專(zhuān)題四 任務(wù)型閱讀-2020版江蘇省高考英語(yǔ)大二輪復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)

考情分析命題規(guī)律命題預(yù)測(cè)高考任務(wù)型閱讀主要考查考生在限定的時(shí)間內(nèi)獲取信息、加工處理信息、綜合概括信息和表達(dá)信息的能力。相對(duì)于閱讀理解，它更注重對(duì)考生在語(yǔ)言輸入的基礎(chǔ)上加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言輸出能力的考查，要求對(duì)攝取信息進(jìn)行分析、概括、整理、理解并根據(jù)需要進(jìn)行綜合運(yùn)用，屬于綜合能力考查題?？碱}形式主要以表格形和樹(shù)狀形為主，文章體裁主要以議論文和說(shuō)明文為主，閱讀量大。統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表明：在近三年的江蘇高考任務(wù)型閱讀中，原詞再現(xiàn)題與詞義轉(zhuǎn)換歸納題所占的比例較大。1.文章一般在400－470詞之間。2．選材以議論文、說(shuō)明文為主。3．任務(wù)型閱讀側(cè)重考查語(yǔ)篇分析和文章脈絡(luò)的剖析，即考查文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和框架?？忌诜治隽私馕恼缕陆Y(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，認(rèn)真對(duì)照?qǐng)D表上所要完成的任務(wù)，逐一對(duì)照原文進(jìn)行信息的篩選。4．任務(wù)型閱讀要求考生不但要掌握具體事實(shí)情節(jié)，又要理解其深層含義，包括作者的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)、意圖等，掌握所讀材料的主旨大意、中心思想；既要理解文章的含義及邏輯關(guān)系，又要根據(jù)其含義及邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷和推理，運(yùn)用材料中的信息去理解、分析問(wèn)題。5．大部分題目選擇需從全文出發(fā)，根據(jù)前后語(yǔ)境或行文邏輯才能作出判斷，體現(xiàn)了“突出語(yǔ)篇”的命題風(fēng)格。2020年高考任務(wù)型閱讀將繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持在詞匯轉(zhuǎn)換、句式轉(zhuǎn)換、段落歸納能力的考查的基礎(chǔ)上，加強(qiáng)對(duì)考生文章大意、文章結(jié)構(gòu)、提綱和框架的考查。同時(shí)會(huì)加大對(duì)題目信息的尋找難度，考查考生能力的考點(diǎn)會(huì)相對(duì)增加。[學(xué)生用書(shū)P88]一、常用閱讀方法1．掃讀掃讀圖表，分析表格結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容，理清其顯示的層次關(guān)系，明確任務(wù)要求。要特別注意表格前的小標(biāo)題，它通常就是段落和表格的主題句。一般題目的結(jié)構(gòu)是：(1)全文的標(biāo)題：在標(biāo)題中缺少一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，根據(jù)文章填出所缺的關(guān)鍵詞。(2)各段大意：試題中給出各段大意，在給出的信息中缺少一些關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容，學(xué)生把文章的各段對(duì)應(yīng)起來(lái)，找準(zhǔn)信息。(3)對(duì)各段大意的詳細(xì)的闡述：從文章各段或分散在全文的對(duì)應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn)出發(fā)，這要求學(xué)生有高度駕馭語(yǔ)篇的能力，在文章中找到準(zhǔn)確的信息完成填空。2．略讀快速瀏覽全文，尤其是每段的第一句話(huà)，即主題句和首尾段落，理清文章的寫(xiě)作思路和基本框架結(jié)構(gòu)，以便加深對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的了解。同時(shí)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)往往也是很重要的設(shè)題線(xiàn)索。表格項(xiàng)目可能就是根據(jù)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)而設(shè)計(jì)的。3．細(xì)讀精讀與空格中要填的信息有關(guān)的文段，尋找確定答案的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，或從文中進(jìn)行概括，同時(shí)仔細(xì)斟酌用詞，確保填的是最恰當(dāng)詞的最恰當(dāng)形式。如填寫(xiě)時(shí)要注意所填單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式，看是否與表格中所給的格式相同，同時(shí)注意單詞的拼寫(xiě)、短語(yǔ)的搭配、所填詞匯的詞性、所填單詞是否符合題目要求，還要注意字母的大小寫(xiě)。4．復(fù)讀填寫(xiě)表格后要通讀所填內(nèi)容，通觀全篇，核對(duì)文章和任務(wù)，確保準(zhǔn)確性。二、常用突破方法1．閱讀文章前觀察圖表(表格的結(jié)構(gòu)和填空句的結(jié)構(gòu))認(rèn)真閱讀表格及其中的內(nèi)容，注意其橫向、縱向的類(lèi)別規(guī)律和表達(dá)方式。(1)是否有標(biāo)題/是否需要填標(biāo)題(利用所給標(biāo)題了解文章大意)。(2)瀏覽表格，大致了解文章結(jié)構(gòu)(利用已給信息了解文章主線(xiàn))。(3)是否需要統(tǒng)一的形式(短語(yǔ)類(lèi)還是句子類(lèi))。2．閱讀文章后進(jìn)行填詞(1)通覽全文，利用表格中的信息提示，準(zhǔn)確地在文中找到答案的信息來(lái)源。(2)選詞要盡可能完整，準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出文中信息(先確定詞意，再確定詞性，最后確定所選詞的適當(dāng)?shù)脑~形變化)。①動(dòng)詞要注意時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和非謂語(yǔ)形式的變化。②名詞要注意數(shù)和格的變化。③形容詞、副詞要注意各自不同的修飾功能和比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)。④連詞要注意行文的邏輯關(guān)系。⑤注意字母的大小寫(xiě)。3．填詞后通讀表格(1)再次確保答案與表格內(nèi)容的一致性。(2)注意語(yǔ)意是否流暢，確保語(yǔ)意和語(yǔ)法兩方面都正確。[典例]請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下面短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個(gè)最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意：每個(gè)空格只填一個(gè)單詞。