科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)講課版省公開(kāi)課一等獎(jiǎng)全國(guó)示范課微課金獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

1科技英語(yǔ)Ⅰ

EnglishforScienceandTechnologyemail:qiaokeli62397335@電話Q:229478584主講人：王彩麗1-12周24課時(shí)第1頁(yè)2課程教學(xué)目標(biāo)

培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)科技英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言了解能力和應(yīng)用能力，讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)科技英語(yǔ)閱讀必須技能和知識(shí)，使學(xué)生能夠以英語(yǔ)為工具獲取科技知識(shí)及其它相關(guān)信息。第2頁(yè)3科技英語(yǔ)含義

不一樣于普通英語(yǔ)；更不一樣于文學(xué)英語(yǔ)；也不完全等同于專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)；

EnglishforScienceandTechnology

專(zhuān)門(mén)服務(wù)于理工科專(zhuān)業(yè)和各行業(yè)科技人員。第3頁(yè)4科技英語(yǔ)與其它英語(yǔ)區(qū)分文學(xué)英語(yǔ)：需了解美國(guó)文化背景，語(yǔ)言漂亮普通英語(yǔ)：以語(yǔ)法為根本，基礎(chǔ)詞匯科技英語(yǔ)：重視翻譯技巧，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，忠于原

文，但不一定要直譯，如:英文中被動(dòng)句←→漢字中主動(dòng)句。第4頁(yè)5科技英語(yǔ)主要性國(guó)際間科技情報(bào)和資料交流；世界上科技雜志有六萬(wàn)各種，二分之一以上是英文刊物；各國(guó)科技人員學(xué)習(xí)需要；交流需要。第5頁(yè)6本課程主要內(nèi)容科技英語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)12課時(shí)科技英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)概念英譯8課時(shí)科技英語(yǔ)翻譯技巧4課時(shí)第6頁(yè)7科技英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法

科技英語(yǔ)閱讀與普通英語(yǔ)快速閱讀方法也有所不一樣，科技英語(yǔ)閱讀要把準(zhǔn)確了解放在首位，在準(zhǔn)確了解基礎(chǔ)上提升閱讀速度。和其它英語(yǔ)能力一樣，科技英語(yǔ)閱讀能力，需要經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)久實(shí)踐才能取得，不可能一蹴而就，多讀多練是提升科技英語(yǔ)閱讀能力最有效方法。第7頁(yè)81科技英語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)1.1科技英語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)概述

4課時(shí)1.2科技英語(yǔ)特殊語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象

4課時(shí)1.3科技英語(yǔ)中一些慣用句型4課時(shí)第8頁(yè)91.1科技英語(yǔ)

特點(diǎn)概述一、科技英語(yǔ)在詞匯方面特點(diǎn)二、科技英語(yǔ)句法上特點(diǎn)三、科技英語(yǔ)修辭上特點(diǎn)第9頁(yè)10科技英語(yǔ)基本特點(diǎn)為了了解科技英語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)，我們先閱讀下面一段關(guān)于許用應(yīng)力課文。

