中國(guó)文化通覽五-九單元提綱

中國(guó)文化通覽提綱中國(guó)文化瑰寶四書(shū)五經(jīng)?！瘛对?shī)經(jīng)》我國(guó)第一步詩(shī)歌總集?！瘛渡袝?shū)》我國(guó)上古部分史料的匯編?！瘛叭Y”指《儀禮》、《周禮》和《禮記》?！瘛吨芤住贩帧兑捉?jīng)》和《易傳》。●《春秋》魯國(guó)史書(shū)，也是世界上最早的一部編年史?！瘛洞髮W(xué)》作于漢初，是《禮記》中一篇論述在古代的“大學(xué)”階段如何學(xué)習(xí)修身和治國(guó)之道的文章?！瘛吨杏埂贰抖Y記》中另一篇文章，講儒家的處世哲學(xué)?！瘛墩撜Z(yǔ)》是孔子及其弟子時(shí)人的言行錄?！瘛睹献印芳畜w現(xiàn)了孟子的哲學(xué)思想和政治思想。京劇與地方戲曲●京?。簢?guó)粹●評(píng)劇：北方地方戲●越?。涸从谡憬r(nóng)村●豫?。涸从诤幽稀顸S梅戲：18世紀(jì)后期在安徽、湖北和江西三省毗鄰地區(qū)以黃梅采茶調(diào)為主的民間歌舞基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展而成的一種小戲?！窈颖卑鹱樱汉颖笔〉胤綉駽hineseCulture:AnIntroduction五．GemsoftheChineseCulture1.TheForeBooksandTheFiveClassics●TheBookofPoetry:thefirstmajorcollectionofChinesepoems.●TheBookofHistory:anincompletecollectionofthehistoryofancientChina.●TheBookofRites:includesYiLi,ZhouLiandLiJi.●ZhouYiorTheBookofChanges:YiJingandYiZhuan.●TheSpringandAutumnAnnals:acanonicalbookofhistorywhich,isacombinationofcannotandhistory.●TheGreatLearning:writtenintheearlyHanDynasty,isinfactanessayinTheBookofRites.●TheDoctrineoftheMean:anotheressayinTheBookofRites.●TheConfucianAnalects:acollectionofthesayingsandteachingsofConfuciusandhisdisciples.●TheWorksofMencius:acollectionofanecdotesabouttheteachingsofMasterMengKe,orMencius.2.BeijingOperaandLocalOperas●BeijingOpera:aculturalsymbolofChina●Pingju:popularinNorthandNorthestChina●Yueju:originatedinshengxianCounty,ZhejiangProvince●Yuju:originatedinHenan●HuangmeiOpera:basedonthefolksongsanddancesintheborderingareaofAnhui,HubeiandJiangxiprovincesinlate18thcentury.●HebeiBangzi:majorformsoflocaloperainHebeiProvince.●呂?。荷綎|省地方戲●川?。何髂蠋资〉牡胤綉蛑袊?guó)書(shū)畫(huà)●中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)人物畫(huà)：人物活動(dòng)為只要描寫對(duì)象●中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)山水畫(huà)：自然風(fēng)景為只要描寫對(duì)象●中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)花鳥(niǎo)畫(huà)：動(dòng)植物為只要描寫對(duì)象●中國(guó)書(shū)法：中國(guó)特有的具有悠久歷史和民族特色的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)生活中的文化符號(hào)文房四寶：筆、墨、紙、硯●中國(guó)對(duì)聯(lián)：俗稱對(duì)子，是我國(guó)一種獨(dú)特的文學(xué)藝術(shù)形式●中國(guó)印章：即璽印篆刻，是依附于書(shū)法而又具有相對(duì)獨(dú)立性的一種傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)形式中國(guó)民間藝術(shù)與競(jìng)技民間工藝木版年畫(huà)，剪紙，風(fēng)箏，刺繡，紡織，印染，陶瓷，金銀玉器，竹木藤器，泥塑。民間游藝●社火：源于古老的土地崇拜，今天已變?yōu)楦鞯毓?jié)慶日的大型群眾文藝游樂(lè)活動(dòng)?！