Haveyoueverwonderedwhytherearesomanyskincolorsintheworld?Doyouknowwhypeoplelivinginparticularareasusuallyhaveacertaincolor?Biologyandhistoryarethetworeasonsforthis.Skincontainssomethingcalledmelanin，whichdeterminesaperson’sskincolor.Themoremelaninapersonhas，thedarkerhisorherskinwillbe.Theamountofandtheproductionofmelaninarecontrolledbygenetics，butcanbeaffectedbyotherthings，suchassunlight.Ifapersonlivesinaplacewithlesssunlight，aperson’sbodywillproducelessmelanin，makingtheskinlighter.Skincolorisalsoaffectedbyanothersource—vitamin D．HumansallneedvitaminDtobuildbones.Peoplecangetitbyeatingfoodssuchasfishandmilk，orfromsunlight，sosunlightabsorbedbymelanincannotbeusedforvitaminDproduction.Therefore，adark-skinnedpersonwillproducelessvitaminDthanalight-skinnedpersonwhentheyreceivethesameamountofsunlight.TheconnectionbetweenvitaminDproductionandskincolorisclearwhenwelookatevolution.TheearliesthumanslivedinAfrica，andtheyproducedlessvitaminDbecauseoftheirdarkskin.Asaresult，theirskinmadelessmelanin，sotheycouldgetenoughsunlighttoproducevitamin D．Theirskingraduallygotlighter.Now，peoplelivinginareaswithstrongsunlightlikeAfrica，havedarkerskin，whilepeoplelivinginotherareashavelighterskin.TheexceptiontothisistheInuit，wholiveinaplacewithlittlesunlight，buthavedarkskinbecausetheyeatalotoffishandhaveenoughvitamin D．Evolutionhasgivenusarainbowofskincolors.Humanshavealwayshadmelanintodetermineourskincolor.Whathaschangedthroughhistoryistheenvironmentwherewehavelived.Thishasinturnchangedourmelaninproduction，andeventually，skincolor.AWorldofSkinColorBrief1．__________________Peoplelivinginaparticular2.____________usuallyhavethesameskincolorandtherearemanydifferentskincolorsintheworld.ReasonsforskincolorsThereasonsfordifferentskincolorsmainly3.____________inbiologyandhistory.Biologyreasons?Theamountofmelanin，bywhichaperson’sskincoloris4.____________，variesfrompeopletopeople.Themoremelaninapersonhas，the5.____________hisorherskinwillbe.?VitaminDisanothersource6.____________skincolor.VitaminDisnecessaryforhumanstobuildbones.SunlightcontributestovitaminDintheskin.Historicalreasons?TheearliestpeopleinAfricahaddarkskin.?Whentheymovedtoplaceswheretheycouldnotgetenoughsunlightto7.____________vitaminD，theirskincolorbecamelighter.?Generallyspeaking，peopleinareaswithstrongsunlight，havedarkerskin8.____________peopleinotherareashavelighterskin.9.__________________Melanin10.____________animportantroleinourskincolor.Withourlivingenvironmentchanging，melaninproductionischanged，whichleadstothechangesinourskincolor.eq\a\vs4\al([解題思路])1．審題(1)審題目要求①是否可用文中的詞填寫(xiě)。②弄清字?jǐn)?shù)限制。此任務(wù)閱讀限定每個(gè)空格只填一個(gè)詞；對(duì)是否用文中的詞填寫(xiě)沒(méi)有限制，即可用文中的詞。(2)審任務(wù)設(shè)置類(lèi)型①表格式。(結(jié)構(gòu)常為對(duì)比陳述；通常分左右欄，左欄為文章提綱，右欄為文章細(xì)節(jié)。)此短文設(shè)置為表格任務(wù)型。左欄為文章提綱：briefintroduction，reasonsforskincolors，biologyreasons,historicalreasons，conclusion；右欄為支撐每一topic的細(xì)節(jié)。②樹(shù)狀式。(結(jié)構(gòu)常為先總后分；通常分上下框，上框?yàn)閠opicsentences，下框?yàn)閟upportingsentences。)2．閱讀(1)讀圖表(快速瀏覽，了解短文的寫(xiě)作提綱。)瀏覽圖表，了解：topicsentence1→details；topicsentence2→details...(2)讀短文①快讀：快速瀏覽全文，抓住文章主題，同時(shí)結(jié)合圖表，洞悉文章結(jié)構(gòu)。Paragraph1→Topicsentence1...②細(xì)讀：仔細(xì)閱讀，獲取充分信息，查出答題的對(duì)應(yīng)信息點(diǎn)。第一空Paragraph1歸納結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)詞；第二空對(duì)應(yīng)信息點(diǎn)為whypeopleliving_in_particular_areasusuallyhave...。第三空對(duì)應(yīng)信息點(diǎn)為Biologyandhistoryarethetworeasonsforthis.要求學(xué)會(huì)同義轉(zhuǎn)換。第四空對(duì)應(yīng)信息點(diǎn)為which_determines_aperson’sskincolor。第五空對(duì)應(yīng)信息點(diǎn)為．..thedarkerhisorherskinwillbe.。第六空對(duì)應(yīng)信息點(diǎn)為Skincolorisalsoaffected_byanothersource—vitamin D．。第七空對(duì)應(yīng)信息點(diǎn)為．..adark-skinnedpersonwillproduceless...。第八空對(duì)應(yīng)信息點(diǎn)為．..havedarkerskin，whilepeople...。