsorefertotheformerSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates;(3)BipolarityreferstothetwopolesleadingbytheformerSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:冷戰(zhàn)的結(jié)束的各種分支甚至在今天的世界也能感受得到，已經(jīng)快十年過去了。超級大國的競爭和軍事對抗的停止，使國家內(nèi)部和國家之間發(fā)生了一系列循序漸進(jìn)的變化，變化的安排是恰當(dāng)?shù)?。同時(shí)，國際大家庭仍然在同兩極對抗崩潰的壞的后果作斗爭。跟著幾個(gè)多民族國家的解體，內(nèi)部民族沖突，不管是在中亞還是在前南斯拉夫，都是悲劇的例子。在亞洲和非洲的某些從前的冷戰(zhàn)代理戰(zhàn)場由于不穩(wěn)定仍在繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。Comments:Theaboveisbasicallyaword-for-wordtranslationthoughsomeoftheprepositionalphrasesarefrontedinthetranslatingprocessaccordingtoChinesenorms.Consequently,improperstructuringandwordingcanbefoundhereandthere.Forexample,已經(jīng)快十年過去了isinappropriatelyplacedattheendofthesentenceandisnecessarytobetranspositioned;變化的安排是恰當(dāng)?shù)膇semployedasthetranslationofsetintrain,whichsoundsexoticandmayprobablybeamistranslation;thepuzzlingexpressionof某些從前的冷戰(zhàn)代理戰(zhàn)場由于不穩(wěn)定仍在繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),puzzlingforitsexoticness,shouldberetranslated.B)Translation2:將近十年過去了，冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后的各種分化瓦解，在今天的世界上仍然可以感覺得到。超級大國之間的競爭和軍事對抗的停止，使國家內(nèi)部和國家之間發(fā)生了一系列循序漸進(jìn)的有利變化。同時(shí)，國際社會仍然在同兩極對抗崩潰后的負(fù)面影響作斗爭。隨著某些多民族國家的解體，國內(nèi)的民族對立，無論是在中亞還是在前南斯拉夫，都是悲劇的例子。在亞洲和非洲某些從前的冷戰(zhàn)次戰(zhàn)場由于不穩(wěn)定仍然危機(jī)四伏。Comments:Improvementsaremadeonthefirsttranslationwhen將近十年過去了istranspositioned;變化的安排是恰當(dāng)?shù)腶nd某些從前的冷戰(zhàn)代理戰(zhàn)場由于不穩(wěn)定仍在繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)areretranslated,andsoon.Consequently,allthestructuralproblemsaresolvedandthetranslationisimprovedintermsofauthenticity,coherenceandreadability.However,thereisstillmuchroomforfurtherimprovement.C)Translation3:隨著冷戰(zhàn)的結(jié)束，各種力量分崩離析，將近十年過去了，其影響在今天的世界上仍難以消除。超級大國停止了競爭和軍事對抗，促使國家內(nèi)部和國家之間發(fā)生了許多有利的變化。盡管如此，國際社會仍然在同兩極對抗崩潰后的負(fù)面影響作斗爭。某些多民族國家解體之后，國內(nèi)發(fā)生民族對抗，無論是在中亞還是在前南斯拉夫，都是悲劇。在亞洲和非洲，某些從前冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的第二戰(zhàn)場，由于兩級對抗崩潰了，力量均衡打破了，依舊危機(jī)四伏。Comments:Thepresenttranslationischaracterizedbythefrequentuseofverbsfornounsandoftheexplicationtechniquetobringouttheimpliedmeaningsoftheoriginal,forexample,都是悲劇性的;冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的第二戰(zhàn)場;由于兩極對抗崩潰了，力量均衡打破了,依舊危機(jī)四伏,etc.Inaddition,盡管如此isnowemployedtotranslateatthesametime,achoicemadeinaccordancewiththecontextratherthanwiththeoriginalwording.4Statesthatwereheldtogetherbytheirperceivedstrategicutilitytoonesideortheotherinsomeinstanceshavesufferedgravelyasaresult;thiswastrue,forexample,intheHornofAfricaearlierinthedecade,andmostrecentlyintheformerZaire.ThehelpofallStates,especiallythosethatplayedleadingrolesincoldwar,isnecessarytoundoitsremainingsocial,economicandpoliticaldistortions.