高等水文學(xué)水箱模型

主要內(nèi)主要內(nèi)流域水文模擬水箱3.3Regime-水箱的應(yīng)流域水流域水文模擬概模擬和模模擬和模趙人俊《流域水文模擬》Anassemblageofinter-elementscomprisingAnassemblageofinter-elementscomprisingaunifiedFromtheLatinandGreek,theterm"system"meaning…tocombine,tosetup,toplacetogether.Asub-systemisasystemwhichispartofanotherTypicallyconsistsofcomponents,connectedtogethertofacilitatetheflowofinformation,matterorenergyUsedtodescribesetofthingswhichinteractandforwhichamathematicalmodelcanbeconstructed.H.P.Gupta,System=ComponentsandboundaryAnengineeringexampleoftenSystem=ComponentsandboundaryAnengineeringexampleoftengivenforasystemisanelectricalcircuit.AhydrologicexampleisawatershedH.P.Gupta,SystemSystemTime-ComponentsofComponentsofwatershedFunctionsofwatershedFunctionsofwatershedWageneretal.,2007,GeographyConceptualdescriptionConceptualdescriptionofthemodelbuildingandevaluationprocessH.V.Gupta,etal.,2008,Hydrol.模型分水模型分水文兩類Kumar,Kumar,水文模型水文模型分VenTeChowetal.,AppliedHydrology,水文模型水文模型分Freeze&Harlan,3.2箱3.2箱模一、基本概一、基本概一、一、基本概由日本菅原正巳在20世紀(jì)50年代提流域在降雨徑流響應(yīng)中的功能簡化為蓄水與出流的關(guān)系，以水箱的蓄水深為控制，水箱形狀可可靈活組合，如串聯(lián)、并聯(lián)、串并聯(lián)一、基一、基本概不同形狀的一、基本一、基本概一、基本概型一、基本概型二、水箱模型的計(jì)算1.平衡方程和本構(gòu)關(guān)二、水箱模型的計(jì)算1.平衡方程和本構(gòu)關(guān)平衡本構(gòu)模型的計(jì)算例（離散計(jì)算例（離散i）若蓄水高為50mm流出量：0+(25-流出量下滲量30mm i）若蓄水高為50mm流出量：0+(25-流出量下滲量30mm 二、水箱模型的計(jì)算系統(tǒng)的狀二、水箱模型的計(jì)算系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)變量和計(jì)算解析計(jì)算的例子（單水箱，無須離散1）只有一個(gè)水箱（無注水解析計(jì)算的例子（單水箱，無須離散1）只有一個(gè)水箱（無注水dhqqqdh1解析計(jì)算的例子（無須離散2）只有一個(gè)水箱（有注水r(t解析計(jì)算的例子（無須離散2）只有一個(gè)水箱（有注水r(t)qtr(tq(t)ed0q(t)(h(t)()i01dhr(q(t)(h(t)()i01dhr(t)q(t)i(t)dt0i)01q(t)c101e(i(t) 001若r(t)不等于K(t)1q(t)若r(t)不等于K(t)1q(t)0K(t)1i(t)0r(t(K(t)d0101循以01為系數(shù)的指數(shù)降低函數(shù)。的形式不變，只是遞減系數(shù)012，所以當(dāng)三、水箱模型的三、水箱模型的應(yīng)最上層水箱水時(shí)的出流第二層水箱洪水向基流的過渡第三層水箱—基流第四層水22———00555流河00555流河A段：2日間流量減半定義日遞減系D1 A段：2日間流量減半定義日遞減系D1 0)日遞減系數(shù)與衰減系數(shù)c有如下關(guān)系clog(1)(1(1e2301c1日間流量減為1＝0.6010c1日間流量減為1＝0.6010c下滲孔BI初始貯留高003、計(jì)算流出量與各孔參數(shù)大小之間的關(guān)3、計(jì)算流出量與各孔參數(shù)大小之間的關(guān)上孔降低，系數(shù)減小。注意組合情4下孔入滲孔減峰值和下降段偏小，入滲孔4下孔入滲孔減峰值和下降段偏小，入滲孔減峰值和下降段偏大，入滲孔增5TA流域面時(shí)段5TA流域面時(shí)段6、具體計(jì)算步6、具體計(jì)算步11pq0b為頂部水箱（b為頂部水箱（＋＋）的0.2114R(1Cmli計(jì)算用降雨實(shí)測降雨1按高程分按月的調(diào)整系按高程的調(diào)整系例：日本神流川i12340123456789110000例：日本神流川i1234012345678911000000日本典型初始水箱模型日本典型初始水箱模型四、水箱模四、水箱模型的擴(kuò)一、增設(shè)土壤二、雙層土壤水層結(jié)1 c(1二、雙層土壤水層結(jié)1 c(1xs20csc一般c00.5mmcs b(1xp)10cpb0b3mm/ 