unit-6-Knowledge-and-Wisdom2市公開課一等獎(jiǎng)省賽課微課金獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

UnitsixKnowledge

&Wisdom

ByBertrandRussell

1/55ContentsBackgroundinformationStructureanalysisComprehensionquestionsLanguagepoints2/55Whatiswisdom?Wisdomisaconceptofpersonalgainingofknowledge,understanding,experience,discretion區(qū)分力,andintuitiveunderstanding,alongwithacapacitytoapplythesequalitieswelltowardsfindingsolutionstoproblems.Itisthejudiciousandpurposefulapplicationofknowledgethatisvaluedinsociety.Tosomeextentthetermswisdomandintelligencehavesimilarandoverlappingmeanings.Thestatusofwisdomorprudenceasavirtueisrecognizedincultural,philosophicalandreligioussources.3/55BackgroundinformationName:BertrandRussellBorn:18-May-1872Birthplace:Ravenscroft,Wales

Died:2-Feb-1970Locationofdeath:Wales

Causeofdeath:InfluenzaRemains:Cremated(火葬）,Asheswerescattered"overthehills",Wales

4/55BertrandRussell(1872—1970)Gender:MaleReligion:Agnostic（不可知論者）,Atheist（無神論者）RaceorEthnicity:WhiteOccupation:PhilosopherNationality:WalesExecutivesummary:Mathematician,andSocialCritic5/55BertrandRussellwasaprominentfigureintheschoolofanalyticphilosophy.Notedforhismanyspiritedanti-warandanti-nuclearprotests,Russellremainedaprominentpublicfigureuntilhisdeathattheageof97.6/55BooksoftheAuthor:ThePrinciplesofMathematics(1902)PrincipiaMathematica(1910-13)TheABCofRelativity(1925)EducationandtheSocialOrder(1932)AHistoryofWesternPhilosophy(1945)TheImpactofScienceuponSociety(1952)MyPhilosophicalDevelopment(1959)WarCrimesinVietnam(1967)TheAutobiographyofBertrandRussell(1967-69)OurKnowledgeoftheExternalWorld(1926)InquiryintoMeaningandTruth(1962)7/55伯特蘭·阿瑟·威廉·羅素（BertrandArthurWilliamRussell，1872年5月18日—1970年2月2日）是二十世紀(jì)最有影響力哲學(xué)家、數(shù)學(xué)家和邏輯學(xué)家之一，同時(shí)也是活躍政治活動(dòng)家，并致力于哲學(xué)大眾化、普及化。無數(shù)人將羅素視為這個(gè)時(shí)代先知，而與此同時(shí)羅素許多政治立場(chǎng)卻又是十分有爭(zhēng)議性。他出生于1872年，當(dāng)初大英帝國(guó)正值巔峰，逝于1970年，此時(shí)英國(guó)經(jīng)歷過兩次世界大戰(zhàn)，其帝國(guó)已經(jīng)沒落。8/55讓-雅克·盧梭讓-雅克·盧梭(Jean-JacquesRousseau，1712~1778)，法國(guó)偉大啟蒙思想家、哲學(xué)家、教育家、文學(xué)家，是18世紀(jì)法國(guó)大革命思想先驅(qū)，啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)最卓越代表人物之一。主要著作有《論人類不平等起源和基礎(chǔ)》、《社會(huì)契約論》、《愛彌兒》、《懺悔錄》、《新愛洛漪絲》、《植物學(xué)通信》等。9/551.Toknowwisdomandinstruction;toperceivethewordsofunderstanding.要使人曉得智慧和訓(xùn)誨,分辨通達(dá)言語。2.Wisdomisnotlikemoneytobetiedupandhidden.智慧不像金錢，不能捆起來藏著。ProverbsonWisdom10/553.Wisdomismoretobeenviedthanriches.知識(shí)可羨，勝于財(cái)富。4.Wisdomcomesformextensiveobservationandbroadknowledge.智慧來自于見多識(shí)廣.5.Wisdominthemindisbetterthanmoneyinthehand.

腦中有知識(shí)，勝于手中有金錢。11/556.Doubtisthekeyofknowledge.

懷疑是知識(shí)之鑰。7.Ifyouwantknowledge,youmusttoilforit.

若要求知識(shí)，須從勤苦得。8.Alittleknowledgeisadangerousthing.

淺學(xué)誤人。9.Learnwisdombythefolliesofothers.

從旁人愚行中學(xué)到聰明。10.Wisdomistothemindwhathealthistothebody.

