-IELTS-writing(表格、餅圖)可編輯

Writing-Task1-----程瑩CathyChengLectureaim:復(fù)習(xí)小作文曲線(xiàn)圖寫(xiě)作方法——按趨勢(shì)分類(lèi)等介紹表格圖（多數(shù)據(jù)）的寫(xiě)作方法。分為“今昔對(duì)比”型和“各自為戰(zhàn)”型表格介紹餅圖的寫(xiě)作方法。分為“總分型”和“ABC型”餅圖Keypoints:曲線(xiàn)圖---趨勢(shì)表達(dá)（3種詞組搭配+6種重要句型）“今昔對(duì)比型”表格（多數(shù)據(jù)圖）的寫(xiě)作方法“各自為戰(zhàn)型”表格（多數(shù)據(jù)圖）的寫(xiě)作方法“總分型”餅圖的寫(xiě)作方法“ABC型”餅圖的寫(xiě)作方法二.Review曲線(xiàn)圖（多線(xiàn)≥3）：1.分類(lèi)2.分類(lèi)后的寫(xiě)作順序3.必須寫(xiě)到的點(diǎn)：起始點(diǎn)、極值點(diǎn)（拐點(diǎn)）、變化趨勢(shì)4.首段：對(duì)題目進(jìn)行改寫(xiě)（時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）5.主體段：擺數(shù)據(jù)、寫(xiě)對(duì)比（異同點(diǎn)）、注意轉(zhuǎn)折及銜接（時(shí)態(tài)的過(guò)渡）6.末段：總結(jié)+趨勢(shì)三.表格A.特點(diǎn)：過(guò)于抽象數(shù)字（比例）太多，難以取舍趨勢(shì)不明顯Focusonwriting(P25)一.審題1.Whattwomainareasdoesthetablegivefiguresfor?2.Howiseachmainareasubdivided?3.Whatmaindifferencedothefiguresshowwithineacharea?4.Howmanyyearsdoesthetabledealwith?5.Whatarethemaintrendsovertime?6.Whatkindoflanguagecanyouusewhendescribingthedata?WRITINGTASK1

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.ThetablebelowgivesfiguresforstudentapplicationsandacceptancesforUKuniversitycoursesinthefieldsoftourism,transportandtravel.Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationbelow.

Writeatleast150words.Studentstatisticsforuniversitycoursesintourism,transportandtravel,2000-2002.ApplicationsAcceptancesyearmenwomenmenwomen%oftotal20003,40090055015015.5%20013,20080060020020%20022,75075058017021.4%1.applicationsandacceptances2.Firstareaintomenandwomen;secondareaintomen;women+%oftotalapplicationsaccepted3.morementhanwomen4.three5.applicationsdecreaseandacceptancesincrease6.languageofchangeandcomparison二.思路框架2.Youshouldtrytogrouptheinformationratherdescribingeverypieceofdata.CompletethisparagraphoutlinefortheWritingtaskExercise1Paragraph1:IntroduceinformationParagraph2:Describefiguresandtrendsrelatedto…

applicationsParagraph3:…DescribefiguresandtrendsrelatedtoacceptancesParagraph4:…

summarizeinformation3.開(kāi)頭段Thetableconcernsuniversitycourses1inthefieldof/relatedtotourism,transportandtravelintheUK.Itshows2decreases/changes/increasesinthe3numbers/proportion/percentageof4applicants/maleandfemalestudentsapplyingforandbeingacceptedonsuchcourses5between/from2000and2002.1relatedto2changes3numbers4maleandfemalestudents5between4.主體段A.1.men,women,fell/declined/decreased/wentdown,27502.applications,men,fell/declined/decreased/wentdown3.fell/declined/decreased/wentdown4.men,women5.percentage,rose/grew/increased/wentup,21%,rose/grew/increased/wentup6.men,women7.fell/declined/decreased/wentdown,percentage,rose/grew/increased/wentup4.BParagraph2:Sentences1-3Paragraph3:Sentences4and5Paragraph4:Sentences6and74C.Paragraph1:(startofintroduction):ThetableshowsParagraph2:Firstly,wecanseethatwithregardtoapplications,Paragraph3:Intermsofacceptances,Paragraph4:Overall,5.銜接詞1.coursesintourism,transportandtravel2.numbersofmaleapplications3.femaleapplications4.between2000and20025.intourism,transportandtravel6.2000,2001and20027.applications8.2000,2001and20029.theapplicationsHomeworkFinishtherelatedexercisesonP27-28可參照書(shū)上模板！B.類(lèi)型：1.“今昔對(duì)比”型：是其他圖的改寫(xiě)，一般為曲線(xiàn)圖、柱狀圖或餅圖題等。2.“各自為戰(zhàn)”型：各個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)之間沒(méi)有過(guò)多的直接聯(lián)系。C.基本方法：1.找典型(異常數(shù)據(jù)，最大最小數(shù)據(jù))2.歸納數(shù)據(jù)3.按照分類(lèi)元素確定主體段個(gè)數(shù)D.注意：

