打包機(jī)中英文翻譯、外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、外文翻譯

1-7附錄（英文資料翻譯）BalerAbalerisapieceoffarmmachineryusedtocompressacutandrakedcrop(suchashay,straw,orsilage)intocompactbalesthatareeasytohandle,transportandstore.Severaldifferenttypesofbalersarecommonlyused,eachproducingadifferenttypeofbales–rectangularorcylindrical,ofvarioussizes,boundwithtwine,netting,orwire.Industrialbalersarealsousedinmaterialrecyclingfacilities,primarilyforbalingmetal,plastic,orpaperfortransport.RoundbalerThemostfrequentlyusedtypeofbalerinindustrializedcountriesisthelargeroundbaler.Itproducescylinder-shaped"round"or"rolled"bales.Grassisrolledupinsidethebalerusingrubberizedbelts,fixedrollers,oracombinationofthetwo.Whenthebalereachesapredeterminedsize,eithernettingortwineiswrappedaroundittoholditsshape.Thebackofthebalerswingsopen,andthebaleisdischarged.Thebalesarecompleteatthisstage,buttheymayalsobewrappedinplasticsheetingbyabalewrapper,eithertokeephaydrywhenstoredoutsideorconvertdampgrassintosilage.Variable-chamberbalerstypicallyproducebalesfrom48to72inches(120to180cm)indiameterandupto60inches(150cm)inwidth.Thebalescanweighanywherefrom1,100to2,200pounds(500to1,000kg),dependinguponsize,material,andmoisturecontent.OriginallyconceivedbyUmmoLuebbenscirca1910,thefirstroundbalerdidnotseeproductionuntil1947,whenAllis-ChalmersintroducedtheRoto-Baler.Marketedforthewater-sheddingandlightweightpropertiesofitshaybales,AChadsoldnearly70,000unitsbytheendofproductionin1960.Thenextmajorinnovationcamein1972,whentheVermeerCompanybegansellingitsmodel605-thefirstmodernroundbaler.Previously,roundhaybaleshadbeenlittlemorethanlumpsofgrasstiedtogether,buttheVermeerdesignusedbeltstocompacthayintoacylindricalshapeasisseentoday.LargerectangularbalerAnothertypeofbalerincommonuseproduceslargerectangularbales,eachboundwithahalfdozenorsostringsoftwinewhicharethenknotted.Suchbalesarehighlycompactedandgenerallyweighsomewhatmorethanroundbales.IntheprairiesofCanadatheyarecalledprairieraptors.SmallrectangularbalerAtypeofbalerwhichislesscommontodayinsomeplacesbutwhichisstillprevalentinmanycountriessuchasNewZealandandAustraliatotheexclusionoflargebalesproducessmallrectangular(oftencalled"square")bales.Eachbaleisabout15inx18inx40in(40x45x100cm).Thebalesarewrappedwithtwo,three,orsometimesfourstrandsofknottedtwine.Thebalesarelightenoughforonepersontohandle,about45to60inches(1.1to1.5m).Toformthebale,thematerialtobebaled,(whichisoftenhayorstraw)inthewindrowisliftedbytinesinthebaler'spickup.Thismaterialisthendraggedoraugeredintoachamberthatrunsthelengthofonesideofthebaler.Acombinationplungerandknifemovesbackandforthinthefrontendofthischamber.Theknife,positionedjustaheadoftheplunger,cutsoffthematerialatthespotwhereitentersthechamberfromthepickup.Theplungerramsthematerialrearwards,compressingitintothebales.Ameasuringdevicemeasurestheamountofmaterialthatisbeingcompressedand,attheappropriatelengthittriggersthemechanism(theknotter)thatwrapsthetwinearoundthebaleandtiesitoff.Asthenextbaleisformedthetiedoneisdrivenoutoftherearofthebalingchamberontothegroundorontoaspecialwagonhookedtotherearofthebaler.Thisprocesscontinuesaslongasthereismaterialtobebaled,andtwinetotieitwith.Thisformofbaleisnotmuchusedinlarge-scalecommercialagriculture,becauseofthecostsinvolvedinhandlingmanysmallbales.However,itenjoyssomepopularityinsmall-scale,low-mechanizationagricultureandhorse-keeping.Besidesusingsimplermachineryandbeingeasytohandle,thesesmallbalescanalsobeusedforinsulationandbuildingmaterialsinstraw-baleconstruction.Squarebaleswillalsogenerallyweatherbetterthanroundbalesbecauseamoremuchdensestackcanbeputup.Convenienceisalsoamajorfactorinfarmersdecidingtocontinueputtingupsquarebales,astheymakefeedingandbeddinginconfinedareas(stables,barns,etc.)mucheasier.Manyoftheseolderbalersarestilltobefoundonfarmstoday,particularlyindryareas,wherebalescanbeleftoutsideforlongperiods.Theautomatic-balerforsmallsquarebalestookonmostofitspresentformin1940.ItwasfirstmanufacturedbytheNewHollandAganditusedasmallpetrolenginetoprovideoperatingpower.Itisbasedona1937inventionforatwine-tiebalerwithautomaticpickup.WirebalersBalespriorto1937weremanuallywire-tiedwithtwobalingwires.Evenearlier,thebalerwasastationaryimplement,drivenbypowertake-off(PTO)andbelt,withthehaybeingbroughttothebalerandfedinbyhand.Thebiggestchangetothistypeofbalersince1940isbeingpoweredbythetractorthroughitsPTO,insteadofbyabuilt-ininternalcombustionengine.Inpresentdayproduction,smallsquarebalerscanbeorderedwithtwineknottersorwiretieknotters.PickupandhandlingmethodsInthe1940smostfarmerswouldbalehayinthefieldwithasmalltractorwith20orlesshorsepower,andthetiedbaleswouldbedroppedontothegroundasthebalermovedthroughthefield.Anotherteamofworkerswithhorsesandaflatbedwagonwithwouldcomebyanduseasharpmetalhooktograbthebaleandthrowitupontothewagonwhileanassistantstacksthebale,fortransporttothebarn.Alatertime-savinginnovationwastotowtheflatbedwagondirectlybehindthebaler,andthebalewouldbepusheduparamptoawaitingattendantonthewagon.Theattendanthooksthebaleofftherampandstacksitonthewagon,whilewaitingforthenextbaletobeproduced.Eventually,astractorhorsepowerincreased,thethrower-balerbecamepossible,whicheliminatedtheneedforsomeonetostandonthewagonandpickupthefinishedbales.Thefirstthrowermechanismusedtwofast-movingfrictionbeltstograbfinishedbalesandthrowthematanangleupintheairontothebalewagon.Thebalewagonwasmodifiedfromaflatbedintoa3-sidedskeletonframeopenatthefront,toactasacatcher'snetforthethrownbales.Astractorhorsepowerfurtherincreased,thenextinnovationofthethrower-balerwasthehydraulictossingbaler.Thisemploysaflatpanbehindthebaleknotter.Asbalesadvanceoutthebackofthebaler,theyarepushedontothepanoneatatime.Whenthebalehasmovedfullyontothepan,thepansuddenlypopsup,pushedbyalargehydrauliccylinder,andtossesthebaleupintothewagonlikeacatapult.Thepan-throwermethodputsmuchlessstressonthebalescomparedtothebelt-thrower.Thefrictionbeltsofthebelt-throwerstressthetwineandknotsastheygripthebale,andwouldoccasionallycausebalestobreakapartinthethrowerorwhenthebaleslandedinthewagon.NewHollandhasinventedamachinenamedthe"Stackcruiser",orastacker.Small"square"balesaredroppedbythebalerwiththestringsfacingoutward,thestackerwilldriveuptothebalesanditwillpickitupandsetitonathree-bale-widetable(thestringsarenowfacingupwards).Oncethreebalesareonthetable,thetableliftsupandback,causingthethreebalestofacestringstothesideagain;thishappens3moretimesuntilthereare16balesonthemaintable.Thistablewillliftlikethesmallerone,andthebaleswillbeupagainstaverticaltable.Themachinewillhold160bales(tentiers),usuallytherewillbecross-tiersnearthecentertokeepthestackfromswayingorcollapsingifanyweightisappliedtothetopofthestack.Thefullloadwillbetransportedtoabarn,thewholerearofthestackerwilltiltupwardsuntilitisvertical.Therewillbetwopushersthatwillextendthroughthemachineandholdthebottomofthestackfrombeingpulledoutfromthestackerwhileitisdrivenoutofthebarn.InBritain(ifsmallsquarebalesarestilltobeused),theyareusuallycollectedastheyfalloutofthebalerinabalesledgedraggedbehindthebaler.Thishasfourchannels,controlledbyautomaticmechanicalbalances,catchesandsprings,whichsorteachbaleintoitsplaceinasquareeight.Whenthesledgeisfull,acatchistrippedautomatically,andadoorattherearopenstoleavetheeightlyingneatlytogetherontheground.Thesemaybepickedupindividuallyandloadedbyhand,ortheymaybepickedupalleighttogetherbyabalegrabonatractor,aspecialfrontloaderconsistingofmanyhydraulically-powereddownward-pointingcurvedspikes.Thesquareeightwillthenbestacked,eitheronatrailerfortransport,orinaroughlycubicfieldstackeightortenlayershigh.Thiscubemaythenbetransportedbyalargemachineattachedtothethree-pointhitchbehindatractor,whichclampsthesidesofthecubeandliftsitbodily.打包機(jī)打包機(jī)是一種農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械,它用于壓縮已切割和傾斜的作物（如草、稻草或青貯飼料）成易于處理、運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存的小包。常用的打包機(jī)有幾個(gè)不同類型,分別生產(chǎn)不同類型的包-矩形的、圓柱形的,大小各不相同,用麻繩、網(wǎng)或金屬絲纏繞起來(lái)。工業(yè)打包機(jī)還可以用在材料回收設(shè)備上,主要用于包裝需要運(yùn)輸?shù)慕饘?、塑料或紙。圓形打包機(jī)在工業(yè)化國(guó)家最常用的打包機(jī)是這種又大又圓的打包機(jī)。它生產(chǎn)圓柱狀的“圓”或“筒狀”的包。草在打包機(jī)內(nèi)被捲起，使用橡膠帶、固定滾筒,或兩者的組合。當(dāng)包達(dá)到規(guī)定尺寸時(shí),用網(wǎng)或麻繩裹住它,以保持其固有的形狀。打包機(jī)的后面打開(kāi),包被排出。包在這個(gè)階段完成,但也可以用塑料薄膜包裹,當(dāng)在室外儲(chǔ)存時(shí)能保持干草的干燥或者將潮濕的草變成青貯飼料。可變倉(cāng)打包機(jī)通常生產(chǎn)直徑為48至72英寸（120~180厘米）、寬達(dá)60英寸（150厘米）的包。無(wú)論在任何地區(qū)，這些包可以重達(dá)1100至2200磅（500-1000公斤），包的重量取決于大小，材料，和水分含量。最初，圓形打包機(jī)的構(gòu)思由UmmoLuebbens于大約1910年提出,第一臺(tái)圓形打包機(jī)才生產(chǎn)出來(lái),一直到1947年Allis-Chalmers引進(jìn)了旋轉(zhuǎn)打包機(jī)之后。