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Theselectionconsistsoftwosentences,ofwhichthefirstisacompoundcomplexsentence,containingtwocoordinateclausesconnectedbyasemi-colon,andinthefirstclause,thereisanattributiveclauseembedded.Thesecondisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanattributiveclausebutembeddedintheparenthesis.2.Additionalcomplication：Thesubjectandthepredicateofthemainclauseofthefirstsentenceiskeptfarapartbytheattributiveclauseandforexampleisembeddedasaparenthesis3.Notes：Thebackbonestructureofthefirstclauseinthefirstsentencecanbereducedintosomethinglikethis:states…h(huán)avesuffered….Thesecondsentencehasespeciallythosethatplayedleadingrolesincoldwarembeddedasaparenthesis,andthebackbonestructureofthesentencewouldbesomethinglikethis:thehelp…isnecessarytoundo….B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Theselectionconsistsoftwoperiodicsentences,eachfortheinsertionofaparentheticstructurerespectivelyandeachofthetwosentencesisstructurallyfurthercomplicatedbytheembeddingofasubordinateclause.2.Structuralformality：Thetwosentencesareformalinstructureinthattheyarebothgrammaticallycompleteandfreefromanycolloquialstructure.3.Parallelstructure：Theselectionismadefurtherpeculiarinthatitispopularwithparallelconstructions,forexample,toonesideortheother;intheHornofAfricaearlierinthedecade,andmostrecentlyintheformerZaire;social,economicandpolitical.4.Lexicalcohesivedevice：examplescouldbefoundasfollows:theotherisanellipticstructureoftheotherside;thewordstatesisrepeated;thoseisasubstituteforthestates,andsoon.5.Lexicalformality：Itisalsopopularwithformalwords,includingnominalizations,suchasperceive,strategic,utility,instance,especially,economic,political,distortionandsoon.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:那些被見到的戰(zhàn)略利益將它們在有些場合同這邊或同那邊捆在一起的國家結(jié)果已經(jīng)遭遇得很嚴(yán)重。這是真的，例如，這十年中的頭幾年的非洲的好望角和最近的原扎伊爾。幫助所有這些國家，尤其是那些在冷戰(zhàn)中起領(lǐng)頭作用的國家是必要的，以便它們解除仍然存在在那兒的政治的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的和政策的扭曲。Comments：Translation1isapureword-for-wordtranslationexceptforthetranspositionofsomeoriginallysubordinateclausesintoproperpositionsintheChinesesense.Consequently,thereadabilityofsuchatranslationcouldbechallenged.Forexample,thefirstsentenceinthetranslationistoolong;someexpressionssuchas遭遇得很嚴(yán)重;這十年中的頭幾年的非洲的好望角;解除……扭曲andothersarenottypicalChineseandarenotreadableeither.B)Translation2:由于明顯的戰(zhàn)略利益，那些在有些場合同這邊或那些捆綁在一起的國家，結(jié)果遭遇很慘。例如，在前幾年的非洲好望角和最近的前扎伊爾都是如此。幫助所有這些國家，尤其是那些在冷戰(zhàn)中起領(lǐng)頭羊作用的國家，是必要的，以便它們擺脫社會的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的和政治的影響。Comments:Thepresenttranslationismuchimprovedintermsbothofsentencepatternandvocabularybyfrontingthe由于……clause;using例如，……都是如此totranslateitwastrue,…;幫助……擺脫…

是必要的,etc.andsuchexpressionsas領(lǐng)頭羊;擺脫……影響,etc.Consequently,thepresenttranslationismuchmorereadableandauthenticintheChinesesense.C)Translation3:出于眼前的戰(zhàn)略需要，有些國家時(shí)而站在冷戰(zhàn)的這一方，時(shí)而站在冷戰(zhàn)的那一方，結(jié)局都很凄慘。前幾年非洲的好望角和最近的前扎伊爾都是這樣。幫助這些國家，尤其是那些在冷戰(zhàn)中沖鋒陷陣的國家，從政治上、經(jīng)濟(jì)上、政策上擺脫冷戰(zhàn)的陰影，是必要的。