智慧之于精神，一如健康之于肉體。12/55Structureanalysisofthetext(1)1+4Thetextisneatlystructured,withthefirstparagraphintroducingthetopicandtheotherparagraphselaboratingonit.Eachofthefourparagraphsdiscussesonefactorthatcontributestowisdom.Ss+LsBymixingsomeunusuallyshortsentenceswiththelongones,theauthorvariestheirweightandachievesemphasisandimpact.13/55Structureanalysisofthetext(2)Para.1:introducethetopic.Para.2:OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.Para.3:Theremustbe,also,acertainawarenessoftheendsofhumanlife.14/55Paragraph4:Itisneededinthechoiceofendstobepursuedandinemancipationfrompersonalprejudice.Paragraph5:Ithinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation,asfaraspossible,fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow.15/55Structureanalysisofthetext(3)Factorsthatconstitutewisdom:1.comprehensivenessmixedwithasenseofproportion;2.afullawarenessofthegoalsofhumanlife;3.understanding;4.impartiality16/55GeneralUnderstandingovertheText1.Whatmessagedoesthewritertrytoconveywiththeexampleoftechnicians?Key:RefertoParagraph2.Thewritertriestotellusknowledgeitselfcannotsavetheworld.Knowledgewithoutwisdomwillnotbenefittheworldandinsomecaseswillevenposeaseriousthreattohumanity.Soawisepersonhastohaveacomprehensiveview.17/55GeneralUnderstandingovertheText2.

Howcanwisdomhelponeinhis/herpursuitofalife-longcareer?Key:RefertoParagraph4.Wisdomcanhelponeinhischoiceofalife-longpursuit.Whenonehastomakeamajorcareerdecision,hehastoconsiderwhetheritispossibletoachievewhatheaimsat.Ifitistoohightobeachieved,heshouldlearntogiveitupandturntoanattainablegoal.18/55GeneralUnderstandingovertheText3.What,accordingtoRussell,istheessenceofwisdom?Andhowcanoneacquiretheveryessence?Key:RefertoParagraph5.AccordingtoRussell,theessenceofwisdomliesinimpartiality,theabilitytodefythephysicalworld.Russellbelievestheprocessofgrowingwiseisthatoftearingoneselfawayfromthephysicalandemotionalworldsandmovingintoahigherstage,thespiritualworld.19/55LanguagePoints

indetails20/55Languagepointssurpass:todoorbebetterthane.g.Shesurpassedherbrotherinmathematics.

Tomsurpassedallexpectations.sur-:over,above,beyond.Otherexamples:surcharge,surrealisme.g.Thewaitersurchargedus10%onthepriceofthedinner.

結(jié)果超出了他們預(yù)料。Theresultsurpassestheirexpectations.21/55correlative.adj.havingorshowingarelationtosomethingelseRightsarecorrelativewithduties.

correlationn.e.g.ahighcorrelationbetweentheclimateandcrops.strong/high/close/significantetccorrelation22/55cease:tocometoanend,tostopdoingsomethingorstophappeninge.g.Heneverceasedfromhisactivitiesasapropagandist.

TheoldGermanEmpireceasedtoexistin1918.Therainceasedandtheskycleared.Ceasefire!23/55means:amethodthatenablesapurposetobefulfillede.g.Hewaspreparedtouseanymeanstogetwhathewanted.Thisisn’tthequickestmeansofearningmoney.*Note:Itisapluralnoun,butisusuallytreatedassingular.24/55Languagepointscontributeto:1)tohelptocauseorbringaboute.g.Poorfoodcontributedtoherillness.Drinkcontributedtohisruin.Stressisa contributingfactorinmanyillnesses.contributesubstantially/significantly/greatlyetctosomething*similarexpressions:leadto/foster好天氣是這次遠(yuǎn)征科學(xué)考查成功原因之一。Thefairweathercontributedtothesuccessofthescientificexpedition.25/552)togivemoney,help,ideasetctosomethingthatalotofotherpeoplearealsoinvolvedinThevolunteerscontributetheirowntimetotheproject.26/55proportionequalityinthemathematicalrelationshipbetweentwosetsofnumbers,asinthestatement“8isto6as32isto24”[?ratio]high/large/smalletc.proportionTheproportionofwomengraduateshasincreasedinrecentyears.What'stheproportionofboystogirlsinyourclass?Therewardsyougetinthisjobareindirectproportiontotheeffortyouputin.Herfeetaresmallinproportiontoherheight.27/55Ithinkacertainamountofworryaboutworkisverynatural,butyou’vegottokeepitinproportion.keepsomethinginproportionoutof(all)proportionto/withasenseofproportion:theabilitytojudgewhatisimportantandwhatisnotinasituationhave/keep/loseasenseofproportionYou’vegottokeepasenseofproportion.28/55takeaccountof:totakeintoconsideration;toconsideraspecifiedthingalongwithotherfactorsbeforereachingadecisionortakingaction.E.g.Wemusttakeaccountofdifferentopinionsfromallgroups.