第九空對(duì)應(yīng)信息點(diǎn)為Paragraph5歸納結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)詞。第十空對(duì)應(yīng)信息點(diǎn)為．..hadmelanintodetermineourskincolor.。3．答題(1)結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)的詞：①熟記常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)詞匯。歸納掌握常見(jiàn)的表達(dá)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的概括性詞匯：introduction(導(dǎo)入)，cause/reason(原因)，advantage(優(yōu)點(diǎn))，disadvantage(不足)，attitude(態(tài)度)，result/effect/consequence(結(jié)果)，suggestion/advice/tip(建議)，dos和don’ts等。②確定答案。a．聯(lián)系圖表左欄的上下欄，確定用詞及詞的形式。(大小寫(xiě)、單復(fù)數(shù)、動(dòng)詞＋-ing等)b．聯(lián)系圖表左欄與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的右欄的細(xì)節(jié)，歸納結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)用詞和詞的形式。(大小寫(xiě)、單復(fù)數(shù)、動(dòng)詞＋-ing等)(2)細(xì)節(jié)類(lèi)的詞：①明確信息點(diǎn)。細(xì)讀文章，明確答題的相應(yīng)信息點(diǎn)在文中的具體位置，確定用詞后歸納用詞。②聯(lián)系上下前后。a．對(duì)照短文中的信息點(diǎn)，聯(lián)系圖表右欄的上下欄目，確定用詞。(文中原詞或歸納的詞的形式——大小寫(xiě)、單復(fù)數(shù)、動(dòng)詞＋-ing等)b．對(duì)照短文中的信息點(diǎn)，聯(lián)系所填詞的前后，確定用詞(文中原詞或歸納的詞)的形式。③敲定答案。根據(jù)短文信息點(diǎn)，聯(lián)系填空上下前后，敲定答案。第一空introduction；第九空conclusion，聯(lián)系圖表上下前后開(kāi)頭字母大寫(xiě)、單數(shù)。第二空信息點(diǎn)為areas，聯(lián)系前后搭配a...故用area。第三空同義轉(zhuǎn)換are→liein。第四空信息點(diǎn)為．..whichdetermines...，聯(lián)系前后搭配．..coloris...轉(zhuǎn)換為determined。第五空信息點(diǎn)為．..thedarkerhisorher...，故用darker。第六空信息點(diǎn)為．..isalsoaffectedby...，聯(lián)系前后句子結(jié)構(gòu)故用affecting作后置定語(yǔ)。第七空信息點(diǎn)為．..willproducelessvitamin...聯(lián)系前后to...，故用原形produce。第八空信息點(diǎn)為．..skin，whilepeoplelivinginother...，故用while。第十空信息點(diǎn)為．..hadmelanintodetermineour...聯(lián)系前后搭配故用plays。4．檢查檢查單詞的拼寫(xiě)、大小寫(xiě)、單復(fù)數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等。[答案]1.introduction2.area3.lie4.determined5．duce8.while9．Conclusion10.plays三、常用訓(xùn)練方法1．信息查找題解題關(guān)鍵是根據(jù)問(wèn)題查找定位信息。常用方法是帶著問(wèn)題有意識(shí)地在細(xì)節(jié)處和關(guān)鍵處做標(biāo)記。如：(1)5Wand1H：who，what，when，where，why，how(2)時(shí)間先后：first，then，afterthat，next，finally(3)因果：because，thus，leadto，cause，asaresultof(4)比較：similarly，differently，likeness，unlike，alike，common，justas，either...or(5)轉(zhuǎn)折：but，while，however，instead，onthecontrary2．信息轉(zhuǎn)換題解題關(guān)鍵是根據(jù)問(wèn)題查找定位信息，加工分析并轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種表達(dá)方式。常見(jiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)換方式有：(1)詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。即練習(xí)將一種詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種詞類(lèi)，主要包括動(dòng)詞與名詞轉(zhuǎn)換、形容詞與副詞轉(zhuǎn)換、形容詞與名詞轉(zhuǎn)換等。解題方法很簡(jiǎn)單，只要在文中找到關(guān)鍵詞即可。以2014年高考安徽卷為例：①原文：Manyyoungpeoplelistentoclassicalmusicwithoutrealising.轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中：Manyyoungpeopledon’t78.____________somemusictheylistentoisclassical.分析：抓住關(guān)鍵詞realising，將它轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞。答案為realise(realize)/know/recognise(recognize)。②原文：Also，somepeoplepointoutthatyoungpeopleproducenewmusicbasedonclassicalideas：轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中：Classicalideasprovidea79.____________forproducingnewmusic.分析：抓住關(guān)鍵詞based，將它轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞。答案為basis。③原文：...itissaidthatrap(說(shuō)唱)musicwasinventedbyaclassicalmusicianin1912，butitisnowusedbyyoungpeopleinpopmusic.轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中：Youngpeoplenow80.____________rapinpopularmusic.分析：抓住關(guān)鍵詞used，將其被動(dòng)形式轉(zhuǎn)換為主動(dòng)形式。答案為use。④原文：Nowadays，youdon’tneedtogetachingarmsfrompractising.Ateenagercanwriteandmakemusicusingacomputerprograminthecomfortoftheirownbedroom.轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中：Ayoungmancanwriteandmakemusiconacomputer82.