DespitethetestsdescribedinChapters11and12，materialsmaystillfailinservice，sometimeswithdisastrousresults(e.g.whenthefailureoccursinaircraft．bridges，ships，etc.).Totrytoavoidsuchdisastrousoccurring，thedesigneravoidsusingmaterialscontinuouslyattheirmaximumallowablestress.Thisisdonebyemployingafactorofsafety.Unfortunately，increasingthestrengthofacomponentintheinterestsofsafetynotonlyincreasestheinitialmaterialcosts，butalsotheoperatingcosts.Forexample，thestrongerandheavierthestructuremembersofanaircraft，thefewerpassengersitcancarryandthemorefuelitconsumes．Thereforeabalancehastobemaintainedbetweensafety，initialcostandoperatingcosts．Thedesignerisconstantlystrivingtoimprovetheformerwhilstreducingthelatter．第10頁(yè)11Allowableworkingstressistakenasaproportionoftheyieldorproofstress；thatis，thecomponentisonlystressedwithinitselasticrangewheninservice．Forexample,considerthescrewedfasteningshowninFig.1.l.Whenthenutistightenednormallytheboltisstretchedslightlyand，providingitisstressedwithinitselasticrange，itwillbehavelikeaverypowerfulspringandwillpullthejointfacestogetherveryfirmly．第11頁(yè)12IfthefasteningshowninFig.1.1isoverstressedbyapplyingexcesstorquetothenut(forexample，byextendingthelengthofthespannerwithatube)，theboltwillbestressedbeyonditselasticrange．Oncetheyieldstressforthebolthasbeenexceededitexhibitsplasticpropertiesandtakesapermanentsetthatis，itbecomespermanentlylengthened，the“springback”isseriouslyreducedandthejointfacesarenolongerheldfirmlytogether.Thusforcriticalassemblies，thedesignerwillseektocontrolthestressinthefasteningandassociatedcomponentsbyspecifyingthetorquetobeappliedtothenutasitistightenedbytheuseofa“torquespanner”settoaspecificvalue.第12頁(yè)13IfthefasteningshowninFig.1.1isoverstressedbyapplyingexcesstorquetothenut(forexample，byextendingthelengthofthespannerwithatube)，theboltwillbestressedbeyonditselasticrange．Oncetheyieldstressforthebolthasbeenexceededitexhibitsplasticpropertiesandtakesapermanentsetthatis，itbecomespermanentlylengthened，the“springback”isseriouslyreducedandthejointfacesarenolongerheldfirmlytogether.Thusforcriticalassemblies，thedesignerwillseektocontrolthestressinthefasteningandassociatedcomponentsbyspecifyingthetorquetobeappliedtothenutasitistightenedbytheuseofa“torquespanner”settoaspecificvalue.第13頁(yè)14

在文章結(jié)構(gòu)方面，邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，層次分明，復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句多；在用詞方面，必定要用到專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)和專(zhuān)業(yè)單詞，以及詞性變換多；在語(yǔ)法方面，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多，較多地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；另一個(gè)主要特點(diǎn)是采取圖表等非語(yǔ)言原因表示思想。能夠得出科技英語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)：第14頁(yè)15★詞性轉(zhuǎn)換多英語(yǔ)單詞有不少是多性詞，如：Above■介詞：aboveall(things)■形容詞：fortheabovereason■副詞：as(hasbeen)indicatedabove第15頁(yè)16■副詞：travellight輕裝旅行l(wèi)ightcome,lightgo易得易失Light■名詞：inthelightof因?yàn)?，依?jù)

highlight(s)強(qiáng)光，精華

safetylight安全指示燈■形容詞：lightindustry輕工業(yè)lightroom空房間lightblue淡藍(lán)第16頁(yè)17一、科技英語(yǔ)在詞匯方面特點(diǎn)①專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯出現(xiàn)率低；②詞義專(zhuān)一；③多起源于拉丁語(yǔ)和希臘語(yǔ)；④廣泛使用縮略語(yǔ)；⑤前后綴出現(xiàn)率高第17頁(yè)18縮略語(yǔ)Abbreviation普通英語(yǔ)中縮略語(yǔ)：i.e.即，etc.等，co.企業(yè)；科技英語(yǔ)中縮略語(yǔ)多為單位名稱、設(shè)備名稱，儀器，方法，藥劑等，普通在上下文中有原型。如：英國(guó)電氣工程師學(xué)會(huì)InstitutionofElectricalEngineers簡(jiǎn)稱IEE美國(guó)科學(xué)情報(bào)研究所InstituteforScientificInformation簡(jiǎn)稱ISI核磁共振NuclearMagneticResonance簡(jiǎn)稱NMR聚丙烯酰胺PolyacrylamidePAM第18頁(yè)191.各種組織或機(jī)構(gòu)縮略詞

APEC(AsiaPacificEconomicCooperation)

亞太經(jīng)貿(mào)合作組織IOC(InternationalOlympicCommittee)

國(guó)際奧林匹克委員會(huì)ISO(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)

國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織OPEC(OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries)

歐佩克，石油輸出國(guó)組織WTO(WorldTradeOrganization)世界貿(mào)易組織SOS村（SOSChildren’sVillage)

一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)收養(yǎng)孤兒慈善機(jī)構(gòu)第19頁(yè)20太原理工大學(xué)？礦業(yè)工程學(xué)院？第20頁(yè)21太原理工大學(xué)？礦業(yè)工程學(xué)院？TaiYuanUniversityofTechnology（tyut)CollegeofMiningTechnology第21頁(yè)22

