新版GMAT寫作講義

GMAT寫作講義主講：韋曉亮歡送使用新東方在線電子教材教材說明：本教材包括老師授課時的主要結(jié)構(gòu)和文章，老師最后講的題庫題庫請到官方網(wǎng)站下載1.個人著作《GRE作文大講堂－方法、題目、剖析》GRE、GMAT所有班推薦作文用書《GRE作文大講堂－方法、題目、剖析》2.什么是GMAT考試，都考些什么題型，各個題型都要做多少個題目，分?jǐn)?shù)多少比擬合理。GMAT――GMAT〔GraduateManagementAdmissionTest〕普通管理工程、會計學(xué)、藝術(shù)管理、行為科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、財政、保健事業(yè)、國際貿(mào)易、信息工程學(xué)和工商管理

●GMAT考試總分值為800分

GMAT:分AWA,Quantitative和Verbal三局部,Quantitative:75分鐘37個題,包括DS,PS兩局部PS:ProblemSolving.DS:DataSufficiency,Verbal:75分鐘41個題,包括CR〔邏輯〕,RC〔閱讀〕,SC〔句子改錯〕三局部CR:CriticalReasoning(邏輯),約有12個題。RC:一般會出四篇閱讀，兩長兩短。SC:SentenceCorrectionAWA:analyticalwritingassessmentAA——analyticalargumentAI——analyticalissue分析性寫作考試〔AWA〕的特點(diǎn)：a.重點(diǎn)考辯證的分析能力，而不是語言表達(dá)b.有題庫，題目就在題庫里出題庫在下載3.各個局部之間的聯(lián)系GMAT表達(dá)的尤為典型〔1〕GMAT寫作之立論文―――GMAT閱讀“幾百年來，大多數(shù)國家的貨幣制度建立在金屬硬幣和打印的紙幣的交換的根底之上。但是，因為最近技術(shù)的開展，國際共同體應(yīng)該考慮將整個硬幣和紙幣的系統(tǒng)用存款和貸款的電子帳目系統(tǒng)取代。”

討論你在何種程度上贊成或不贊成上述觀點(diǎn)。從你自身的經(jīng)驗，觀察和閱讀給出相關(guān)的原因and/or例子來支持你的觀點(diǎn)。〔2〕GMAT寫作之駁論文―――GMAT邏輯logic例如：充分必要條件邏輯在寫作和邏輯中都是考查重點(diǎn)1．充分：所謂充分條件就是僅有這條件就足以帶來結(jié)果，不需考慮別的條件了。

它是誰成立，誰一定也成立，比方A→B,如果A成立，那么一定有B

2．必要：所謂必要條件就是沒有這個條件結(jié)果一定不對。4.GRE和GMAT幾乎一樣，表達(dá)在：Issue：過程與結(jié)果：GRE：118"Inanyfieldofendeavor—thesciences,thehumanities,thesocialsciences,industry,etc.—itisnottheattainmentofagoalthatmatters,butrathertheideasanddiscoveriesthatareencounteredonthewaytothegoal."在任何領(lǐng)域如科學(xué)、人文、社會科學(xué)、工業(yè)等，我們最大的收獲在于達(dá)成目標(biāo)的道路上的偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)，而不是獲取目標(biāo)本身。GMAT：10.“在任何企業(yè)里，制作或?qū)崿F(xiàn)某件東西的過程比最終的產(chǎn)品重要多了。”

討論你在何種程度上贊成或不贊成上述觀點(diǎn)。從你自身的經(jīng)驗，觀察和閱讀給出相關(guān)的原因and/or例子來支持你的觀點(diǎn)?？萍嫉拈_展：GRE：66"Aspeoplerelymoreandmoreontechnologytosolveproblems,theabilityofhumanstothinkforthemselveswillsurelydeteriorate."人們越來越依賴于技術(shù)去解決問題，而人類自身思考的能力卻被消弱。GMAT：20.“自動化的時代里，許多人抱怨人類變得屈從于機(jī)器了。但是，事實(shí)上，機(jī)器正不斷改善我們的生活?！?/p>

