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SleepandarousalSleep-wakecycle(ProcessSandC)MechanismsofEEG(electroencephalogram)recording

NREMsleepandREMsleep,Ultradiancycle

Neuralcircuitsthatcontrolsleep---Wake(Ascendingactivatingsystem)---Sleep(Preopticarea)Whatis‘sleep’for?---Memoryconsolidation---BrainclearanceSleep-wakecycle(ProcessSandC)MechanismsofEEG(electroencephalogram)recording

NREMsleepandREMsleep,Ultradiancycle

Neuralcircuitsthatcontrolsleep---Wake(Ascendingactivatingsystem)---Sleep(Preopticarea)Whatis‘sleep’for?---Memoryconsolidation---BrainclearanceSleepwakecycleSleepisanaturalcyclicbehavioralstateSelf-regulatedandreadilyreversiblestateofnoawareness,andminimuminteractionwiththeenvironment.Sleepeveryday(night)Whatfactorsregulatessleep?(two-processmodel)Homeostaticsleepdrive(ProcessS)SCCircadiandriveforarousal(ProcessC)SleepwakecycleWhatfactorsregulatessleep?(two-processmodel)Homeostaticsleepdrive(ProcessS)Circadiandriveforarousal(ProcessC)SleepwakecycleSCWhatfactorsregulatessleep?(two-processmodel)Homeostaticsleepdrive(ProcessS)Circadiandriveforarousal(ProcessC)SleepwakecycleWhatfactorsregulatessleep?(two-processmodel)Homeostaticsleepdrive(ProcessS)Circadiandriveforarousal(ProcessC)SleepwakecycleWhatfactorsregulatessleep?(two-processmodel)Homeostaticsleepdrive(ProcessS)Circadiandriveforarousal(ProcessC)SleepwakecycleWhatfactorsregulatessleep?(two-processmodel)Homeostaticsleepdrive(ProcessS)Circadiandriveforarousal(ProcessC)SleepwakecycleSelf-generatedEntrainmentKonopkaandBenzer,1971“period”Whatfactorsregulatessleep?(two-processmodel)Homeostaticsleepdrive(ProcessS)Circadiandriveforarousal(ProcessC)SleepwakecycleWhatfactorsregulatessleep?(two-processmodel)Homeostaticsleepdrive(ProcessS)Circadiandriveforarousal(ProcessC)SleepwakecycleJosephTakahashiWhatfactorsregulatessleep?(two-processmodel)Homeostaticsleepdrive(ProcessS)Circadiandriveforarousal(ProcessC)SleepwakecycleDayNightWhatfactorsregulatessleep?(two-processmodel)Homeostaticsleepdrive(ProcessS)Circadiandriveforarousal(ProcessC)SleepwakecycleSCWhatfactorsregulatessleep?(two-processmodel)Homeostaticsleepdrive(ProcessS)Circadiandriveforarousal(ProcessC)SleepwakecycleSleep-wakecycle(ProcessSandC)MechanismsofEEG(electroencephalogram)recording

NREMsleepandREMsleepNeuralcircuitsthatcontrolsleep---Wake(Ascendingactivatingsystem)---Sleep(Preopticarea)Whatis‘sleep’for?---Memoryconsolidation---BrainclearanceMeasuregeneralizedactivityofcerebralcortex.EEG(electroencephalogram)Helpdiagnoseneurologicalconditions,suchasepilepsyandsleepdisordersAnelectrodeonthescalpmeasurestheactivityofaverylargenumberofneuronsintheunderlyingregionsofthebrain,eachofwhichgeneratesasmallelectricalfieldthatchangesovertime.EEG(electroencephalogram)TheEEGelectrodemeasuresasynchronoussignalbecausemanythousandsofcellsarerespondinginthesamemanneratmoreorlessthesametimeEEG(electroencephalogram)EEG(electroencephalogram)EEG(electroencephalogram)EEG(electroencephalogram)Beta:15-30Hzactivated,attentiveAlpha:8-13HzQuite,wakingstateTheta:4-7HzSomesleepandwakingstatesDelta:<4HzDeepsleepSpindles,ripplesDeepsleep:Highsynchrony,HighEEGamplitudeEEG(electroencephalogram)Beta:15-30Hzactivated,attentiveAlpha:8-13HzQuite,wakingstateTheta:4-7HzSomesleepandwakingstatesDelta:<4HzDeepsleepSpindles,ripplesDeepsleep:Highsynchrony,HighEEGamplitudeSleep-wakecycle(ProcessSandC)MechanismsofEEG(electroencephalogram)recording