Comments:Thepresenttranslationfindsitselfdifferentfromthepreviousintheemploymentofsuchnewsentencesasthefirsttwoandtheemploymentofsuchnewexpressionsas出于眼前的戰(zhàn)略需要;時(shí)而站在……,時(shí)而站在……;沖鋒陷陣;擺脫陰影,etc.Consequently,thetranslationismuchmorereadable,coherentandauthentic,thoughintheChinesesense.Apparently,intheprocess,explicationtechniqueisrepeatedlyused,forexample,冷戰(zhàn)的isrepeatedlyinserted;沖鋒陷陣isusedtotranslateplayedleadingroleswithmeaningamplified,andsoon.5Asecondfundamentalforcereshapingtheworldtodayisglobalization,itisperhapsthemostprofoundsourceofinternationaltransformationsincetheindustrialrevolutionbegantoturnexternaltradeintoaroutinefeatureofinternationallife.Beginninginthe1960s,withthelimitedliftingofcapitalcontrolsandthegradualemergenceofmultinationalmanufacturingfirms,financialmarketshavebecomeincreasinglyintegratedandtheproductionofgoodsandservicestransnationalized.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Thepresentselectionconsistsoftwosentences,ofwhichthefirstisacompoundcomplexsentence,containingtwocoordinateclauses,ofwhichthesecondiscomplexinstructure,composedofamainclauseandanadverbialclauseoftime.Thesecondsentenceissimpleinstructure.2.Additionalcomplication：thecoordinateclausesinthefirstsentencearelooselyconnectedandtheycanbechangedintoeitheracompoundsentence:Asecondfundamentalforceis…globalizationanditisperhapsthemostprofoundsourceof…orintoacomplexsentence:Asecondfundamentalforce…isglobalization,whichisperhapsthemost….Thesecondsentencebeginswithapresentparticiplephrasefollowedbyaprepositionalphrase,whichisparentheticinstructure.B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Thefirstsentenceislooseinstructurewhilethesecondisaperiodicsentenceforthebeginningwithapresentparticiplephraseandtheembeddingofaparenthesisintheformofaprepositionalphrase.2.Structuralcomplication：Thetwosentencesarecomplicatedinthatthefirstsentencehasasubordinateclauseembeddedwhilethesecondhasacomplicatedbeginning.Inaddition,theselectionisformalinstructureforthegrammaticalcompletenessandfreedomfromcolloquialstructures.3.Parallelstructure：Intheselection,parallelstructurescanbeidentified,forexample,thelimitedliftingofcapitalcontrolsandthegradualemergenceofmultinationalmanufacturingfirms;andfinancialmarketshavebecomeincreasinglyintegratedandtheproductionofgoodsandservicestransnationalized.4.Lexicalcohesivedevice：

examplescanbeeasilyfound,forinstance,internationaltransformationisusedwiththemeaningofreshapingtheworld;andglobalization,international,multinational,andtransnationalizedareusedassynonymsthoughofdifferentpartsofspeech.5.Lexicalformality：Theselectioncontainsmanyformalwords,includingnominalizations,suchasfundamental,reshape,globalization,profound,international,revolution,transformation,multinational,translationalize,andmanyothers.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:第二個(gè)改變今天的世界的基本力量是全球化，這或許是國際改造的最深刻的源泉，自從工業(yè)革命開始將對外貿(mào)易變成國際生活的一種日常特征。1960年代開始，由于資本限制的有限解除，由于多國生產(chǎn)公司的漸漸出現(xiàn)，金融市場已經(jīng)在不斷整合，物資生產(chǎn)、服務(wù)生產(chǎn)也跨國化了。Comments:Thetranslationofthefirstsentencerunsaslongastheoriginalwithoutanystructurechangeandthatofthesecondsentenceisalsoaword-for-word,clause-for-clausetranslation.Thetwotranslationssoundawkwardtosomeextentthoughtolerablyacceptable.Butstrictlyspeaking,自從工業(yè)革命開始將對外貿(mào)易變成國際生活的一種日常特征shouldbefrontedwithrewordings.However,inotherparts,readjustmentsaremade,thoughlocally,forexample,inthelastsentenceofthetranslation,由于and生產(chǎn)arerepeatedforthesakeofauthenticity.B)Translation2:當(dāng)前，第二個(gè)重組世界的基本力量是全球化，這或許是自工業(yè)革命開始將對外貿(mào)易變成國際生活的日常特征以來的最深刻的國際改組的力量之源。