討論你在何種程度上贊成或不贊成上述觀點(diǎn)。從你自身的經(jīng)驗，觀察和閱讀給出相關(guān)的原因and/or例子來支持你的觀點(diǎn)。政府是否要支持藝術(shù)：GRE：85"Governmentfundingoftheartsthreatenstheintegrityofthearts."政府對藝術(shù)的資助威脅著藝術(shù)的獨(dú)立性。GMAT：22.“很明顯，政府對支持藝術(shù)富有責(zé)任。但是，如果需要這個支持產(chǎn)生任何價值，政府必須對產(chǎn)生的藝術(shù)不加限制?！?/p>

討論你在何種程度上贊成或不贊成上述觀點(diǎn)。從你自身的經(jīng)驗，觀察和閱讀給出相關(guān)的原因and/or例子來支持你的觀點(diǎn)。公益事業(yè)與公共責(zé)任感話題：GRE：67"Collegesshouldrequirestudentstoengageinpublic-serviceactivitiesinordertoassurethateachstudentreceivesabalanced,well-roundededucation."學(xué)院應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生們參加公益活動，這樣就能保證學(xué)生們得到全面平衡的教育。GMAT：34.“所有的市民都應(yīng)該被要求完成一定量的公共效勞。這樣的效勞將不但從整體上給國家?guī)砗锰?，也能給個人的參與者帶來好處?！?/p>

討論你在何種程度上贊成或不贊成上述觀點(diǎn)。從你自身的經(jīng)驗，觀察和閱讀給出相關(guān)的原因and/or例子來支持你的觀點(diǎn)。歷史話題：GRE：221"Thechiefbenefitofthestudyofhistoryistobreakdowntheillusionthatpeopleinoneperiodoftimearesignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedatanyothertimeinhistory."研究歷史主要的好處就是消除了人們這樣的錯覺：一個時代的人們與以前任何一個時代的人有顯著的不同。GMAT：43.“學(xué)習(xí)歷史的最重要的原因不是歷史知識能使我們成為更好的人或者更好的社會，而是它可以給我們解決今天面對的社會問題提供線索?！?/p>

討論你在何種程度上贊成或不贊成上述觀點(diǎn)。從你自身的經(jīng)驗，觀察和閱讀給出相關(guān)的因and/or例子來支持你的觀點(diǎn)。5.一定的詞匯量作GMAT寫作和GMAT考試的保障6.GMAT寫作評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)7.GMAT的題庫特點(diǎn)題庫在下載〔1〕Issue題庫：20.“自動化的時代里，許多人抱怨人類變得屈從于機(jī)器了。但是，事實(shí)上，機(jī)器正不斷改善我們的生活?！?7.“由于對現(xiàn)代社會來說，科學(xué)和技術(shù)正在變得越來越根本，學(xué)校應(yīng)該投入更多的時間教授科學(xué)技術(shù)而減少藝術(shù)和人文的教育。”

40.“隨著對全球經(jīng)濟(jì)和跨國公司的關(guān)注增加，人們需要理解他們作為世界公民的角色比作為一個特定國家的公民的角色更重要?！?5.“跨國公司的興起導(dǎo)致全球一體化。因為所有地方的人們都開始需要同樣的效勞和產(chǎn)品，地區(qū)差異正迅速消失?！?2.“你可以從一個國家的廣告區(qū)分出它的思想。”85.“廣告是最有影響力的，因此也是20世紀(jì)最重要的藝術(shù)成就?！?5.“商務(wù)人員在長期內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤最大化的最有效途徑是遵循最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的道德?！?11.“最有效率的企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是保持最高道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人。”136.“在商務(wù)課程中，教授只應(yīng)該教授實(shí)際的知識和技術(shù)，而非道德?！薄?〕Argument題庫:Argu8和argu10Argu14和argu46Argument局部一.Argument的寫作特點(diǎn)二.Argument整體結(jié)構(gòu)第一段：開頭段。主要是歸納論點(diǎn)，說明論點(diǎn)有問題，存在邏輯漏洞，準(zhǔn)備發(fā)起進(jìn)攻。第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分類別去攻擊各個邏輯錯誤。第五段：結(jié)尾段。作者的結(jié)論似乎是合理的，但是通過論證，不是這樣的。因此作者在做出決定之前，應(yīng)該還要考慮其他情況。三.如何寫開頭段？