三、并聯(lián)三、并聯(lián)三、并聯(lián)三、并聯(lián)應(yīng)用于非濕潤假三、并三、并聯(lián)河槽調(diào)蓄并聯(lián)水箱模五、水箱模五、水箱模型總水箱水箱模型屬于什么模物理物理參考參考M.Sugawara,E.Ozaki,1991,RunoffAnalysisoftheChangJiang(theYaungtzeRiver),HydrologicalSciences,Vol.36,No.2,135-152.3Thetablebelow(next3Thetablebelow(nextpage)showsrainfall-dischargeobservationsatKannawhichhasacatchmentareaof373.6km2.isthefloodflowwithbaseflowQoUsetheTankmodelcomputationmethodhandedouttodecidetimestepandcalibrateatankmodelofthestructureshownbelowtocomputethedischargefromtheriver.Makeaplotofsimilartoshowninthedischargediagrambelow.Youmayusetheparametersofthetoptankshown.Findtheproperparametersforthebottomtank.Time(hour)QobQ’ob000000000Time(hour)QobQ’ob00000000000Peakdischargeisreducedbyhalfinabout5hrs.Thereforeforasimpletank,.5y0/y0=Exp(-a5),whichgivesa=0.14.Nowifsimulationisdoeforthiscase,thepeakshapeissimilarbutthecomputedpeakdischargeisabout1.4timestheobservedpeakdischarge.Therefore,aninfiltrationcomponentisintroducedtoremovetheexcess.Therunoffcoefficientsforthetoptankisdeterminedas0.14/1.4=0.1.Thebalance(0.14-0.1)=0.04isassignedtob0.AtthispointtherunoffcomponentisPeakdischargeisreducedbyhalfinabout5hrs.Thereforeforasimpletank,.5y0/y0=Exp(-a5),whichgivesa=0.14.Nowifsimulationisdoeforthiscase,thepeakshapeissimilarbutthecomputedpeakdischargeisabout1.4timestheobservedpeakdischarge.Therefore,aninfiltrationcomponentisintroducedtoremovetheexcess.Therunoffcoefficientsforthetoptankisdeterminedas0.14/1.4=0.1.Thebalance(0.14-0.1)=0.04isassignedtob0.Atthispointtherunoffcomponentisdividedintotwotoaccommodatetheshapeoftherisingandfallinglimbsofthehydrograph.Theheightofthealloutletisdecidedtomatchthestartingpointofthehydrograph.Ofthetworunoffoutlets,thetopoutletcoefficientisgenerallylargerthantheloweroutlet.（時(shí)間滯后2小時(shí)）3′：在模擬3′：在模擬中嘗試水箱結(jié)構(gòu)和本構(gòu)關(guān)3.3Hydrological3.3Hydrological-基于TANK模型的流域分類研Robinson&Sivapalan,問題的背問題的背洪水頻率分析中資料的一致性無資料地區(qū)的洪水頻率分析如何判定相似流域理解過程理解過程控制機(jī)理的洪水頻率分析是從數(shù)據(jù)出發(fā)對洪水進(jìn)行分析，這在條件變化地區(qū)和無資料地區(qū)是遠(yuǎn)決定一個(gè)流域洪水特性的降雨的特降雨的特性-時(shí)間尺StormWithin-stormBetween-stormSeasonal(intra-annual)rainfallInter-annualrainfall虹吸式自虹吸式自記雨量計(jì)記錄場次降雨特性的特amount）：為一場次降雨特性的特amount）：為一定時(shí)段內(nèi)的降雨量duration）：一次降雨所降雨歷時(shí)Rainfallintensity)：降雨降雨強(qiáng)度過程線降雨的空間-時(shí)間降雨的空間-時(shí)間變化規(guī)面平均雨深~面積~歷時(shí)曲面平均雨深~面積流域的特流域的特面積、地形、地貌、土壤、降雨徑流流域的前期濕潤流域響應(yīng)時(shí)間問Howdothe問Howdothevarioustimescalesassociatedwithrainfallandcatchmentresponsemanifestinacatchment'sfloodingresponseandthefloodfrequencycurve?Howcaninteractionsbetweenthetime