我們應(yīng)該考慮這個(gè)項(xiàng)目標(biāo)費(fèi)用。Weshouldtakeaccountofthecostoftheproject.*similarexpressions:take…intoconsiderationtake…intoaccountpayattentionto…

29/55attachdueweightto:toascribe(歸因于)properimportancetodue:1.proper,adequatee.g.Theywillsurelymeetwithduepunishment.Duecaremustbetakenwhileoneisdriving.他以應(yīng)有小心處理這事。

Hehandledthatwithduecare.2.expectedtohappenorarriveataparticulartimeduetodosomethingduein/on/at圖書館書什么時(shí)候到期？Whenarethelibrarybooksdueback?我們定于明天動(dòng)身。Weareduetoleavetomorrow.菲爾火車下午七點(diǎn)鐘到。

Phil'strainisdueat7:00p.m.30/553.owedtosomeoneeitherasadebtorbecausetheyhavearighttoit:Thanksareduetoallthosewhotookpart.Thatmoneyisduetome,butIhaven‘tgotityet.

那筆錢是應(yīng)付給我,而我至今還未拿到

4.ifanamountofmoneyisdue,itmustbepaidataparticulartime銀行貸款本月到期。

Thebankloanisduethismonth.Owingto:dueto/becauseofOwingtotherainthematchwascancelled.

我們幸福童年應(yīng)歸功于父親辛勤工作。

Ourhappychildhoodisduetoourfather'shardwork.

31/55beengagedin:tobedoingortobecomeinvolvedinanactivitye.g.Johnisengagedincompilingadictionary.他從事耕作已經(jīng)有二十年。

Hehasengagedinfarmingfor20years.

*similarexpression:beinvolvedinsucceedin:toachievewhatoneaimsorwantstodo.unintended:unplanned,notdeliberate32/55populous:denselypopulated-ous:characterizeby;ofthenature otherexamples:mountainous,poisonousspectacular:strikinglylargeandobvious-ar:ofthekindspecified otherexample:molecular,scholar巴西足球明星羅納爾多在年世界杯足球賽中射進(jìn)好幾個(gè)精彩球。FIFA:Fédérationinternationaledefootballassociation國(guó)際足球聯(lián)合會(huì)Ronaldo,oneofthefootballstarsfromBrazil,scoredseveralspectaculargoalsinFIFAWorldCup.33/55Composition:人氣質(zhì),性情e.g.Hehasatouchofstubbornnessinhiscomposition.

他脾氣有點(diǎn)倔。moralcomposition道德品質(zhì)我們檢驗(yàn)了這一石塊,想搞清它組成成份。Weexaminedtherocktofindoutitscomposition.disinterested:freeofselfinterest(objective,impartial,unbiased)uninterested:notinterested34/55pursuit:n.theactionoffollowingsomebodyorsomething,inpursuitofe.g.Thepolicecarracedthroughthestreetsinpursuitofanothercar.Hemetwithmanydifficultiesinhispursuitofhappiness.pursue:vt.Totrytoachievee.g.Itwaswrongnottohavepursuedpeace.35/55Manyeminenthistorianshavedonemoreharmthangood...Whatmanyeminenthistorianshavedoneismoredamagingthanhelp.eminent(ofaperson)famousandrespectedwithinaparticularsphereorprofessione.g.Heiseminentforhisknowledge.36/55similarwords: well-known,celebrated,renowned,eminent,noted,legendaryfamousfordoingsomethingbad: notorious,infamousnotfamous:little-known,unknown,obscureafamousperson:celebrity,celeb,starPreeminent:muchmoreimportant,morepowerful,orbetterthananyothersofitskind37/55GeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegelGerman

philosopher,oneofthecreatorsofGermanIdealism.HishistoricistandidealistaccountofrealityasawholerevolutionizedEuropeanphilosophyandwasanimportantprecursortoContinentalphilosophyandMarxism.Hegelinfluencedwritersofwidelyvaryingpositions,includingbothhisadmirers(Strauss,Bauer,Feuerbach,T.H.Green,Marx,Bradley,Dewey,Sartre,Küng,Kojève,?i?ek,Brandom)andhisdetractors(Schelling,Kierkegaard,Schopenhauer,Nietzsche,Peirce,Popper,Russell,Heidegger).38/55lackn.thestateofnothavingenoughofsomething;vt.tobewithoutordeficientin;vi.(+for,usedinnegativesentences)nottohaveenoughofe.g.船上并不缺乏娛樂。