例.重復(fù)結(jié)論+扼要重述論據(jù)+轉(zhuǎn)折〔總論〕

InthismemothevicepresidentofNature'sWayCNW),achainofstoressellinghealthfoodandhealth-relatedproducts,recommendsopeningastoreinPlamesville.TosupportthisrecommendationthevicepresidentcitesthefollowingfactsaboutPlainesville:(1)salesofexerciseshoesandclothingareatall-timehighs;(2)thelocalhealthclubismorepopularthanever;and(3)thecity'sschoolchildrenarerequiredtoparticipateinafitnessprogram.Closescrutinyofeachofthesefacts,however,revealsthatnoneofthemlendcrediblesupporttotherecommendation.四.開頭段的小寶式寫法〔C－E－F〕Merelybasedonunfoundedassumptionanddubious(suspicious)evidence,thestatementdrawsaconclusionthat_____.Tosubstantiate(support)theconclusion,thearguerpointsoutevidencethat_____.Inaddition,heindicatesthat_____.Furthermore,hecitestheresultofarecentsurveyinsupportofthisrecommendation.Atfirstglance,theauthor’sargumentappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthatitomitssomesubstantialconcernsthatshouldbeaddressedtosubstantiatetheargument.Inmypointofview,thisargumentsuffersfromNlogicalflaws.五.如何寫正文段六.如何寫結(jié)尾段七.結(jié)尾段的具體寫法Tosumup,thisarguerfailstosubstantiateitsclaimthat_____,becausetheevidencescitedintheanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.Tomaketheargumentmoreconvincing,thearguerwouldhavetoprovidemoreinformationwithregardto_____.Additionally,hewouldhavetodemonstratethat_____.Therefore,iftheargumenthadincludedthegivenfactorsdiscussedabove,itwouldhavebeenmorethoroughandlogicallyacceptable.八.各個邏輯錯誤的攻擊方法和語言1.Survey/Study：(1)ProcedureA.SelectivesampleB.QuantityofthesampleUnlessthesurveyorssampledasufficientnumberofanddidsorandomlyacrosstheentirespectrum,thesurveyresultsarenotreliabletogauge_____generally.Thenumberofrespondents/samplesinitselfdoesnotensurerepresentativeness.Forexample,ifthesampleincludedonly,thentheresultswouldnodoubtsuggest.Orif_____,(1200)wouldaccountforonlyalittlepercentage,whichwouldrenderstheresultofthesurveymeaningless.(2)ResultofthesurveyA.Dothestatisticsmakeanymeaningfullness?B.Arethestatisticsmisleadinglyvague?①攻擊“無相比照值”Theargumenttellsusthat“many”(anumberof)_____.However,thespeakerfailstoindicatethepercentageof_____,sothisevidenceisfartoovaguetobemeaningful.②攻擊“無絕對數(shù)值”Theauthorfailstoprovideinformationregardingtheabsolutenumberof____.C.RespondentsTherespondentsmustbestatisticallysignificantinnumberandrepresentativeoftheoverall_____.(3)Whoconductedthesurvey?Thesurveyorshouldbenonaligned/cross-becher.(4)Whenwasthesurveyconducted?Athresholdproblemisthattheeditorialneglectstoindicatehowrecentlyhesurveywasactuallyconducted.Whensamplesareusedtomakegeneralclaimsaboutaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughintimetothegeneralization.Allweknowinthiseditorialisthatthesurveywasrecentlypublished.Thelessrecentthesurveyitself,thelessreliabletheresultstoindicatecurrentinterestlevels.2.SufficientEvidenceandNecessaryCondition(1)SufficientEvidenceTheargumentassumestoohastilythat____willnecessarilyresultinthebehaviorthattheargumentpredicts.Perhaps,_____.Moreover,____.ThefactthatAisnotsufficientforthepredictionthatB.(2)NecessaryConditionTheeditor’srecommendationdependsontheassumptionthatnofactorsotherthanAcausedB.However,commonsenseinformsmethatthisassumptionisapoorone.Amyriadofotherfactors,including___or____,mightjustaslikelybethecauseofB.Tobespecific,_____.Withoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblecauses,theeditorcannotjustifiablyconcludethatonlyby____can____.3.CauseandEffectFallacies(1)NonsequiturThearguerfailstoestablishthecausalrelationshipbetweenthefactthat____andtheclaimthat____.Thisargumentisunacceptableunlessthereiscompellingevidencetosupporttheconnectionbetweenthesetwoevents.Perhaps,forexample,____resultsfrom_____.