駸熁ㄅ谥瘢悍昴赀^(guò)節(jié)燃放煙花爆竹，已成為我國(guó)節(jié)日文化中不可或缺的內(nèi)容之一。●鬧花燈：正月十五的主要民俗活動(dòng)?！馤vju:majorformsoflocaloperainShandongProvince.●Chuanju:afolklanternplayofSichuanProvince3.ChinesePaintingandCalligraphy●TraditionalChineseFigurePainting:withhumanactivitiesasthemajorobjectsofdescription.●TraditionalChineseLandscapePainting:naturallandscapeareitsobjectofdescription.●TraditionalChineseFlower-and-BirdPainting:animalsandplantsareitssubjects.●ChineseCalligraphy:nativetoChina,isatraditionalcharacteristicfeatures.4.CulturalTokensinDailyLifeTheFourTreasuresoftheStudy:writingbrush,ink-stick,paperandink-slab.●DuilianorChineseCouplets:alsoknownasduizi,isauniqueliterarygenreinChina.●ChineseSeals:thoughbasedonChinesecalligraphy,isacomparativelyindependenttraditionalartform.六．FolkArtsandSports1.FolkHandicraftBlock-PrintedchineseNewYearPictures;Paper-Cut;Kites;Embroidery;Textile;PrintingandDyeing;Ceramics;Gold,SilverandJadeWares;Bamboo,Wood,andRattanWork;ClayandDoughFigureModelling.2.FolkPerformanceandEntertainment●Shehuo：Originallyreferringtosacrificeritualstognome,shehuoisnowageneraltermforallkindsofrecreationalactivitiesinfestivals.●FirecrackersandFireworks:oneoftheessentialpartsofChinesefestivalculture.●LanternShow:fallsonthe15thofthefirstmonthoftheChineseNewYear.●踩高蹺：由表演者腳踩木蹺扮演人物、故事的表演藝術(shù)?！袼｝垷簦阂环N以龍形道具為主體，十?dāng)?shù)人共同表演的大型民間藝術(shù)形式?！癃{子舞：由兩人或一人身披獅型服裝表演的民間藝術(shù)形式?！衽芎荡菏侵概輪T身上套、挎著船型道具扮坐船、男演員手持船篙扮劃船，二人共同表演的一種民間表演藝術(shù)?！窕ü?、腰鼓：一種多由男女二人對(duì)唱對(duì)舞的民間歌舞藝術(shù)形式民間競(jìng)技●中國(guó)武術(shù)：我國(guó)人民在長(zhǎng)期的生產(chǎn)和社會(huì)實(shí)踐中不斷積累和豐富起來(lái)的一種傳統(tǒng)民間競(jìng)技技術(shù)?！裰袊?guó)象棋：源于古老的博弈游戲，發(fā)展到現(xiàn)代，中國(guó)象棋游戲規(guī)則已經(jīng)非常規(guī)范?！颀堉鄹?jìng)技：是用一種狹長(zhǎng)的龍形舟船、由多人同時(shí)劃槳進(jìn)行的劃船競(jìng)賽活動(dòng)，通常于每年農(nóng)歷的五月初五在各地知名的江河湖泊中舉行，是一種傳統(tǒng)的民間利于競(jìng)賽項(xiàng)目?！癜魏樱阂豁?xiàng)由人數(shù)相等的雙方對(duì)拉一根又長(zhǎng)又粗的繩索以比較力量的傳統(tǒng)民間競(jìng)技活動(dòng)。中國(guó)風(fēng)土人情飲食文化●中國(guó)烹飪：講究色、香、味和營(yíng)養(yǎng)?！裰袊?guó)筷子：中國(guó)進(jìn)餐習(xí)俗中的一絕，至今已有數(shù)千年歷史。●Stilts-Walking:apairoflong,slenderpoleseachequippedwitharaisedfootresttoenabletheusertowalkelevatedabovetheground.●DragonLanternDance:auniquefolkdanceinChina.●LionDance:afolkshowperformedbyoneortwopersonswrappedaroundwithlionskincostume.●BoatingDance:afolkdancewithonedancerplayingthewomanpassengercarryingthepropboataroundherandanotherplayingtheboatmanwithanoar.