1.描述和比較相結(jié)合

2.概括描述和具體數(shù)字描述相結(jié)合

3.時(shí)態(tài)多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)

4.采用客觀表述，避免主觀色彩（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用）

5.層次分明，條理清楚（使用邏輯銜接詞和轉(zhuǎn)承短語(yǔ)）A.今昔對(duì)比ThetablebelowgivesinformationaboutchangesinmodesoftravelinEnglandbetween1985and2000.一.審題題目中的信息顯示：1985年至2000年英國(guó)旅游工具的變化。一列是：不同的旅游工具一列是：1985年對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)一列是：2000年對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)二.寫(xiě)作思路對(duì)于不同時(shí)間同一事物的比較/分類(lèi)：1.先相減/相除，后分組↓2.哪些是增加，哪些是減少↓3.幅度大的與幅度小的分組（即挑出最具代表性的對(duì)象，對(duì)其進(jìn)行描寫(xiě)）2.3倍3.2倍增加的

Car,Longdistancebus,Train,Taxi幅度大的

Car+1607減少的

Walking,Bicycle,Localbus幅度大的

Localbus-155P1ThetabledemonstrateshowdifferentmodesoftravelchangedinEnglandin15yearsspanningfrom1985to2000.(題目改寫(xiě))Ingeneral,themodesareclassifiedintotwokindsintermsofaveragemilestravelledperpersonperyear:oneenjoyedrisingpopularitywhiletheotherdecreasing.(總體趨勢(shì))三.開(kāi)頭段常用替換Thetableshows↓reveals,illustrates,demonstrates,depicts,describes，indicates,presents,givesanoutlineof,providesanoverviewof…,overallviewof…,breakdownof…,Information:data,statistics,numbers,figuresProportion:Percentage,share四.圖表作文主體段的寫(xiě)法主體段：1+X1:第一句概括總體趨勢(shì)或者最顯著的趨勢(shì)

X(2-3句)：用X句介紹具體細(xì)節(jié)，每個(gè)句子爭(zhēng)取涵蓋文字信息，數(shù)字信息和比較三個(gè)方面，不要只是羅列數(shù)字，文字信息更重要P2Thetravelmodeswhichgainedpopularityintheperiodincludedcars,longdistancebuses,trains,taxisandothers.Carsremainedtopamongthemodesinthe15years,withitsaveragemilesincreasingconsiderablyfrom3,199in1985to4,806in2000.Longdistancebusesandtaxisseemedtobewarmlywelcomedbytravelers,soaveragemilestravelledinthetwomodesalmosttripledP3Travelsbywalking,bicyclesandlocalbuseslosttravelers’favorintheoneandahalfdecade.Averagetravellingdistancebylocalbusessufferedthebiggestdecrease,droppingfrom429to274,whilethenumberofmilesbywalkingandbikesfellmildlyfrom255to237andfrom51to41respectively.五.圖表作文結(jié)尾段的寫(xiě)法1.總結(jié)圖表中最主要的信息或者最重要的趨勢(shì)（同義替換，不要和前面太相似）2.寫(xiě)出來(lái)你經(jīng)過(guò)比較所得出的結(jié)論3.不要自己發(fā)揮來(lái)解釋圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)P4Overall,thenumberofmilestravelledbytheaverageperpersonrosefrom4,740milesin1985to6,475milesin2000,withtheincreaseofcarsaccountingforalmostallofthatincrease.六.結(jié)尾段常用表達(dá)總結(jié)Overall,thetableindicates/suggests...Therefore,itcanbeclearlyseenfromthetablethat…Fromthetable,itisclear/apparent/obviousthat…Assuggestedabove,...As（is）showninthetable，…Ascanbeseenfromthetable，…Insummary,figures/statisticsshowthat…Tosummarize,itcanbeseenfromthefigures/statistics…Wecanseefromthefigures/statistics…Itisapparentfromthefigures/statistics…七.檢查字?jǐn)?shù)單詞拼寫(xiě)單位（millions）時(shí)態(tài)：（開(kāi)頭段永遠(yuǎn)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）語(yǔ)法：主謂是否一致，謂語(yǔ)是否缺少或多余，有沒(méi)有連詞等倍數(shù)高級(jí)表達(dá)法：(1)…是原來(lái)的…倍：數(shù)字+-fold(2)…增長(zhǎng)或者下降了…倍:數(shù)字-1+-fold…shows/experiences/witnesses/undergoathree-foldincrease/rise/decrease/reduction（是原來(lái)的3倍/增加或減少了2倍）