(2)Posthoc,ergoproperhoc(afterthis,thereforebecauseofthis)Basedonthefactthat____occurredafter_____,theeditorinfersthat____shouldberesponsiblefor_____.However,thesequenceoftheseevents,initself,doesnotsufficetoprovethatearlierdevelopmentcausedthelaterone.Imighthaveresultedfromsomeothereventsinstead:____________----tojustafewpossibilities.Withoutrulingoutscenariossuchasthese,theeditorcannotestablishacause-and-effectrelationshipbetween______and_______uponwhicheditor’stherecommendationdepends.(3)ConcurrenceTheargumentobservesacorrelationbetweenAandB,thenconcludesthattheformeristhecauseofthelatter.However,theargumentfailstoruleoutotherpossibleexplanationsforAorB.Forexample,_____.AnyofthesefactorsmightleadtoB.WithoutrulingoutallotherfactorsitisunfairtoconcludethatAisresponsibleforB.(4)ConfusethecauseandeffectItispossiblethatthemayorhasconfusedcausewitheffectrespectingtherecentdevelopmentsinOceanView.PerhapsAwasaresponsetoB.Sincethemayorhasfailedtoaccountforthispossibility,theclaimthat_____iscompletelyunwarranted.4.ChangingScopeFallacies(1)DifferentconceptsAthresholdprobleminvolvesthedefinitionofA.Thearguerfailstodefinethiscriticalterm.IfAisdefinedasB,thenhowC,isirrelevanttowhether____.Inshort,withoutacleardefinitionofA,itisimpossibletoassessthestrengthoftheargument.(2)WhatistrueforamemberisalsotrueforthegroupTheargumentresetsontheassumptionthat個體案例typifynationwide整體情況.Ifthisisnotthecase,thenitisentirelypossiblethat在另一個地方，上述個案的結(jié)果不會發(fā)生相同的情況Thus,lackingmoremarketinginformationabout____nationwide,itisdifficulttoassessthemeritofthememo’srecommendation.(3)AssumingthatcharacteristicsofagroupapplytoeachgroupmemberOneproblemwiththeargumentisthatitassumesthatthenationwide(characteristicsofagroupapplytoeverymemberofthatgroup)statisticsabout_____appliesequallyto個體成員，Yetthismightnotbethecase,foravarietyofpossiblereasons.Perhaps______;orperhaps______.Withoutrulingoutsuchpossibilities,theauthorcannotjustifiablyconcludethat_____.(4)Average5.IncompleteThought(1)FailingtoweightheadvantageanddisadvantagethoroughlyInaddition,theauthorfailstoconsiderthepossiblenegativeimpactsbroughtaboutby.(2)ProfitTheauthor’conclusionthat_____isunwarranted.Profitisfactorofnotonlyrevenue,butalsocosts.It’sentirelypossiblethatthecostsof_________,orothercostsassociatedwith________,willoffset,evenoutweightherevenue.Besides,amyriadofotherpossibleoccurrence,suchasunfavorableeconomicconditions,mightprevent______frombeingasprofitableintheforeseeablefuturesastheargumentpredicts.6.Allthingsremainunchangedovertime(1)PastconditionsremainunchangedinthepresentandfutureTheauthorclaimsthat______,because_____.Theauthorassumeswithoutjustificationthatthebackgroundconditionshaveremainedthesameatdifferenttime.Theassumptionisunwarrantedbecausethingsrarelyremainthesameoverextendedperiodsoftime.TherearelikelyallkindsofdifferencebetweenAandB.Forexample,A_______;however,B______.Anyofthesescenarios,iftrue,wouldservetounderminetheclaimthat______(2)PresentConditionswillremainunchangedintothefuture7.Vagueevidence8.Analogyandcomparison(1)FalseanalogyThearguer’srecommendationreliesonwhatmightbeapooranalogybetweenAandB.Theanalogyfalselydependsontheassumptionthat______inbothAandBaresimilar.However,itisentirelypossiblethatA與B存在很大的不同.Inshort,withoutaccountingforimportantpossibledifferencesbetweenAandB,thearguercannotreasonablyprovetheproposedmethodwillhelpA_____.