●ColoredDrumDanceandWaistDrumDance:afolksinginganddancingperformanceactedbyamaleandafemale,orbymanypeopleinsomeplaces.3.FolkSports●ChineseWushu:avaluableculturalheritageoftheChinesenation,isatraditionalChinesesportwithauniquenationalcharacteristic.●ChineseChess:Chinesechessoriginatesfromancientboandyigames.Today,Chinesechesshasverystandardizedandspecificrulesofthegame.●TheDragon-BoatRace:aboatinggameinvolvingdragon-shapedlongcanoespropelledbyacrewofmanypaddlersinunison.●Tug-of-War:atraditionalfolksport,tug-of-warisatestofstrengthinwhichtwoteamswithequalnumberofparticipantspullagainsteachotheronarope,eachtryingtopulltheotheroverthewinningline.七．ChineseFolkCulrures1.TheDieteticCulture●ChineseCulinaryArts:attachesgreatimportancetocolor,aroma,tasteandnutrition.●ChineseChopsticks:withahistoryof●中國(guó)宴席禮儀：講究座次，上菜順序和擺菜位置，進(jìn)食的規(guī)范和主客的禮儀。酒文化●酒文化的源流：商代飲酒風(fēng)氣極盛，明清出現(xiàn)不少地方名酒?！窬屏睿阂环N飲酒時(shí)的游戲?！裰袊?guó)名酒：茅臺(tái)、西鳳、紹興加飯酒等。茶文化●茶文化發(fā)展：西漢時(shí)期，已有飲茶習(xí)慣；魏晉南北朝時(shí)，飲茶成為上層人物中間的一種時(shí)尚；唐代，中國(guó)茶文化成熟時(shí)期；宋代，飲酒盛行不衰；元代，飲茶成為日常生活極為平常的事；明清時(shí)期：飲茶方式不斷豐富?！裰袊?guó)茶藝：一是選茶擇器，二沖泡斟酌，三聞香品飲●茶的品種：有綠茶、紅茶、花茶、烏龍茶、白茶、緊壓茶六大茶系。姓氏文化包括姓、氏、名、字和號(hào)。節(jié)日文化節(jié)日起源于古代歷法?！翊汗?jié)：每年農(nóng)歷的正月初一?！袂迕鞴?jié)：每年公歷4月4日（或5日）?！穸宋绻?jié)：每年農(nóng)歷五月初五。thousandsofyears,areawonderofChinesediningutensils.●TheEtiquetteofChineseBanquets:seatorder,theorderofservingdishesnandthewaydishesaresetonthetable.2.TheWineCulture●DrinkingEtiquette:popularinShangDynasty,MingandQingappearmanyfamouswines.●Wagergame:adrinkers’wagergame●FamousChineseWine:Maotai,Xifeng,Shaoxingjiafanetc.3.TheTeaCulture●TeaCultureDevelopment:WesternHanDynasty,teadrinkinghabitshavebeen;SouthernDynasties,teabecameafashionamongtheelite;theTangDynasty,Chineseteaculturematureperiod;Song,drinkingpowerfulasever;theYuanDynasty,teadrinkingbecomeadailyAverycommonthing;MingandQingDynasties:drinkingteacontinuouslyenriched.●ChineseTea:OneelectionteaSelector,twobrewingdiscretion,drinkingthreearoma●Varietiesoftea:greentea,blacktea,jasminetea,oolongtea,whitetea,tea,compressedtea,Departmentofthesix.4.TheNameCultureIncludingxing/shi/ming/ziandhao.5.ThefestivalCultureHolidayoriginatedintheancientcalendar●SpringFestival:onthefirstdayofthefirstmonthaccordingtothelunarcalendar.●China’sTombSweepingDay:Aprilthefourthorfifthofthesolaryear(accordingtotheGregoriancalendar).