高中英語必修5講義Module6Section3

[語法初識]原句感知自主探究1.OnafreezingcolddayinJanuary1994,JiesangSuonandajiefoundwhathewaslookingfor—agroupofpoacherswho/thatwerekillingtheendangeredTibetanantelope.2.Inthebattlewhich/thatfollowedJiesangwasshotandkilled.3.Meanwhile,inthosecountrieswheretheshawlsaresold,policearegettingtoughwiththedealers.4.Sometimesthereweregunfights,liketheoneinwhichJiesangSuonandajiewaskilled.5.Inthe1990stheChinesegovernmentbegantotakeanactivepartinprotectingtheantelopesintheHohXilNatureReserve—thehugenationalparkontheQinghaiTibetanPlateau,whichisthemainhabitatoftheantelopes.6．Oftenworkingatnight,thepoachersshootwholeherdsofantelopesatatime,leavingonlythebabies,whosewoolisnotworthsomuch.7.TheanimalsareskinnedonthespotandthewooltakentoIndia,whereitismadeintotheshawls.1.句1、句2、句3為限制性定語從句，關系詞分別在從句中作主語和地點狀語；2．句4為“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句，并在從句中作狀語。3．句5、句6、句7為非限制性定語從句，關系詞分別在從句中作主語、定語和地點狀語。[語法剖析]語法點一引導定語從句的關系詞1．引導定語從句的常用關系詞的用法關系詞指代對象在從句中所作成分關系代詞who指人主、賓、表whom指人賓which指物主、賓、表that既指人又指物主、賓、表whose既指人又指物定as既指人又指物主、賓、表關系副詞when指時間時間狀語where指地點地點狀語why指原因原因狀語Ishetheboywho/thatsurvivedintheearthquake?他就是那個在地震中幸存的男孩嗎？Helivesinabighousewhosewindowfacesthesea.他住在一座窗戶朝向大海的大房子里。IoftenthoughtofmychildhoodwhenIlivedonafarm.我經(jīng)常回想起我的童年，那時我住在一個農(nóng)場里。Bamboogrowswellintheplacewhereitiswarmandwetalltheyear.竹子在一年四季都溫暖潮濕的地方生長得好。Thereareseveralreasonswhywecan'tdothat.我們有好幾個理由不那樣做。[名師點津]situation,case,point，stage等表示“情況，方面”的名詞后可接where引導的定語從句。Ithinkyou'vegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,otherwiseyou'llfail.我認為你應該改變了，否則你會失敗。2．定語從句中關系詞的選用方法一：用關系代詞還是關系副詞取決于從句中的謂語動詞。如果是及物動詞，就要用關系代詞；如果是不及物動詞，則要用關系副詞。ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.這是我去年待過的山村。方法二：準確判斷關系詞在定語從句中所作的成分(主、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。關系詞在從句中作主語、定語、賓語時，應用關系代詞(who,whom,that,which,whose)；關系詞在從句中作狀語時，應用關系副詞(where作地點狀語，when作時間狀語，why作原因狀語)。3．that和which引導的定語從句的區(qū)別that和which都是關系代詞，都可在從句中作主語或賓語，但兩者存在著不同：用that不用which的情況先行詞是all,much,few,little,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等不定代詞時先行詞被all，few，little，much，every,some,no等詞修飾或被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等限定詞修飾時先行詞是形容詞的最高級或先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時先行詞是序數(shù)詞或其前有序數(shù)詞對其進行修飾時先行詞既指人又指物時主句是who或which等引導的特殊疑問句時用which不用that的情況在非限制性定語從句中用which不用that介詞后用which不用thatWeshoulddoeverythingthatisusefultothepeople.我們應該做一切有益于人民的事。WhenwetalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatesintoourmindistheWestLake.我們談論杭州時，首先想到的是西湖。Thisisthesmallestputerthatcanbefoundintheworldnow.這是目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的世界上最小的計算機。集中演練11－1.用適當?shù)年P系詞填空①AreyouwillingtojointhegroupwhosegoalistoprotecttheendangeredanimalsintheUnitedStates?②Ithinkthemethodisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.③Muchtothejoyoftheoldcouple,thedogwhich/thatwaslosthasbeenfound.④TherearenotenoughseedsinAfricatosupplymillionsoffarmerswho/thatneedhelp.⑤Theyhavereachedapointrecentlywherebothsidesshouldsitdownandconductadetailedanalysisofthisproblem.