(2)Incompleteorselectivecomparison(3)ComparisonandVariation9.FalsedilemmaEvenassumingAisnotthereasonfortheB,theauthorfalselyassumesthattheBmustbeattributabletoC.This“either-or”argumentisfallaciousinthatitignoresotherpossiblecausesoftheB.Forexample,perhaps其他可能原因,orperhaps其他可能原因10.UnwarrantedAssumptionTheauthorfalselydependsongratuitousassumptionthat______.However,noevidenceisstatedintheargumenttosupportthisassumption.Forexample,itismostlikelythat______.Therefore,theargumentisunwarrantedwithoutrulingoutsuchpossibility.11.HastygeneralizationInaddition,thearguercommitsafallacyofhastygeneralization.EvenifA,itdoesnotfollowthatB.ItishighlypossiblethatotherfactorsmayhavecontributedtoB.Forinstance,__________.Besides,thearguerdoesnotprovideanysolidinformationconcerningB.WithoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblefactorsthatgiverisetoB,theauthorcannotconfidentlyconcludethat______.范文：48.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocalnewspaper.“TheprofitabilityofCroesusCompany,recentlyrestoredtoprivateownership,isaclearindicationthatbusinessesfarebetterunderprivateownershipthanunderpublicownership.”BasedupontheprofitabilityoftheCroesusCompanyandthefactthatitwasrecentlyconvertedfrompublictoprivateownership,theauthorconcludesthatprivateownershipisbetterforbusinessesthanpublicownership.Ifindthisargumentunconvincingintworespects.Inthefirstplace,theevidencetheauthorprovidesisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusiondrawnfromit.Oneexampleisrarelysufficienttoestablishageneralconclusion.UnlessitcanbeshownthatCroesusCompanyisrepresentativeofallcompaniesthathaveconvertedfrompublictoprivateownership,theconclusionthatallcompanieswouldbemoreprofitableunderprivateownershipiscompletelyunwarranted.Infact,inthefaceofsuchlimitedevidenceitisfallacioustodrawanyconclusionatall.Inthesecondplace,theauthorassumesthatthereasonforCroesus’profitabilitywasitsconversionfrompublictoprivateownership.Thisassumption,however,isnotsupportedintheargument.IntheabsenceofevidencetosupportthisassumptionmanyotherexplanationsforCroesusCompany’sprofitabilityarepossible.Forexample,itssuccessmaybeduetothefactthatCroesushasfewcompetitorsorbecausetheproductorserviceitprovidesisunique,orbecauseithasanexceptionallyskilledmanagementteam.Inconclusion,thisargumentisunconvincing.Tostrengthentheconclusion,additionalexamplesofsuccessfulcompaniesthatconvertedfrompublictoprivateownershiparerequired.Additionally,theauthorwouldhavetoshowthatthereasonforthesuccessofthesecompanieswasthefactthattheywereprivatelyowned.Issue文章結(jié)構(gòu)_________?Thediscussionofthisissueamongindividualsandinsocietyasawholehascomeintovogueduringthelastdecade.People’sopinionsaredivergentonsuchacomplexandcontroversialissue.Theauthordeclaresthat___,however,itoversimplifiesthisissue.Thefinaljudgment,inmypointofview,shoulddependonacase-by-caseanalysis.Firstandforemost,attheriskofsoundingtoosimplistic,mymainpropositionfor___canbesummarizedinonesayingthat___.Whatismore,Iapprovethestatementthat____withoutreservationsinrespectthat____.Asaconsequence,____.Let’sbringourdiscussionheretoamorepresentandpracticalcontext,itcanbegivenaconcreteexample:_____.Meanwhile,accordingtoarecentsurvey,itisestimatedthat____.Similarly,______.Fromapersonalperspective,anotheressentialfactorwhyIadvocate____involvestherealmof____.Noonecandenythat____.Movingontowiderthemes,____.Historyisrepletewithampleevidencetodemonstratethispoint.Anotablecaseinpointrefersto____.However,weshouldconcedethatdespitethemeritsof____mentionedabove,overextended___willbeindeedharmful.Theharmitproducesis,inmyview,bothpalpableandprofound.Fortheindividual,ithasadebasingimpacton_____;forthesociety,itmaypromotethetendencytoward_____.Tosuccessfullycurbsuchunfavorableblights,itisimperativeforustotakeseveralefficaciousstepsintoconsideration.Inthefirstplace,weshouldappealtotheauthoritytoworkoutrelevantregulationsto_____.Inthesecondplace,weshouldcultivateandenhancepeople’sawarenessthat_____.Inthethirdplace,_____shouldpourmoreinvestmentinto_____.Fromtheanalysesmadeabove,Istronglycommittothenotionthat_____,notonlybecause_______,butalsobecause_______,butitdependson_________.寫作必背單詞和短語counterproductiveadj.產(chǎn)生相反效果〔結(jié)果〕的

