現(xiàn)代西方哲學(xué)01

現(xiàn)代西方哲學(xué)思潮Lecturer:LiXiaojin

Ph.DfromSunYat-senuniversity-SchoolofChineseofBeijingNormalUniversityatZhuhaiThemordernwesternphilosophy參考書目四種人類解釋世界的方式神話的方式：想象宗教的方式：信仰哲學(xué)的方式：理性科學(xué)的方式：實(shí)驗(yàn)羅素：哲學(xué)是某種介于科學(xué)與宗教之間的東西。哲人名言我不愿有一個(gè)裝滿東西的頭腦，而寧愿有一個(gè)思想開(kāi)闊的頭腦。(蒙田)人是生而自由的，但卻無(wú)往而不在枷鎖之中。自以為是其他一切的主人，反而比其他一切更是奴隸。（盧梭）導(dǎo)言：理性與非理性

——人類歷史上的永恒矛盾辯論：理智與情感正方：理智是情感的奴隸。反方：情感是理智的奴隸。SenseandSensibilityReasonReasonisatermthatreferstothecapacityhumanbeingshavetomakesenseofthings,toestablishandverifyfacts,andtochangeorjustifypractices,institutionsandbeliefs.ItiscloselyassociatedwithsuchcharacteristicallyhumanactivitiesasPhilosophy,Science,language,mathematicsandart,andisnormallyconsideredtobeadefinitivecharacteristicofhumannature.Reasonor"reasoning"isassociatedwiththinking,cognition,andintellect.Reason,likehabitorintuition,isoneofthewaysbywhichthinkingcomesfromoneideatoarelatedidea.Forexample,itisthemeansbywhichrationalbeingsunderstandthemselvestothinkaboutcauseandeffect,truthandfalsehood,andwhatisgoodorbad.Incontrasttoreasonasanabstractnoun,areasonisaconsiderationwhichexplainsorjustifiessomeevent,phenomenonorbehaviour.Thewaysinwhichhumanbeingsreasonthroughargumentarethesubjectofinquiriesinthefieldoflogic.冷靜sober/calm自律性高,凡事三思而后行判斷事物時(shí),有固定立場(chǎng),理智及堅(jiān)定能作批判性思考,利用不同角度分析事物冷靜意指面對(duì)任何事物能處變不驚，并且能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)分析事物，作出有效的判斷或作深入的理解。它是人類的一種行為模式，在行為智能方面屬理性范疇。冷靜的三種表現(xiàn)特征：Howtocalmdown?ThesleepofreasonproducesmonstersIrrationalityIrrationalityiscognition,thinking,talkingoractingwithoutinclusionofrationality.Itismorespecificallydescribedasanactionoropiniongiventhroughinadequatereasoning,emotionaldistress,orcognitivedeficiency.Thetermisused,usuallypejoratively,todescribethinkingandactionsthatare,orappeartobe,lessusefulormoreillogicalthanothermorerationalalternatives.Irrationalbehaviorsofindividualsincludetakingoffenseorbecomingangryaboutasituationthathasnotyetoccurred,expressingemotionsexaggeratedly(suchascryinghysterically),maintainingunrealisticexpectations,engaginginirresponsibleconductsuchasproblemintoxication,disorganization,orextravagance,andfallingvictimtoconfidencetricks.Peoplewithamentalillnesslikeschizophreniamayexhibitirrationalparanoia.WomenunderHysteria

Superstition迷信inspiration

AsceticismAsceticismdescribesalifestylecharacterizedbyabstinencefromvarioussortsofworldlypleasuresoftenwiththeaimofpursuingreligiousandspiritualgoals.SomeformsofChristianity(seeespeciallyMonasticlife)andtheIndianreligions(includingyoga)teachsalvationandliberationandinvolveaprocessofmind-bodytransformationeffectedbyexercisingrestraintwithrespecttoactionsofbody,speech,andmind.Thefoundersandearliestpractitionersofthesereligions(e.g.Buddhism,Jainism,theChristiandesertfathers)livedextremelyausterelifestyles,refrainingfromsensualpleasuresandtheaccumulationofmaterialwealth.Thisistobeunderstoodnotasaneschewaloftheenjoymentoflife,butarecognitionthatspiritualandreligiousgoalsareimpededbysuchindulgence.佛教徒的“五戒”：不殺生、不偷盜、不邪淫、不妄語(yǔ)、不飲酒。伊斯蘭教的禁欲：不能接觸有關(guān)豬的產(chǎn)品，不可以賭博、酗酒、嫖妓淫蕩?；浇痰慕阂?shī)W古斯丁的學(xué)說(shuō)最為出名，他尊崇理性，貶低情欲；又認(rèn)為性欲會(huì)使人的理性失去自主權(quán)；更認(rèn)為性沖動(dòng)反應(yīng)代表著人類犯罪，所以當(dāng)有欲望時(shí)會(huì)感到羞愧。所以有性欲是可恥的，是犯罪的。第一章唯意志論（叔本華）thereasonandnon-reason

RationalismandirrationalismSocrates、Plato、Aristotle、Descartes

、Spinoza、Leibniz

、Kant、HegelSchopenhauer

、Nietzsche

、Bergson

、Sartre

、Freud

、Foucault

神明般的Plato奇跡般的KantLeoTolstoy

威爾·杜蘭特(WillDurant)ThebooksofSchopenhauerDieWeltalsWilleundVorstellung

Will意欲Things-in-themselvesandrepresentation“世界是我的表象”ReasonandWillalamepersonablindpersonfutilitarianFutilitarianandBuddhism

人生的本質(zhì)就是痛苦。人雖然能夠做他所想做的，但不能要他所想要的。人生就是一團(tuán)欲望。當(dāng)欲望得不到滿足便痛苦，當(dāng)欲望得到滿足便無(wú)聊，人生就像鐘擺一樣在痛苦與無(wú)聊之間搖擺。幸福不過(guò)是一場(chǎng)夢(mèng)，不幸才是真實(shí)的。生命是向死亡討來(lái)的借貸，而睡眠，不過(guò)是繳付利息。

ThreetraditionsofphilosophyWesternphilosophy：prelifeConfucianphilosophy:thislifeBuddhismphilosophy:afterlifeHowtopullmeaway?