●TheDragonBoatFestival:fallsonthefifthlunarminth.●乞巧節(jié)：每年農(nóng)歷七月初七?！裰星锕?jié)：每年農(nóng)歷八月十五?！裰仃?yáng)節(jié)：每年農(nóng)歷九月初九。中國(guó)地理文化古城古跡●中國(guó)八大古都：鄭州、西安、北京、洛陽(yáng)、開(kāi)封、南京、杭州、安陽(yáng)?！裰袊?guó)著名古城及其名勝古跡：南京城、山西平遙、湖南鳳凰和云南麗江、大理等古城?！裰袊?guó)歷史文化名城：天津、濟(jì)南、曲阜、武漢等。景點(diǎn)景觀中國(guó)各級(jí)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)共677個(gè)?！褡匀痪坝^：黃山、廬山、武夷山、武陵源、長(zhǎng)江山峽等?！袢宋木坝^：八達(dá)嶺、洛陽(yáng)龍門、臨潼驪山風(fēng)景區(qū)等。名山●五月：東岳泰山、西岳華山、南岳衡山、北岳恒山、中岳嵩山。●佛教名山：五臺(tái)山、九華山、普陀山、峨眉山。●道教名山：龍虎山。●風(fēng)景名山：雁蕩山、路南石林、巫山、天山、五大連池火山群等。●QiqiaoFestival:fallsontheseventhdayoftheseventhlunarmonth.●TheMid-autumnFestival:fallsonthe15thoftheeightyhlunarmonth.●DoubleNinthFestival:fallsontheninthdayoftheninthlunarmonth.八．ChineseGeographicalCulture1.AncientCitiesandHistoricalSites●TheEjghtGreatestAncientCapitals:Zhengzhou,Xian,Beijing,Luoyang,Kaifeng,Nanjing,HangzhouandAnyang.●FamousChineseAncientCitiesandHistoricalSites:Nanjiang,PingyaoAncientCity,FenghuangAncientCity,theancientcityofLijingandDaliAncientCityetc.●FamousHistoricalandCulturalCitiesinChina:Tianjin,jinan,Qufu,Wuhanetc.2.FamousScenicSpotsThereaeatotalof677scenicspotsinChinaatalllevels.●ScenicAreasFamousforNaturalLandscapes:MountHuang,MountLu,MountWuyi,Wulingyuan,Riversetc.●ScenicAreasofCulturanView:Badaling-MingTombsScenicArea,LongmenGrottoesScenicArea,LishanScenicAreaetc.3.FamousMountains●The“FiveSacredMountains”:MountTai,MountHua,MountHenginHunanProvince,MountSong.●The“FourSacredBuddhistMountains”:MountWutai,MountJiuhua,MountPutuoandMountEmei.●The“FourSacredTaoistMountains”:MountLonghu,MountQingcehng,MountWudangandMountQiyun.●FamousScenicMountains:MountYandang,TheStoneForestin河流湖泊●中國(guó)的河流：長(zhǎng)江、黃河、京杭大運(yùn)河?！裰袊?guó)的湖泊：西湖、蜀崗—瘦西湖、無(wú)錫太湖、松花湖、滇池、青海湖、天山天池。中國(guó)建筑與園林傳統(tǒng)建筑風(fēng)格●傳統(tǒng)建筑的發(fā)展階段：原始社會(huì)至漢代—形成期；魏晉南北朝—發(fā)展期；隋唐—成熟期；宋朝—大變革時(shí)期；元朝—繼續(xù)發(fā)展時(shí)期；明清—高峰時(shí)期?！駛鹘y(tǒng)建筑風(fēng)格特點(diǎn)：建筑材料以木材、磚瓦為主，采用梁柱式的彈性結(jié)構(gòu)體系。●中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)建筑的類別：包括管式建筑和民間建筑兩類。著名傳統(tǒng)建筑宮殿、陵墓、壇廟、祠堂、會(huì)館、佛寺、石窟、塔、道教宮觀、橋梁、樓閣、坊表、亭廊闕榭。園林及其特色私家園林、北方皇家園林。英本103班周東方Lunan,MountWu,TheTianshanMountain,GroupVolcanoesinWudalianchietc.4.FamousRiversandLakes●FamousChineseRivers:TheChangjiangRiver,TheYellowRiver,TheGrandCanal.●FamousChineseLakes:WestLake,ShouxiLake,TaihuLak