藥學(xué)專業(yè)英語視聽教程 課件 lecture 2 Microbiology

中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityLectureTwoMicrobiology中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitymacrophagecytokineepidemicconjugationchromosome中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

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phageproteaseplaceboallergy中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitybeingsmallestinsizeaffectingneworganismsviruseshavetoinvadebodycellformultiplicationbeingunabletosurviveoutsidethehostforlong中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitydon’tcauseanydiseasedigestionyouhaveweakimmunitymostlysimpleandcomplaintssubsidebythemselvesareonlyeffectiveagainstbacterialinfectionwashingyourhands,coveringyourmouthwithtissuepaperorclothwheneveryoucoughorsneezetakingpropercareoflittlewoundsbydisinfectingthemVaccine中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityprogenychromosomes,genomesself-transmissiblehorizontal中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitycomplementaryextracellularCompetencygeneticrecombination中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyspore[sp??(r)]孢子germinate[?d???m?ne?t]萌芽，開始生長incubator[???kjube?t?(r)]（細(xì)菌）培養(yǎng)箱allergic[??l??d??k]過敏的species[?spi??i?z]種genus[?d?i?n?s]屬rash[r??]皮疹中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.WhatdidFlemingfindwhenhereturnedtothelabaftervacation?HefoundaPetridishwascontaminatedbyacolonyofmoldandnobacteriagrewinthezonesurroundingthiscolonyofmold.Fleminghypothesizedthatthemoldwassecretingsomekindofcompoundthatcouldkillthebacteria.PenicilliumcolonyStaphylococciundergoinglysisNormalStaphylococcalcolony中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Howdoespenicillindestroybacteria?Penicillindisruptsthesynthesisofthecellwallandpreventsitfrombeingreconstructedatacriticalphase.Meanwhile,penicillinstimulatesthe

releaseofhighlyreactivemolecules

thatcauseadditionaldamage.Thetwomechanismsworktogethertomakethecell’sstructurebreak

downcompletely.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityBecausemethodsfortheisolationandmassiveproductionofpenicillinhadn’tbeensuccessfullydeveloped.3.WhydidpenicillinremainalaboratorycuriositymanyyearsafterFleming’sdiscovery?4.Whydomanypeoplehavethemisperceptionthattheyareallergictopenicillin?Manypatientsmistakenlyattributethedevelopmentofrashafterpenicillintreatmenttoallergy.Actually,themorelikelyculpritistheoriginalinfection,orareactionbetweentheinfectionandtheantibiotic.Genuinepenicillinallergiesrarelyoccur.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyemergencyuseauthorization緊急使用授權(quán)（atoolthattheFDAcanusetomakeaproductavailableduringapandemicwithoutfullevidenceofsafetyandeffectiveness）Paxlovid帕克洛維nirmatrelvir奈瑪特韋ritonavir利托那韋remdesivir瑞德西韋hospitaladmission[?h?sp?tl?d?m??n]入院、住院tolerate[?t?l?re?t]（對藥物）耐受antiarrhythmic[‘,?nt??’r?em?k]抗心律失常藥antipsychotic[?nt?sa?k?t?k]抗精神病藥中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.ForthepurposeofdealingwithCOVID-19,whatdoyouthinkaretheadvantagesoforaldrugsovervaccines?EasyandconvenientstorageandtransportationSelf-administeredandpain-free

Thesimplest,mostconvenient,andsafestmeansofdrugadministration

Providetreatmentoptionwhenvaccinesfailtopreventtheinfection中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.DoyouknowotherdrugcombinationsthatcanproducesynergisticeffectasinthecaseofPaxlovid?PaxlovidNirmatrelvir:apotentproteaseinhibitortargetingaproteasethatcutsproteinsneededbySARS-CoV-2forviralreplicationRitonavir:apotentinhibitorofP450thatisinvolvedinthemetabolismofnirmatrelvir中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityAssignment:searchforthesynergisticmechanismoflevodopaandcarbidopacombinationforthetreatmentofParkinson'sdiseaseLevodopaisaprodrugofdopamine;Levodopaisabletocrosstheblood-brainbarrierandthenmetabolisedbydecarboxylasetodopamine;Carbidopaisadecarboxylaseinhibitorlikethatpreventslevodopametabolismuntilafterithascrossedtheblood-brainbarrier.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.WhatarethemajorclinicalbenefitsofPaxlovidaccordingtotheinterimdataofphase2andphase3studies?PatientswhotookPaxlovidwithinthreedaysofCOVIDsymptomshadan89%lowerriskofhospitaladmissionordeathwhencomparedtoaplacebogroup;Patientstreatedwithinfivedaysofsymptomonsethadsimilarreductionsintheriskofhospitaladmissionordeath;SimilarratesofadverseeventswerereportedforPaxlovid

andplacebogroups,indicatingthatthetreatmentwaswelltolerated;PatientswhoreceivedPaxlovidhadasignificantlylowerrateofseriousadverseevents.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyedge（微弱的）優(yōu)勢staphylococcusaureus[?st?f?l??k?k?s][???r??s]金黃色葡萄球菌MRSA(methicillin-resistantstaphylococcusaureus)耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌salmonella[s?lm?nel?]沙門氏菌

E.coli[?i??k??la?]大腸桿菌pneumonia[nju??m??ni?]肺炎

sepsis[?seps?s]膿毒癥β-lactamantibiotics[?l?kt?m]β-內(nèi)酰胺類抗生素oxacillin[??ks??s?l?n]苯唑西林

quinolone[?kw?n??l??n]喹諾酮類抗生素中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityTrueorFalse1.Therearemoremicrobialcellsinaperson'sbodythanhumancells.2.Mostofthehugenumberofbacterialcellsinsideyoucancauseharmfulinfections.3.Allantibioticsareproducedfromnaturalsourceslikemold.4.Antibioticscankillorinhibitthegrowthofbacteria,andtheyarealsoharmfultohumancells.5.Someantibioticsstopworkingbecausetherearesomeproblemswiththeseantibioticsthemselves.6.Abacteriumoftenundergoesmutationsandmanyofthese

mutationsaremeaningful,forexample,makingitresistanttoacertainantibiotic.7.Reproductionistheonlywaytopasstheresistantgene.中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Howdobacteriabecomeresistantandhowdotheypasstheresistantgenes?----vertical(reproduction)----horizontal(DNAreleasedbydeadbacteriaispickedupbyanotherbacterium,conjugation/connectingthroughpilitosharethegenes)----mutations;----killingofnon-resistancebacteriainantibiotic-richenvironmentleavesmoreroomandresourcesfortheresistantonesCauses:Transferofresistantgenes:中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Accordingtothevideoclip,whatarethemechanismsthatbacteriausetobecomesuperbugs?BacteriaMechanismofresistanceMRSASalmonellaE.coliagenethatreplacestheprotein(that)beta-lactamsnormallytargetandbindtokeepsthecellwallsynthesisunaffectedproduceenzymeslikebeta-lactamasethatbreakdownantibioticattackersbeforetheycandoanydamagepreventtheentryofsomeantibioticslikequinolonesbyactivelybootinganyinvaders中國藥科大學(xué)ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Whatmeasureshavebeentakentocurbthedevelopmentofresistance?ThedevelopmentofnoveltreatmentsisprioritizedbyWHO;Alternativesolutionssuchasphagetherapyorusingvacc