e.g.Itiscounterproductivetobetootough:itjustmakesthestaffresentful.

seminaladj.萌芽的，潛在的；開創(chuàng)性的；有重大影響的

e.g.intheseminalstate〔在萌芽狀態(tài)〕||seminalthoughts||seminalprinciple〔根本原那么〕

forgov.放棄e.g.Thechoicetoforgohissecurityisalwaysavailable,althoughitmightcarryunpleasantuitionn.直覺e.g.Iwilltrustmystrongintuitionthatfreewillisanessentialpartofourbeingashumans.satisfy v.證明是正當(dāng)?shù)模C的；為…尋找正當(dāng)理由

e.g.Inthefinalanalysis,governmentcannotphilosophicallysatisfyassistinglargecitiesforthepurposeofeitherpromotingorpreservingthenation'sculturaltraditions;norisgovernmentassistancenecessarytowardtheseends.resortto… 訴諸…

e.g.thereisnonecessitytoresorttoviolentactionssuchasdemonstration,riotorrebel.hingeon…以…為轉(zhuǎn)移，靠…轉(zhuǎn)動

e.g.Theclaimthatsociety’sdestinyhingesonhowchildrenaresocialized,whileappealinginsomerespects,isanover-statementatbest.lendsomecredenceto…提供支持

e.g.Recentadvancesinmolecularbiologyandgeneticslendsomecredencetothisposition,bysuggestingthatthesedeterminingphysicalforcesincludeourownindividualgeneticmakeup.dimensionn.大?。惑w積；程度；范圍