NREMsleepandREMsleepNeuralcircuitsthatcontrolsleep---Wake(Ascendingactivatingsystem)---Sleep(Preopticarea)Whatis‘sleep’for?---Memoryconsolidation---BrainclearanceEEG(electroencephalogram)AwakeStageIStageIIDeepsleepEEG(electroencephalogram)AwakeStageIStageIIDeepsleepREMsleepEEG(electroencephalogram)AwakeStageIStageIIDeepsleepREMsleepREMsleepAwakeStageIStageIIDeepsleepSleep-wakecycle(ProcessSandC)MechanismsofEEG(electroencephalogram)recording

NREMsleepandREMsleepNeuralcircuitsthatcontrolsleep---Wake(Ascendingactivatingsystem)---Sleep(Preopticarea)Whatis‘sleep’for?---Memoryconsolidation---BrainclearanceWakecenterandsleepcenterinthebrainVonEconomoHypersomniainsomniaEncephalitisLethargicaWakecenterandsleepcenterinthebrainVonEconomoHypersomniainsomniaEncephalitisLethargicaVonEconomo,1926WakecenterSleepcenterBremerBremer(1935,1937)NeuralcircuitsforarousalMoruzziMoruzziandMagoun(1949)MagounBremerBremer(1935,1937)NeuralcircuitsforarousalReticularactivatingsystem(Ascendingreticularactivatingsystem)NeuralcircuitsforarousalNeurotransmittersAchNA(noradrenaline)HistamineLTD:LeterodorsaltegmentalnucleusPPT:pedunculopontinetegmentalnucleusBF:BasalforebrainLC:LocuscoeruleusTMN:TuberomammillarynucleusSerotoninOrexinNeuralcircuitsforarousalNeurotransmittersAnti-cholinergic(e.g.,Doxepin)NA(noradrenaline)HistamineSerotoninOrexinMedicationsAnti-histamine(e.g.,Scopolamine)AchAnti-Orexin(e.g.,Suvorexant)NeuralcircuitsforarousalNeurotransmittersNA(noradrenaline)HistamineSerotonineOrexinAchSaperetal.,2001,TINSActionpotentialsEEGEMGNeuralcircuitsforarousalNeurotransmittersNA(noradrenaline)HistamineSerotonineOrexinAchSaperetal.,2001,TINSSleep-wakecycle(ProcessSandC)MechanismsofEEG(electroencephalogram)recording

NREMsleepandREMsleepNeuralcircuitsthatcontrolsleep---Wake(Ascendingactivatingsystem)---Sleep(Preopticarea)Whatis‘sleep’for?---Memoryconsolidation---BrainclearanceWakecenterandsleepcenterinthebrainVonEconomoHypersomniainsomniaEncephalitisLethargicaVonEconomo,1926WakecenterSleepcenterNeuralcircuitsforsleepSherin

etal.,1996Szymusiaketal.,1998NREMWakeNeuralcircuitsforsleepSherin

etal.,1996NeuralcircuitsforsleepSherin

etal.,1996Flip-flopmodelHomeostaticsleepdriveCircadianArousalsignalNeuralcircuitsforsleepSCNDMHLH:Orexinneurons+-++-EffectsofcircadiandriveforarousalNeuralcircuitsforsleepSCNDMHLH:Orexinneurons+-++AdenosineA1:inhibitoryA2a:excitatoryA1A2a-EffectsofhomeostaticsleepdriveNeuralcircuitsforsleepSCNDMHLH:Orexinneurons+-++A1:inhibitoryA2a:excitatoryA1A2aAdenosine-EffectsofhomeostaticsleepdriveLiuandDan,2019NeuralcircuitsforsleepLiuandDan,2019Xuetal.,2015CholinergicGlutamatergicGABAergicNeuralcircuitsforsleepPVSOMEEGEMGWakeNREMREMLiuandDan,2019Xuetal.,2015CholinergicGlutamatergicGABAergicNeuralcircuitsforsleepPVSOMModelforSleepWNRWNRWNRWNRe.g.,SOMinBF,VLPOe.g.,GABAinDPTe.g.,CholinergicinPPT,LTDe.g.,Orexinneurons+

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