____________inhisbedroom.分析：抓住關(guān)鍵詞comfort，將其名詞形式轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞。答案為comfortably。⑤原文：...butwhenitcomestoenjoyingclassicalmusic，itdependsonthepieceofmusic.轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中：Classicalmusicmaystillbe85.____________byyoungpeopletoday.分析：抓住關(guān)鍵詞enjoying，將其轉(zhuǎn)換為enjoyed。答案為enjoyed。(2)句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換。做此類(lèi)題首先要理解題意，其次仔細(xì)比較原句和題目，明白出題人的意圖，只要找出題眼就不難得出答案。以2014年高考安徽卷為例：①原文：...ifyoulookattheaudienceataclassicalconcert，themajorityisovertheageoffifty.轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中：77.____________oftheaudienceataclassicalconcertareoverfifty.分析：句中themajority＝mostoftheaudience。答案為Most。②原文：Afinalpointtobearinmindisthattheterm“classicalmusic”isusedtorefertoagreatvarietyofmusic，fromjazztopiecesforlargeorchestras(管弦樂(lè)隊(duì))．轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中：“Classicalmusic”canrefertovarious83.____________ofmusic.分析：根據(jù)原文句意可知：古典音樂(lè)可以被用來(lái)指各種各樣的音樂(lè)。句中agreatvarietyof＝variouskinds/types/sortsof。答案為kinds/types/sorts。③原文：Afinalpointtobearinmindisthattheterm“classicalmusic”isusedtorefertoagreatvarietyofmusic，fromjazztopiecesforlargeorchestras(管弦樂(lè)隊(duì))．轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中：Classicalmusic84.____________fromjazztopiecesforlargeorchestras.分析：根據(jù)原文句意可知：古典音樂(lè)的范圍包含爵士樂(lè)到大的管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)。答案為ranges(范圍從……到……變化)。(3)同義詞和反義詞轉(zhuǎn)換。即練習(xí)將一詞的反義詞找出來(lái)。做此類(lèi)題的技巧如下：①以前綴和后綴來(lái)表示，例如happy—unhappy，like—dislike等。例如：原句：Shethoughtherhusbandwasfaithfultoher.Butthediscoveryshockedher.轉(zhuǎn)換為：Thediscoverythatherhusbandwas____________toherwasashockingtoher.分析：由原句中的后半句可知Herhusbandwasnotfaithfultoher。因此需要找出一個(gè)詞和notfaithful意義相同的詞。答案：unfaithful。②有很多詞并沒(méi)有前綴和后綴形式標(biāo)志，如old—young，long—short，different—same等。例如：原句：HeseldomvisitedhisfriendTomafterthequarrellasttime.轉(zhuǎn)換為：Butforthequarrellasttime，hewouldbea____________visitortohisfriendTom.分析：仔細(xì)分析原句，可知本題關(guān)鍵是找出seldom的反義詞，而且能修飾visitor。答案：frequent。③以詞組形式出現(xiàn)，如：begoodat—beweakin，getinto—getoutof，turnon—turnoff，turndown—turnup，beawake—beasleep，catchupwith—fallbehind，both...and...—neither...nor...等。例如：原句：Everythinginthehousewasneatandtidy.Butthenaughtyboychangeditthoroughly.轉(zhuǎn)換為：Thenaughtyboylefteverythinginthehouseina____________．分析：本題關(guān)鍵是找出一個(gè)和in搭配的固定短語(yǔ)作為neatandtidy的反義短語(yǔ)。答案：mess。3．信息歸納題(1)解題關(guān)鍵：根據(jù)問(wèn)題查找定位信息，找出共性的東西。(2)歸納詞的特征：①概括性(在最大程度上覆蓋欄內(nèi)信息)②針對(duì)性(量體裁衣，大小適度)③準(zhǔn)確性(簡(jiǎn)潔)(3)一般來(lái)說(shuō)，左邊一欄基本都是概括題型，有定義、標(biāo)題概括，建議、方法概括，結(jié)論概括。①定義、標(biāo)題概括，此類(lèi)題一般在圖表的第一空，可以在文章第一段找出信息，都是對(duì)本文title的一個(gè)定義解釋。如a.ThedefinitionofadvertisingAdvertisingisthebusinessofdrawingpublicattentiontogoodsandservices，andperformedthroughvariousmedia.b.TopicLearningtounderstandc.IntroductionDestructiveforcesofnaturerefertonaturaldisastersliketsunamisandearthquakes.②建議、方法概括。_Suggestions/Advice/Tips?Nodinagreementandmakesomesoundsofunderstandingwhileadifficultpersonisspeaking.?Repeatsomewordsthatyouhaveheard.?Collectinformationabouttheperson’sexpressionsandfindhisintention.?Giveasummaryofwhatthepersonhassaid.?Confirmthatthepersongainssatisfactionfromspeakinghisthoughts.③結(jié)論概括。把握文章的中心思想，抓住作者的寫(xiě)作意圖，最終得出一個(gè)結(jié)論。