e.g.Ididnotrealizethedimensionsoftheproblem.amountto…相當(dāng)于；等于

e.g.Whatyousayamountstoadirectaccusation.inspirev.鼓勵或鼓舞

e.g.Tobeginwith,learningaboutkeyhistoricalfiguresinspiresustoachievegreatthingsourselves---farmoresothanlearningabouttheconditionsofgroupsofvidenecessaryimpetusfor…給與…動力

e.g.Itisalmostalwaysakeyindividualwhoprovidethenecessaryimputesforwhatotherwisemightbeagroupeffort,asdiscussedbelow.paradigmn.樣式；典范；范例e.g.educationalparadigmsobscurev.使陰暗；使朦朧

e.g.Generallyspeaking,then,undueattentiontotheeffortsandcontributionsofvariousgroupstendstoobscurethecauseandeffectrelationshipwithwhichthestudyofhistoryischieflyconcerned.nascentadj.初生的e.g.inanascentcondition/stage/state||anascentindustry/literature/artirrespectiveofwhether…無論如何

e.g.Whilewemustinvestinresearchirrespectiveofwhethertheresultsmightbecontroversial.drawadistinctionbetween…區(qū)分…e.g.Oneusefulapproachistodrawadistinctionbetweenpersonalmoralityandpublicmorality.catalystn.催化劑；刺激因素

e.g.circumstanceoftenservesasacatalystforvison.限制性條款；〔附帶〕條件

e.g.Asidefromthetwoforgoingprovisos,however,Ifundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.proceeding n.行動,進(jìn)行,會議錄,學(xué)報e.g.legalproceeding||governmentalproceedingsthwartv.反對；阻礙；挫敗

e.g.thegovernment’sstrategiesforthwartingspecificplansofaninternationalterroristoradrugtrafficker.unprecedentedadj.空前的，史無前例的e.g.thesocietyischangingataspeedwhichisquiteunprecedented.inexorableadj.不可阻擋的；堅持不懈的；無情的e.g.Factsareinexorable||theinexorablemarchofsciencetakeprecedenceover…居先于…;優(yōu)先于…

e.g.Thisinterestmighttakeprecedenceoverthehistoricvalueofanoldstructurethatstandsinthewayofaparkingstructure.serveasasubstitutefor …取代…

besupercededby代替；取代

e.g.Pragmaticbehaviorguaranteessurvival,whereasidealisticviewstendtobesupercededbysimpler,moreimmediateoptions.emergefrom…源自于：〔ineveryageandculturesomeworthwhileartandliteratureemergesfromthemediocrity.〕名人

notablefigures

celebrity

elite

personality〔televisionpersonalities〕普遍；普及

prevailingadj.普遍的；流行的；占優(yōu)勢的〔theprevailingviewinWesterncorporateculture||prevailingprinciple〕灌輸；教育

instill v.〔Courtesymustbeinstilledinchildhood||Moralitymaybeinstilledintotheirminds〕

inculcatev.〔inculcatetheyoungwithasenseofduty.〕

impart v.〔Agoodteacherimpartswisdomtohispupils.〕

foster v.養(yǎng)育,撫育,培養(yǎng),鼓勵〔Frequentculturalexchangewillcertainlyhelpfosterfriendlyrelationsbetweenourtwouniversities.||detectandfosterartistictalent.||tofosteraninterestinmusic〕

nurturev.養(yǎng)育,給與營養(yǎng)物,教養(yǎng)〔Whilethespeakermightoverlookthebenefitsofnurturingcertainemotionsandfeels,onbalanceIagreethat…〕假設(shè)干重；假設(shè)干刃

adouble-edgedsword雙刃劍

e.g.Thistypeofadvertisementcanbeadoubt-edgedsword,whentheproductdoesnotmaketheperson“belike”thepersonintheadvertisement,therecanbedisappointmentanddisillusionmentwiththeproduct.

atwo-edgedweapon雙重武器

e.g.Asissooftenpointedout,knowledgeisatwo-edgedweaponwhichcanbeusedequallyforgoodorevil.

twofold/threefold/manifoldadj.雙重/三重/多種

e.g.Wehavetoaskourselvesveryseri