Thereisnolackofentertainmentaboardtheship.Herwritinglacksimagination.Sheneverlacksforfriends.lacking.adj.Hefoundhimselflackinginability.39/55inculcate(tofixideasandprinciples,etc.)inthemindof(somebody,repeatedly);inculcationn.e.g.It'simportanttoinculcatetheseideasinthemindsoftheyoungpeople.Itrytoinculcateasenseofresponsibilityinmychildren.40/55standard-bearer:aleadingfigureinacauseormovement/apersonwhoholdsthestandardbynomeans:notatallbyallmeans:千方百計(jì)，不論怎樣，務(wù)必41/55emancipation

from:freedomfrompolitical,moral,intellectualorsocialrestraintsoffensivetoreasonorjusticee.g.Hefinallygainedemancipationfromtheauthorityofhisparents.Lastcenturywitnessedthedevelopmentoftheemancipationofwomen.擺脫壞習(xí)慣需要耐心和毅力。Patienceandperseverancearerequiredinemancipationfrombadhabits.prejudice:bias42/55[translation]“Evenanendwhichitwouldbenobletopursueifitwereattainablemaybepursuedunwiselyifitisinherentlyimpossibleofachievement.”追求一個(gè)不可能到達(dá)目標(biāo)是不明智,即使這個(gè)目標(biāo)若能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)能令人感到自豪。end:agoalorresultoneseeksattainable:capableofbeingachieved-able:capableofbeing Otherexamples:countable,calculable43/55devote...to:togivealloralargepartofone'stimeorresourcesto(aperson,activity,orcause)e.g.Iwanttodevotemyselftothework.confer(upon):1.togrante.g.Thequeenconferredknighthoodsonseveraldistinguishedmen/conferredamedalonthehero/conferredanhonorarydegreeonher.44/55conferatitle/degree/honouretcon/upontoofficiallygivesomeoneatitleetc,especiallyasarewardforsomethingtheyhaveachieved修完全部課程學(xué)生被授予畢業(yè)證書。Diplomaswereconferredonthestudentswhohadcompletedallcoursesofstudy.羅伯特·弗羅斯特因?yàn)閷?duì)詩歌出色貢獻(xiàn)而被美國(guó)許多大學(xué)授予聲譽(yù)學(xué)位。ManyhonorarydegreesfromdifferentcollegesanduniversitiesinAmericawereconferreduponRobertFrostforhisremarkablecontributionstopoetry.45/552.todiscusssomethingwithotherpeople,sothateveryonecanexpresstheiropinionsanddecideonsomething;n.conferenceconferwithsb.on[about]sth.他們商議擴(kuò)展業(yè)務(wù)最好方法。Theyconferredonthebestwaytoexpandbusiness.3.比較(此使用方法今已廢,但其縮略形式cf.作"參看","試比較"解,現(xiàn)仍通用)

46/55putsomethinginsomeone'shand:hand,passofficiallygivesomethingtosomeone: award,present,grant,confer,allocategivesomethingtopeopleinagrouphandout,passaround,distributegivetoacharitydonategivesomethingtopeopleafteryoudie: leave,passon,bequeath(遺贈(zèng))47/55asitwas:inreality;intheactualsituation(pasttenseof“asitis”.*distinguishthegroupofexpressions:asitdoes:referstowhatanactualsituationis.Similarexpressionsinclude:asitstands,asitturnsout,asithappens.e.g.Ithoughtthingswouldgetbetter,butasitis,theyaregettingworse.asitwere:asonemightsay;inasortofway."Were"hereisasubjunctiveform.e.g.Hebecame,asitwere,amanwithoutacountry.48/55

appalling:horrifying,shockinge.g.appallingworkingconditionsappallingviolence.

Whenwillthisappallingwarend?Hisignoranceisappalling.他愚蠢到極點(diǎn)。Theweatherwasabsolutelyappalling.anappallinglydifficultjobHebehavedappallingly.49/55enmity:hostilityinstill:tograduallybutfirmlyestablish(anideaorattitude,especiallyadesirableone)inaperson'smind

instillconfidence/fe