a.ConclusionSunshinehasbothpositiveandnegativeeffectonhealthanditdeterminesthemoodofpeople.Balanceisneededinenjoyingsunshine.b.ConclusionChildrenshouldbetaughtwhatlifeisandhowtodealwithit.c.CommentYoumayunlockthedoorstodifficultpeople’smindsafteryoulistenandunderstand.d.SummaryTheseterribledisasterscouldn’tbeavoided.e.Consequences?Whentheseterribledisastersoccurinsomepartsoftheworld，theydestroypropertiesandlives.?Peopleinthesepartsgothroughthesufferingthatonlyexistsinourimagination.?Somepeopleouttherehavetostaywheretheyare.Theycan’taffordtomoveaway，asjobsinotherplacesmightnotbeavailable.四、常用詞匯及詞組轉(zhuǎn)換[歸納類(lèi)常用詞匯]原因與結(jié)果：reason(for)，cause(of)；result，effect，consequence異同點(diǎn)與優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)：difference，similarity；advantage/benefit，disadvantage功能：function觀點(diǎn)與態(tài)度：opinion，view(on/about)，viewpoint，idea；attitudeto/towards評(píng)論、評(píng)價(jià)：comment(on)，remark(on/upon)，assessment表方式、方法：way(todosth./ofdoingsth.)，means，method(of)；solution，approach(todoingsth.)；takemeasurestodosth.目的：purpose，aim，goal積極與消極：positive；negative建議：advice，suggestion，tip概括、總結(jié)：summary，conclusion特點(diǎn)：feature，characteristic種類(lèi)：kind，type，category，class精神上與身體上：mentally；physically影響：influence，impact，effect(on)情形、狀況：situation，condition建立：build，create，establish，found出現(xiàn)：appear，occur(-red)實(shí)現(xiàn)、完成：reach，realize，accomplish必要與必需：necessity；must方面與項(xiàng)目、條款：aspect；item材料：materials知識(shí)與消息：knowledge；information計(jì)劃與日程：schedule；agenda百分比：percentage性別：sex年齡：age滿(mǎn)意：satisfaction憂(yōu)慮、擔(dān)憂(yōu)、焦急：concern(不)熟悉：familiar/unfamiliar個(gè)人，個(gè)人的：individual細(xì)節(jié)：description，detail文化：culture責(zé)任：(take)responsibility貢獻(xiàn)：(make)contributionsto重要：value，importance，significance比較：contrast，comparison時(shí)期：period，time存在：existence，exist花費(fèi)：cost，expense人口：population天氣與氣候：weather；climate位置：location主題：theme，topic背景：setting，background情節(jié)：plot高潮：climax結(jié)尾：ending，consequence反對(duì)者與支持者：opponent，supporter[轉(zhuǎn)換類(lèi)常用詞匯]1．100years＝1century＝10decades2．takeadvantageof＝makeuseof3．parentalattention＝withthehelp/aid/assistanceofparents4．opposethemove＝beagainstthemove＝objecttothemove＝disagreewiththemove5．consider...＝oconsideration/account6．a(chǎn)tthebeginning＝atfirst7．beresponsiblefor＝take/shoulder/bearresponsibilityfor8．sincethebeginningofhumanevolution＝throughouthumanhistory9．insearchofbetterjobopportunities＝seeking/searching/lookingforbetterjobopportunities10．housing-relatedreasons＝reasonsrelated/linked/relevantto/connectedwithhousing11．takeanactivepartin＝takepartinsth.actively12．encourageparticipationinquietactivities＝encouragesb.toparticipatein/takepartin/playaroleinquietactivities13．behookedonheadphones＝beaddictedtoheadphones14．valuableinformation＝informationofgreatvalue15．understandclearly＝haveaclearunderstandingofsth.16．a(chǎn)ffect＝haveaneffect/influence/impactonsth.17．matter＝count＝beveryimportant＝beofimportance＝makesense＝makeadifference18．killsb.＝claimone’slife19．makeanapology＝apologizetosb.20．beover＝end＝put...toanend21．despite＝inspiteof22．sharelessthan2%＝accountforlessthan2%＝makeuplessthan2%23．online＝ontheInternet24．learngoodcitizenship＝learntobegoodcitizens25．listthethingsthatyouaregoodat＝listwhat/allyouaregoodat26．explainsth.＝makeanexplanation27．offersth.tosb.＝provide/supplysth.forsb.28．besides＝ontopof＝inadditionto＝apartfrom29．bebetterthan＝besuperiorto30．a(chǎn)pproveof＝subscribeto＝beinfavor/supportof＝favor31．haveaccessto＝beacceptable/accessible/availableto32．stop＝quit＝giveup33．compensatefor＝makeupfor34．inpart＝partly35．everyyear＝y(tǒng)early＝annually36．useup＝runoutof(主動(dòng))37．runout＝giveout＝beusedup(被動(dòng))38．beaccusedof＝bechargedwith39．mostofthepeople＝themajorityofthepeople40．caterto/forone’sneeds/demands/requirements＝satisfy/meetone’s...41．starvetodeath＝dieofhunger/starvation42．betiredout＝bewornout＝beexhausted43．sociallyresponsible＝socialresponsibility44．