由于它的干草包脫水干燥和重量輕的特點(diǎn)從而得以推向市場(chǎng)，到1960年生產(chǎn)結(jié)束時(shí)，AC已經(jīng)銷售了近70000臺(tái)接下來(lái)的一個(gè)重大創(chuàng)新是在1972年，當(dāng)時(shí)Vermeer公司開(kāi)始出售其型號(hào)為605的第一臺(tái)現(xiàn)代圓形打包機(jī)。以前,圓的干草包僅僅是干草縛在一起的腫塊,但Vermeer設(shè)計(jì)使用皮帶將干草緊密結(jié)合起來(lái)形成一個(gè)圓柱體,正如今天所看到的樣子。大型矩形打包機(jī)另一種常用類型的打包機(jī)生產(chǎn)大型的矩形包,每個(gè)包纏繞半打左右的麻繩,然后再打結(jié)。這樣的包非常緊湊，重量又普遍比圓形的包大幾分。在加拿大的草原，它們被稱為草原猛禽。小型矩形打包機(jī)這種打包機(jī)現(xiàn)今是不常見(jiàn)的,但在許多國(guó)家卻是相當(dāng)流行,如新西蘭和澳大利亞,除了大型包的生產(chǎn)，還生產(chǎn)小型矩形(通常被稱為“正方形的”)包。每個(gè)包大約是15英寸x18英寸x40英寸(40x45x100厘米)。這種包是用二股、三股、或有時(shí)四股麻繩捆綁。這種包非常的輕，一人就能舉起,大小約45至60英寸(1.1到1.5米)。為了形成捆包，料堆中需要打包的原料(經(jīng)常干草或稻草)被打包機(jī)撿拾器的齒舉起。然后這些原料被拖進(jìn)或鉆進(jìn)一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)打包機(jī)一個(gè)邊長(zhǎng)的打捆室內(nèi)?；钊偷对诖蚶κ业那岸藖?lái)回地移動(dòng)。刀恰好在活塞的前面，它可以當(dāng)場(chǎng)切斷從撿拾器進(jìn)入打捆室內(nèi)的原料?；钊麑⑦@些原料向后推移，壓縮成捆包。一個(gè)測(cè)量裝置測(cè)量被壓縮的原料的數(shù)量，并在適當(dāng)?shù)拈L(zhǎng)度，觸發(fā)捆綁麻繩并且將其打結(jié)的機(jī)械裝置（打結(jié)器）來(lái)捆綁包裝并將其打結(jié)。當(dāng)下一個(gè)捆包加工成型時(shí)，這個(gè)打結(jié)完的捆包就從打捆室的后面排出到地上或推送到一個(gè)用鉤固定在打包機(jī)后部的特殊的貨車上。只要有原料需要打包，并且有麻繩來(lái)捆綁包裝，這一過(guò)程就會(huì)一直連續(xù)進(jìn)行。這種形狀的捆包不太適用于大規(guī)模商業(yè)性農(nóng)業(yè)，因?yàn)樘幚碓S多小捆的成本比較高。然而在一些小規(guī)模，低機(jī)械化的農(nóng)業(yè)和養(yǎng)馬業(yè)享有一些名氣。除了使用簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)械設(shè)備及容易處理外，這些小包也可用來(lái)絕緣和當(dāng)作草捆建筑中的建筑材料。正方形捆包一般也會(huì)比圓捆包要好，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢愿芗囟逊旁谝黄稹１憷彩寝r(nóng)民決定繼續(xù)使用正方形包的一個(gè)主要因素，因?yàn)樗鼈兪沟蔑曫B(yǎng)和在狹窄的地方（馬廄，倉(cāng)庫(kù)等）堆放容易得多。這些舊式打包機(jī)，現(xiàn)如今在農(nóng)場(chǎng)還有許多可以找得到，特別是在干旱地區(qū)，在那里，捆包可以長(zhǎng)期在室外儲(chǔ)存。小型方捆自動(dòng)打包機(jī)成型于1940年。它首先是由NewHollandAg生產(chǎn)制造的，并采用了小型汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供運(yùn)行動(dòng)力。它是基于1937年一個(gè)具有自動(dòng)拾取功能的麻繩打結(jié)打包機(jī)發(fā)明創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的。線材打包機(jī)在1937年以前，捆包是用兩股包裝線材人工包裹的。甚至在更早以前，打包機(jī)是一個(gè)固定的打包設(shè)備，由動(dòng)力輸出裝置（PTO）和傳送帶驅(qū)動(dòng)。干草被加進(jìn)打包機(jī)處并人工用手塞進(jìn)去。自1940年之后，這種打包機(jī)最大的改變是通過(guò)動(dòng)力輸出裝置(PTO)由拖拉機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，而不是通過(guò)內(nèi)置式內(nèi)燃機(jī)。在目前的生產(chǎn)中，人們可以選擇使用麻繩打結(jié)器或者是金屬絲纏繞打結(jié)器的小型方捆打包機(jī)。撿拾和處理方法在20世紀(jì)40年代，大多數(shù)農(nóng)民將會(huì)使用一輛20馬力甚至更小馬力的小型拖拉機(jī)在田地里捆干草，并且當(dāng)打包機(jī)從田地里走過(guò)時(shí)，捆綁包將會(huì)掉落在地上。另一組工人驅(qū)使馬拉著平板貨車從旁邊走過(guò)來(lái)。他們用尖銳的金屬鉤來(lái)鉤起捆綁包，并把它們?nèi)拥狡桨遑涇嚿?，同時(shí)另外一個(gè)助手好這些捆綁包，以便運(yùn)輸?shù)焦葌}(cāng)。后來(lái)，一個(gè)節(jié)約時(shí)間的發(fā)明是直接將平板拖車接在打包機(jī)之后，這樣草捆包就可以順著舷梯推送給馬車上的助手。等待在馬車上的助手用鉤子鉤住草捆包，從舷梯上移開(kāi)，并在馬車上摞好，同時(shí)等待下一個(gè)生產(chǎn)好的草捆包。最后，隨著拖拉機(jī)馬力的增大，拋擲打包機(jī)就成為了可能。拋擲打包機(jī)消除了需要有人站到馬車上來(lái)?yè)炱鸩堇Π?。第一個(gè)投擲機(jī)械使用了兩個(gè)快速移動(dòng)的粗糙傳送帶來(lái)抓取草捆包，并把它們以一個(gè)角度向上拋起落到馬車上。馬車是由平板車改造成的前端開(kāi)口的三角架，以此來(lái)充當(dāng)捕捉拋出的草捆包的