從二十世紀(jì)六十年代起，由于資本限制的有限解除，由于跨國生產(chǎn)公司的逐步出現(xiàn)，金融市場日趨整合，物資與服務(wù)生產(chǎn)也日趨國際化。Comments:Improvementsaremadeinthefirstsentenceofthetranslationinthat自工業(yè)革命開始isnowfrontedtoitsusualpositionintheChinesesense,andinthesecondsentenceofthetranslationinthatlocalreadjustmentsaremade.However,這或許是自工業(yè)革命開始將對外貿(mào)易變成國際生活的日常特征以來的最深刻的國際改組的力量之源isunusuallylong,evenlongerthanthecorrespondingpartintheprevioustranslation,andwithoutanyrewordingidentified.C)Translation3:今天，全球化成了重組世界的第二大基本力量。由于工業(yè)革命，對外貿(mào)易在國際生活中不可或缺，自那以來，全球化就成了國際關(guān)系重組的重要的源泉。自二十世紀(jì)六十年代起，由于資本限制的有限解禁，由于多國制造公司的逐步出現(xiàn)，金融市場日趨整合，物資生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)也日趨跨國化了。Comments:Greatchangescannowbewitnessedinthetranslationofthefirstoriginalsentencetogetherwithsomelocalreadjustmentsmadeonthetranslationofthesecond.Specificallyspeaking,thelongclauseisnowchoppedshortwithnecessaryreadjustmentsmade;and今天，全球化成了重組世界的第二大基本力量。由于工業(yè)革命，對外貿(mào)易在國際生活中不可或缺，自那以來，全球化就成了國際關(guān)系重組的重要的源泉isatotallynewtranslation.Andinthelastsentenceofthetranslation,物資生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)issubstitutedfortheprevious,andsoon.Consequently,thepresenttranslationismorereadable,coherentandauthentic.Exercises:1Theyconsideredthatsuchworkisofparticularrelevanceinhelpingdevelopingcountries,inparticulargovernmentsandSMEs,tobetterunderstandandparticipateinprocessesunderwayinotherintergovernmentalorganizationsdealingwithtelecommunicationsandtheirtradeapplications,inparticulartheInternationalTelecommunicationsUnionandWorldTradeOrganization.2ThemeetingconsideredthattherecommendationsmadebytheUnitedNationsInternationalSymposiumonTradeEfficiencyinthesectoroftelecommunicationsremainavalidbasisforthecontinuationofintergovernmentalactivitiesintheareaofthetelecommunications,businessfacilitationandtradeefficiency.TheexpertsunderlinedthatUNCTADshouldpursueitsworkinthisareabycomplementingUNISTErecommendationsthroughtheconsiderationofanumberofrecenttrendsandevents,whichhavebeenandwillcontinuetobeofcriticalimportanceforthecompetitivenessofenterprises,especiallysmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,intheyearstocome.3Suchtrendsandeventsincludeinparticular:(a)Thecontinuationoftheliberalizationandprivatizationprocessespursuedbyagrowingnumberofcountriesinthesectoroftelecommunicationsservicesandequipment;theseprocesseshavebeenreinforcedbytherecentWTOAgreementsonInformationTechnologyandonBasicTelecommunicationsServices.(b)Thecontinuationofthetrendtowardslowerpricesforinternationaltelecommunicationsservices;(c)Theacceleratedadventofnewinfrastructuressuchaslowearthorbitingsatellitesystems;(d)TherapidexpansionoftheInternet,whichwillhavefar-reachingconsequencesonthewaysinwhichindividualsandenterprisesaccessandprovideinformation,inparticularforthepurposeofbusinesstransactions.4Sincedialogueisaninteractionprocess,notanevent,itmustbestructured,relevant,transparent,andrepresentative,and