sth.benefitssb.＝bebeneficialtosb.＝beofbenefittosb.＝sb.benefitsfromsth.45．commitoneselftodoingsth.＝promisetodosth.46．makefulluseof＝makethemost/bestof[即學(xué)即練1]根據(jù)所給句子的意思填上適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。每個(gè)空格只填一個(gè)單詞。1．Thatwillincreasethepossibilityofyourgettingallthewaythroughthebook.→Popularbooksmightmakeit____________forintermediate-levelreaderstoreadthemfromcovertocover.答案：possible2．Anothergreatwaytokeepyourselfmotivatedovertheholidaysistofindafriendwhoisinterestedinreadingthesamebook.→Waystokeepupyour____________forreading.答案：motivation3．Usecoloredpensfordifferenttopicstocatchtheeyeandmakethingsstandout.→Writeindifferent____________fordifferenttopics.答案：colors4．Takeanactivepartinthediscussion.→Speak____________ingroupdiscussion.答案：actively5．Theplayersdon’tlikethenewrule.→They____________thenewruleandwishittobechanged.答案：dislike/hate6．Itadvisedpeoplenottotakelargeamountofcashwhiletraveling，especiallyduringtheapproachingSpringFestivalseason，whichalwayswitnessesalargenumberofcrimes.→Theftandrobberyaccountedfor80%；womenandelderlypeopleweremostlytargetedfor；peoplewereadvisedto____________takingalargeamountofcash.答案：avoid7．Greetingotherpeopleisthefirstandmostimportantsocialeventinourlives.→Greeting____________isourfirstandmostimportantsocialevent.答案：others8．Thethirdaspectconcernsthewordschosen.→The____________ofwordsusuallycontainstheword“good”．答案：choice9．Studentstakingpartintheprogramareresponsibleforrepresentingdifferentcountries.→Studentstakingpartintheprogramhave____________forrepresentingdifferentcountries.答案：responsibility10．FairviewElementarySchoolhaslongbeensufferingfromaneartotallackofparentalinvolvement.→Theirparentsdidn’tgetactively____________intheirchildren’sschoollife.答案：involved11．ChildrenmustbetrainedtounderstandthefreedomsguaranteedbytheConstitution(憲法)．→Childrenaretrainedtogetabetter____________ofthefreedom.答案：understanding12．Nowwesurroundchildrenwithnoisytoysandpersonallisteningdevicesthatcanpermanentlydamagetheirhearing.→Nowwesurroundchildrenwithnoisytoysandlisteningdeviceswhichcause____________damagetohearing.答案：permanent13．TheLeaguefortheHardofHearingurgesparentstoencourageparticipationinquietactivities.→Encouragechildrento____________inquietactivities.答案：participate14．TheirbeautifulcolorsandsoundalsobringmuchexcitementduringthismostimportanttraditionalChinesefestival.→Theirbeautifulcolorsandsoundalsomakepeople____________．答案：excited15．Theylightthefuse(導(dǎo)火線(xiàn))nervously，runawayinahurry，...→Feelingnervousandrunningaway____________whenlightingthefuse.答案：hurriedly/quickly16．...covertheirearswiththeirhandsandwatchthecolorfuldisplaywithabigsmileontheirfaces.→Coveringtheearswithhandsand____________thecolorfuldisplayjoyfully.答案：watching17．Takingagapyearandgoingtouniversityoffervaluableexperienceinsimilarways...→____________betweentakingagapyearandgoingtouniversities.答案：Similarities18．Toachievesuccess，youneedtohaveaclearaimandstrongdetermination.→Ifyouaretosucceed，youshouldbe____________．答案：determined19．AsfarasIcanremember，myfriendsandIdidn’tfindoutweweredepresseduntilwewereinhighschool.→Weneverexperienced____________whenwewereinchildhood.答案：depression20．Thecropcircleshavebeenfoundinfieldsallovertheworld.→Cropcircles____________allovertheworld.答案：appeared/existed[即學(xué)即練2]根據(jù)所給句子的意思填上適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。每個(gè)空格只填一個(gè)單詞。1．...discussplotlinesorvocabularyissueswitheachotherbySMSore-mail.→...____________viewsonplotlinesorvocabularytoachieveyourcommongoals.答案：exchange2．Apartfromyourclasstime，youorganizeyourowntimeandplaceforstudying.