BBS(BulletinBoardSystem)電子布告欄系統(tǒng)或(BulletinBoardService)電子布告服務(wù)GPS(GlobalPositionSystem)全球定位系統(tǒng)GSM(GlobalSystemforMobileCommunications)全球移動(dòng)通信系統(tǒng)CIMS(ComputerIntegratedManufacturingSystem)計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)DOS(DiscOperatingSystem)磁盤(pán)操作系統(tǒng)ITS(IntelligentTransportationSystem)智能交通系統(tǒng)NMD(NationalMissileDefense)國(guó)家導(dǎo)彈防御系統(tǒng)TMDE(Test,MeasureandDiagnosticEquipment)試驗(yàn)、測(cè)量與診療設(shè)備N(xiāo)ASDAQ(NationalAssociationofSecuritiesDealersAutomatedQuotation)納斯達(dá)克，<美>全國(guó)證券交易商自動(dòng)報(bào)價(jià)系統(tǒng)協(xié)會(huì)2.表示各種系統(tǒng)縮略詞第22頁(yè)23CEO(ChiefExecutiveOfficer)首席執(zhí)行官CFO(ChiefFinanceOfficer)首席財(cái)務(wù)官CIO(ChiefInformationOfficer)首席信息官COO(ChiefOperatingOfficer)首席運(yùn)行官CTO(ChiefTechnologyOfficer)首席技術(shù)官CPA(CertifiedPublicAccountant)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師MBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration)工商管理碩士MPA(MasterofPublicAdministration)公共管理碩士3.相關(guān)職務(wù)或?qū)W位縮略詞第23頁(yè)24

ATM(AutomatedTellerMachine)自動(dòng)取款(出納)機(jī)CBD(CentralBusinessDistrict)中央商務(wù)區(qū)GDP(GrossDomesticProduct)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值GNP(GrossNationalProduct)國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值4.相關(guān)金融方面縮略詞第24頁(yè)25CET(CollegeEnglishTest)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試GRE(GraduateRecordExamination)

美國(guó)碩士入學(xué)考試PETS(PublicEnglishTestSystem)全國(guó)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試CETband4/6（CollegeEnglishTest)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試5.相關(guān)考試方面縮略詞第25頁(yè)26AIDS(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)

取得性免疫功效喪失綜合癥，即艾滋病AM(AmplitudeModulation)調(diào)幅APC(aspirin,phenacetinandcaffeine;compoundaspirin;heat-relievingandpain-killingmedicineconsistingofaspirin,phenacetinandcaffeine)復(fù)方阿斯匹林API(AirPollutionIndex)空氣污染指數(shù)CDMA(CodeDivisionMultipleAccess)碼分多址，一個(gè)無(wú)線電發(fā)射和接收方式CD(CompactDisc)激光唱盤(pán)CIP(CataloguinginPublication)預(yù)編目錄DIY(DoItYourself)

指自己動(dòng)手裝電腦，縫制衣服，做賀卡等6.其它方面縮略詞第26頁(yè)27DVD(DigitalVideoDisc)數(shù)字化視頻光盤(pán)EMS(ExpressMailService)郵政特快專(zhuān)遞EQ(EmotionalQuotient)情商IQ(IntelligenceQuotient)智商IT(InformationTechnology)信息技術(shù)OA(OfficeAutomation)辦公自動(dòng)化OEM(OriginalEquipmentManufacturer)

原始設(shè)備制造商PC(PersonalComputer)個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)PT(ParticularTransfer)尤其轉(zhuǎn)讓IDCard(IdentityCard)身份證第27頁(yè)28SOHO(SmallOfficeHomeOffice)小型家居辦公室SOS(SaveOurSouls;radiosignalonceuseduniversallytoappealforhelpesp.byashiporboat;urgentrequestforhelpfromsb.introuble)國(guó)際上曾通用緊急呼救信號(hào)，也用于