⑥Thereasonwhyhelivedfarawayfromhisparentshasn'tbeenknowntous.⑦ThefilmbroughtthetimebacktomewhenIwastakengoodcareofinthecountrysidebymygrandparents.1－2.單句改錯⑧Wewillbeshownaroundsomeplaceswherevisitorsseldomgoto.where→that⑨Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingswhichwecanremember.which→thatIwillneverforgetthoseyearsthatIlivedinthecountrysidewiththefarmers.that→when?Thereesatimewhichchildrenneedtolearnmoreaboutfirstaid.which→when語法點二“介詞＋關系代詞”的用法1．“介詞＋關系代詞”結構中介詞的確定方法。(1)根據(jù)從句中的謂語動詞或主要的形容詞確定介詞。Thewitnesstowhomthepolicemenreferredwaskilledlastnight.警察所提到的那個目擊證人昨晚被殺了。(2)根據(jù)定語從句修飾的先行詞確定介詞。Idon'tknowthereasonforwhichhewaslateforschool.我不知道他為何上學遲到。(3)根據(jù)句子所要表達的意思確定介詞。Thisisthepilotbywhommysonwassaved.這就是那位救了我兒子的飛行員。2．“介詞＋關系代詞”結構中的關系代詞通常用which或whom，不用that。I'llneverforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy.我永遠也忘不了我參軍的那一天。ThisisthepencilwithwhichIdrawpictures.這是我畫畫用的那支鉛筆。3．關系副詞where,when,why可替換成“介詞＋which”，介詞取決于先行詞及介詞＋which在從句中的作用。why只可替換forwhich。ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.＝ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.這就是兩年前我居住的那所房子。4．“不定代詞或數(shù)詞＋介詞＋which/whom”引導的定語從句說明整體中的部分。Lastweek,onlytwopeoplecametolookatthehouse,neitherofwhomwantedtobuyit.上周只有兩個人來看房子，他們兩個人都不想買。5．“the＋名詞＋ofwhich”或“ofwhich＋the＋名詞”可替換“whose＋名詞”，引導定語從句。Thehousethewindowsofwhich/ofwhichthewindows/whosewindowsweredamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.窗子遭破壞的那所房子現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)修好了。集中演練22－1.用適當?shù)慕樵~填空①Hisson,towhomhehadbeendevoted,returnedfromtheUSAtotakecareofhim.②Hepaidtheboytendollarstowashthewindows,mostofwhichhadn'tbeencleanedforatleastayear.③Pleasetellmethereasonforwhichyoushouldhaveaholiday.④Wecarefullystudiedthephotos,inwhichwecouldseesignsofplantdisease.⑤Theearthonwhichweliveisaplanet.⑥Robertspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedlawandmedicine.2－2.用適當?shù)年P系詞合并句子⑦I'mverygratefultoMr.Zhang.Icouldn'thavebeenadmittedtoakeyuniversitywithouthisencouragement.→I'mverygratefultoMr.Zhang,without_whose_encouragementIcouldn'thavebeenadmittedtoakeyuniversity.⑧ImadefriendswithSusanandAliceinthatschool.SusanandAlicewereinterestedinastronomy.→ImadefriendswithSusanandAliceinthatschool,both_of_whomwereinterestedinastronomy.⑨HavethepolicefoundMrs.White?ThegoldringbelongstoMrs.White.→HavethepolicefoundMrs.Whiteto_whomthegoldringbelongs?⑩AnnepaidavisittoMr.Yang.ShecameacrossoneofheruniversityclassmatesinMr.Yang'soffice.→AnnepaidavisittoMr.Yang,in_whose_officeshecameacrossoneofheruniversityclassmates.語法點三限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句1．限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句和先行詞的關系密切(刪除后影響整個句子意義的表達)和先行詞關系不密切(起補充說明的作用，刪掉后不影響整個句子意思的表達) 不用逗號隔開一般用逗號隔開關系代詞指物時可用that、which引導不可以用that引導，只能用which只可以修飾先行詞，不可以修飾主句或主句的一部分既可以修飾先行詞，也可以修飾主句或主句的一部分

TheGreatWallisoneofthebuildingsthatChinesepeopleareproudof.長城是中國人為之驕傲的建筑之一。(限制性定語從句)YesterdayImetMary,wholookedverytired.昨天我遇到了瑪麗，她看上去很累。(非限制性定語從句)2．a(chǎn)s/which引導的非限制性定語從句as引導非限制性定語從句時，修飾整句話或整件事位置較靈活，可置于所修飾的句子前面、插在句子中或放在句子后一般譯為“正如，就像” which修飾主句或主句的一部分定語從句只置于所修飾的句子后一般譯為“結果”

Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultohealth.我們都知道，吸煙有害健康。Hefinishedthetaskaheadoftime,whichisveryimportanttous.他提前完成了任務，這對我們很重要。集中演練33－1.用適當?shù)年P系詞填空①The12yearoldboywonthegoldmedal,whichcameasasurprisetomanypeople.②Nowadaysteenagersliketogotofastfoodrestaurants,whereeatingdoesn'ttakemuchtime.③Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,which,_ofcourse,madeothersannoyed.④Peter,whomyoumetinLondon,isnowbackinParis.⑤Theman,whoseworkwillbefinishedsoon,feelsrelievednow.⑥Asisknowntoallofus,ProfessorLiisextremelypopularamongstudents.3－2.用as/which引導的定語從句完成句子⑦正如報紙上報道的那樣，這兩個國家之間的會談正在取得進展。As_is_reported_in_the_newspapers,_talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.⑧媽媽總把我當小孩子對待，這是我不能忍受的。Mymotheralwaystreatsmelikeababy,which_I_can't_bear．⑨在那么多人面前他有點兒緊張，這是可以理解的。Inthepresenceofsomanypeoplehewasalittletense,which_was_understandable．⑩我想用和你同樣的方式來做這件事情。Iwanttodoitinthesamewayas_you_did．[鏈接高考]單句語法填空1．(2015·全國卷Ⅰ語法填空)I'dskippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiverthat/whicharepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.解析：根據(jù)句意和句子結構可知此處是一個定語從句，因為先行詞是物，且引導詞在定語從句中作主語，所以用that或which引導從句。2.(2015·廣東高考語法填空)Whenharvestcamearound,hewasalreadysellingherbs,vegetablesandcottoninthemarketwherepeoplefromthetownsmetregularly.解析：從句中缺少地點狀語，故用where引導定語從句，修飾先行詞market。3.(2015·安徽高考)Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskilluponwhichschooleducationdepends.解析：句意：有些專家認為，閱讀是學校教育所依賴的基本技能。介詞upon被提到了定語從句的引導詞之前，引導詞作upon的賓語，因此用which。4.(2015·北京高考)OppositeisSt.Paul'sChurch,whereyoucanhearsomelovelymusic.解析：句意：對面是圣保羅大教堂，在那里你可以聽到一些美妙的音樂。定語從句中的主謂賓成分齊全，先行詞為St.Paul'sChurch,表地點，由此可知定語從句中缺少地點狀語，故用關系副詞where。5．(2015·江蘇高考)Thenumberofsmokers,asisreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.解析：句意：正如報道的，煙民的數(shù)量僅僅在一年內(nèi)就下降了17%。6.(2015·陜西高考)Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetimewhenheshouldbeabletobeindependent.解析：句意：作為家里最小的孩子，亞歷克斯總是渴望他能獨立的時候。分析句子結構可知所填詞引導定語從句，先行詞time是表示時間的名詞，且定語從句中缺少狀語，故用when引導。7.(2015·四川高考)Thebooksonthedesk,whosecoversareshiny,areprizesforus.解析：句意：桌子上那些封面閃亮的書是為我們準備的獎品。該句的主句是“Thebooksareprizesforus.”，此處whose引導的定語從句修飾先行詞books。[針對演練]Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Afootballfanisapersonwho/thathasastronginterestinfootball.2．Canyoulendmethenovelwhich/thatyoureadtheotherday?3．Ihaveboughtthesamedressassheiswearing.4．Asisknowntoall,thepasswasfirstmadeinChina.5．Sheisoneofthefewgirlswhosegradeisaboveaverage.6．ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.7．IknowthestudentfromwhomIborrowedthebook.8．Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.9．Doyoustillrememberthedaywhenwefirstmet?10．Thisisthereasonwhyhedidn'tattendthelecture.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Iwillrememberthemomentwhen_I_was_awardedthefirstprizeincollege.我永遠不會忘記在大學里我被授予一等獎的那一時刻。2．Thisistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_failsintheexam.這是這些學生中唯一一個考試失敗的學生。3．Weshouldn'tspendourmoneytestingsomanypeople,most_of_whom_are_healthy．我們不應該把錢花在對這么多人的體檢上，