→Study____________andwhereveryouwanttoafterclass.答案：whenever3．Learnhowtoreadwithyoureyesratherthanyourthroat.→Read____________anddon’tmoveyourlips.答案：silently4．NBArefereesarenotlettingplayerscomplaintoolongortooloudlyaboutareferee’scall.→Theplayersarenot____________tocomplaintoomuchaboutareferee’scall.答案：allowed/permitted5．Kidsshouldpayattentiontoimprovingtheirskillsandplaytheirbest.→Kidsshouldpayattentionto____________uptheirskillsandplaytheirbest.答案：polishing/building6．Allplayersneedtolearnthatyoucontrolonethinginagame，andthat’syourownperformance.→Allplayerscancontrolnothing____________excepttheirperformance.答案：else7．Pleasegreetotherpeoplewheneveryoucanandwhereveryouare.→Pleasegreetotherswhenever____________andwhereveryouare.答案：possible8．Topicsdiscussedincludeeverythingfromthethreatofnuclearterrorismtopoverty.→Discussingtopics____________everythingfromthethreatofnuclearterrorismtopoverty.答案：including/covering9．Learninganythingyoucanthat’sbeyondyourownbordersreallywillhelpyousomuch.→Learningsomethingthathas____________todowithyouwillhelpyousomuch.答案：nothing/little10．Parentsplayamoreactiveroleintheirchildren’sschoollife.→Parentstakeamoreactive____________intheirchildren’sschoollife.答案：part11．Listbuildingplaysamajorroleindevelopinggoodrelationshipswithyoursite’scustomers.→Listbuildinghasagreat____________ondevelopinggoodrelationshipswithyourcustomers.答案：influence/effect/impact12．Whatcomesfirstistokeepanopenmind，becauseeveryone’sideasdeserveconsideration.→Keepanopenmindtoeveryone’s____________．答案：opinions/views/thoughts13．Youareencouragedtokeeprecordsofthesourcesusedbyeachperson，whichhelpsyoutracebacktotheoriginoftheproblemsthatmayhappenunexpectedly.→Keeprecordsofthesourcesjustin____________．答案：case14．Michelbecamehookedonheadphonesinhisearlyteens.→Aboylostmuchofhishearingduetobeing____________toheadphones.答案：addicted15．Weattendrockconcerts，weddings，partiesandsportseventsatwhichthemusicissoloudthatyoucanhardlyhearthepersonsittingnexttoyou.→...themusicatrockconcerts，weddings，partiesandsportseventswhich____________usfromhearingsomeonenearby.答案：prevents16．Peoplewhodon’tgetenoughvitaminAcan’tseewellinthedark.→____________vitaminAcausespeopleunabletoseewellatnight.答案：Lacking/Lackof17．FootprintsareoneofthefewpiecesofhardevidencesupportingtheideathatthereisYeti.→Footprintsareoneofthefewpiecesofhardevidencethatsupportthe____________ofYeti.答案：existence18．Themosteffectivepeopleneverchangecharacterfromonesituationtoanother.→Neverchangecharacterin____________situations.答案：different[即學(xué)即練3]根據(jù)所給句子的意思填上適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。每個(gè)空格只填一個(gè)單詞。1．Don’tforgettheremayalsobesomeotherproblems.→Do____________theremayalsobesomeotherproblems.答案：remember2．Sometimestheymakemistakeswhentheyarespeakingbecausetheyareshyandnervous.→Shynessand____________makeiteasytomakemistakes.答案：nervousness/tension3．28ofthe33goldmedalistsworethebodycoveringRastskinsuit.→Rastskinsuitwas____________by28ofthe33goldmedalwinnersattheSydneyOlympics.答案：worn4．Toaccomplishthegoal，youneedtostudyhardandhavestrongdetermination.→Ifyouareto____________theaim，youshouldbedeterminedandstudyhard.答案：achieve5．Don’tspeakinanangryway.→Don’tspeak____________．答案：angrily6．After-schoolprogrammingisaneffectivemethodtohelpyoungpeoplebecomecontributingmembersofsociety.→After-schoolprogrammingisaneffectivemethodtohelpyoungpeoplemake____________tosociety.答案：contributions7．Thewallofwater，akilometerhigh，rushestowardssouthernAfricaat800kilometersanhour.CitiesontheAfricancoastaretotallydestroyedandmillionsofpeoplearedrowned.→Atsunami(海嘯)hitssouthernAfrica，____________citiesontheAfricancoast，and____________millionsofpeople.