普通求救或求援ST(SpecialTreatment)尤其處理VIP(VeryImportantPerson)要人VOD(VideoonDemand)視頻點(diǎn)播WWW(WorldWideWeb)萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)第28頁(yè)29前綴Semi-半，部分Micro-小，微Thermo-熱Auto-自，本身Semi-conductor半導(dǎo)體Semicircle半圓Microbiology微生物學(xué)Microchemistry微量化學(xué)Microelectronics微電子學(xué)Microfilm縮微膠卷Thermodynamic熱力學(xué)Thermometer溫度計(jì)Autobiographic自傳Automat自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)Automation自動(dòng)化第29頁(yè)30后綴-ance-ity-ment-ness-sion-tion-th(序)-ure-able-ible-ant-al-ic-ive-ous第30頁(yè)31二、科技英語(yǔ)句法上特點(diǎn)①長(zhǎng)句多；②大量使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；③慣用形容詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)；④使用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞頻率尤其高。第31頁(yè)32★復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句多Factorieswillnotbuymachinesunlesstheybelievethatthemachinewillproducegoodsthattheyareabletoselltoconsumersatapricethatwillcoverallcost.語(yǔ)法分析符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣以短代長(zhǎng)，化難為易第32頁(yè)33Thereisanincreasingbeliefintheideathatthe“problemsolvingattitude”oftheengineermustbebuttressed(維持，支持，支撐)notonlybytechnicalknowledgeand“scientificanalysis”butthattheengineermustalsobeawareofeconomicsandpsychologyand,perhapsevenmoreimportant,thathemustunderstandtheworldaroundhim.第33頁(yè)34長(zhǎng)句Thedevelopmentofindustrialtechnologylargelystrengthenshumanphysicalcapabilities,enablingpeopletoharnessmoreenergy,processandshapematerialseasily,travelfaster,andsoon

whilethedevelopmentofmicroelectronics

extendsmentalcapabilities,enablingelectronic“intelligence”tobecloselyrelatedtoawiderangeofproductsandprocesses.第34頁(yè)35長(zhǎng)句Afurtherinferencewasdrawnbypascalwhoreasonedthat

ifthis“seaofair”existed,itspressureatthebottom(i.e.sealevel)wouldbegreaterthanitspressureupandthatthereforetheheightofmercurycolumnwoulddecreaseinproportiontotheheightabovesea-level.第35頁(yè)36★被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)多科技英語(yǔ)1/3以上用被動(dòng)句，但譯成漢語(yǔ)不一定用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)例句：■Noworkcanbedonewithoutenergy.沒(méi)有能量決不能做功.■Allsortsofnecessariesoflifecanbemadeofplastics.■Automobilesmaybemanufacturedwithcomputer-drivenrobotsorputtogetheralmosttotallybyhand.第36頁(yè)37Asoil

isfounddeepintheground,itspresencecannotbedeterminedbyastudyofthesurface.Consequently,ageologicalsurveyoftheundergroundrockstructuremustbecarriedout.Ifitisthoughtthattherocksinacertainareacontainoila“drillingrig”isassembled.Themostobviouspartofadrillingrigiscalled“aderrick”.Itisusedtoliftsectionsofpipe,whichareloweredintotheholemadebythedrill.Astheholeisbeingdrilled,asteelpipe

ispusheddowntopreventthesidesfromfallingin.Ifoil

isstruckacover

isfirmlyfixedtothetopofthepipeandtheoil

isallowedtoescapethroughaseriesofvalves.第37頁(yè)Explanationsoftheearth’smagneticfieldbasedontherotationofaliquidconductingcorealthoughfarfromcompletearegenerallyaccepted.用液態(tài)導(dǎo)電地心旋轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)解釋地球磁場(chǎng)，盡管還很不完善，但正在取得普遍認(rèn)可.第38頁(yè)39Non-mobilerobots,capableoflearningtoperformanindustrialtaskandthenofbeinglefttoperformittirelessly,areevennowinuseinindustrialplantsallovertheworld.★形容詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)例句Allradiantenergyhaswavelikecharacterstics,analogoustothoseofwavesthatmovethroughwater.

全部輻射都含有波特征，與水中移動(dòng)波特征相同。第39頁(yè)40★非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多■動(dòng)名詞■分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞■不定式例句：Tobeatrueprofessionalrequireslifelonglearning要成為一個(gè)名副其實(shí)內(nèi)行，需要

學(xué)到老。Heatingwaterdoesnotchangeitschemicalcomposition.

把水加熱并不會(huì)改變水化學(xué)成份。Matterisanythinghavingweightandoccupyingspace.

任何含有重量并占有空間東西都是物質(zhì)。第40頁(yè)41Todaytheelectroniccomputeriswidelyusedinsolvingmathematicalproblemshavingtodowithweatherforecastingandputtingsatellitesintoorbit.Numericalcontrolmachinesaremostusefulwhenquantitiesofproductstobeproducedarelowormedium;thetapecontainingtheinformationrequiredtoproducethepartcan