答案：destroying；drowning8．Peoplewhodon’thaveenoughexperiencecan’tdowellintheposition.→____________experiencecausespeopleunabletodowellintheposition.答案：Lackof/Lacking9．Skincolorisalsoaffectedbyanothersourcevitamin D．→VitaminDisanothersource____________skincolor.答案：affecting10．Weshouldconsiderwhattheotherpersonneedsandexpects.→Needsand____________ofothersshouldbetakeninto____________．答案：expectations；consideration/account11．Thecheatingathleteisnoteasytocatchout.→Thecheatingathleteisnot____________caughtout.答案：easily12．Buildingalistcanbedifficult.→Alistcanbedifficultto____________．＝Itcanbedifficulttobuildalist.答案：build13．Itshouldofferimportantinformation.→It’s____________toofferimportantinformation.答案：necessary14．Abouthalfofthepieceisdestroyed，buttheremainingparthitstheSouthAtlanticat200timesfasterthansound.→OnepiecehitstheSouthAtlanticat200timesthe____________ofsound.答案：speed/rate15．Pleasehelpotherswhereveryougo.→Pleasehelpotherswherever____________.答案：possible16．It’sworthtakingthetime.→Thetimeyouspendwillbe____________．答案：worthwhile17．Youareencouragedtotakenotesinclassbeforeyouforget.→Youareencouragedtotakenotesinclassjustin____________youforgetafterclass.答案：case18．Peopleplayindoorsportsinallweathers.→Peopleplayindoorsports____________theweather.答案：whatever19．Mostoftheparentscareabouttheirchildren’sskills.→Mostoftheparentsare____________oftheirchildren’sskills.答案：aware/conscious20．Theseamateurathleteswillprobablyneverbecomerichorfamous.Theymustworkattheirjobswhiletraining.→Theseamateurathleteswillprobablyneverbecomerichorfamousandtheymust____________theirworkwithtraining.答案：combine[即學(xué)即練4]根據(jù)所給句子的意思填上適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。每個(gè)空格只填一個(gè)單詞。1．Whatshouldwedosothatourcommunicationwillbeeffective?→Whatshouldwedotocommunicate____________？答案：well/effectively2．Goodcommunication____________on(取決于)goodpersonalqualities.答案：depends3．Thetotal____________oflibrariesinNorthAmericaisover135，000.答案：number4．Inthiswayallworkscanbeeasilylocatedbyreaders.→Inthiswayreaderswillhavelittle____________locatingwhattheywant.答案：difficulty/trouble5．Allyouhavetodoistotakecontrolofyouremotionsandmakethempositiveinsteadoflettingthemcontrolyou.→Youhavetocontrolyouremotionsandmakethempositiveinsteadofbeing____________bythem.答案：controlled6．Thewayofkeepingyourselfmotivatedistofindafriendwholikesplaying.→Thewayofkeepingupyour____________forplayingistofindagoodfriend.答案：motivation7．Advertisingagenciesappearedinthelatterpartofthe19thcentury.→Advertisingagenciescameinto____________inthelatterpartofthe19thcentury.答案：appearance/being8．Advertisingspendinghasincreaseddramaticallyinrecentyears.→Therehasbeena____________inadvertisingspending.答案：rise9．Weprefertobealittlecautiousatthisstage.→More____________isneededatthisstage.答案：caution10．Intheearly1900sthebirthratebegantofallandthedivorceratebegantorise.→Thebirthratewasonthe____________andmorepeoplegotdivorced.答案：decrease/decline11．2.6billionpeoplelackproperwastewatertreatment.→2.6billionpeopleare____________ofproperwastewatertreatment.答案：short12．TheUNaimstocutinhalfthepopulationunabletoreachoraffordsafedrinkingwater.→TheUNaimstocutinhalfthepopulationhavingno____________tosafedrinkingwater.答案：access13．Yourownweightistheamountoftheforcethatholdsyoutotheearth.→Theforcethatholdsyoutotheearthis____________toyourownweight.答案：equal14．Studieshaveshownthatthepresenceofnaturalgreenspacesandplantsisconnectedwitha50percentreductionintheincidentsofviolentcrime.→Theincidentsofviolentcrimehave____________inplaceswheretherearenaturalgreenspacesandplants.答案：decreased/declined15．Mostoftheworld’srainforestsaretropicalrain