例:Between1971to1975,thepopulationwasupeight-fold.是原來(lái)的8倍,增加了7倍大約，估計(jì)：about，around,roughly,intherough,intheneighborhoodof,approximately,orthereabout,justover…,justunder…,…orso,例：around/roughly/approximately20intheneighborhoodof2020orso,20intherough多于…morethan…,over…,above…,upwardsof…upwardsof60yearsoldexceed,surpass,overtake,---v.少于…lessthan…,fewerthan…under…,below…,within…,相同beidentical/thesamewith…Thesameistrueof...…也有同樣情況,也適用于…Inthesameway,Inlikemanner,beequalto…bealikeness,beasimilarity,equally,大體相同,相似：moreorlessalike,roughlythesame,showgreatresemblance,

…bebasicallythesameas…類(lèi)比：similarly,likewise,對(duì)比：unlike…,conversely,in/bycontrast,onthecontrary,incomparison,A…,while/whereas/whilstB…不同：bedifferent=beofgreatdifferencebedifferentfrom…bedistinguishedfrom…becontraryto…differfrom…,varyfrom…beadissimilarity,beavariationA,unlike/asopposedto/asdistinctfromB,has…達(dá)到多少數(shù)量：

reach,hit,cometo,standat,arriveat,amountto占多少比例：occupy,represent,constitute,makeup,takeup,accountfor,由…組成，包括幾部分：bemadeupof…,becomposedof…,consistof…comprise…=becomprisedof…分別：respectivelyThesalesclerksandtheteachersgotpayrisesof6%and9%respectively.剩余的…Therestof+名詞Theremaining+名詞Theremainder

（后不需要加名詞）B.各自為戰(zhàn)Thetablebelowgivesinformationaboutundergroundrailwaysystemsinsixcities.一.審題題目中的信息顯示：六個(gè)城市地鐵系統(tǒng)的相關(guān)信息第一列：城市名第二列：地鐵建成開(kāi)運(yùn)時(shí)間第三列：地鐵總長(zhǎng)度第四列：地鐵年乘客運(yùn)載量2倍二.寫(xiě)作思路排高高稱(chēng)重重來(lái)比較P1Thetabledepictsthedataregardingthesubwaysysteminsixcities,includingDateopened,kilometersofrouteandpassengersperyear(inmillions)P2Intermsof

Dateopened,Londonhasthemosttime-honored(1863)subwaysystemamongthesixcitieswhilesubwaysysteminLosAngelesisthenewestoneopenedin2001.（最老，最新）SystemsinParisandTokyoareopenedin1900and1927,respectively.Afterthat,systemsinWashingtonDCandKyotoareopenedin1976and1981differently.

時(shí)間順序P3Asforthesizeoftherailwaysystem,Londonstillranksthefirst,meaningithasthelongestsubwaysystem(384kilometers)amongthesixcities,whichisroughlytwiceaslargeasthesysteminParis.（最長(zhǎng)）

Bycontrast,subwaysysteminKyotoisshorter(11kilometers)thantheotherseventhoughtitopenedinrelativelyrecentyear.（最短）ThekilometersofrouteinTokyo,WashingtonDCandLosAngelesare155,126and28differently.排長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)P4Thethirdpartispassengersperyearinmillions.Moreexactly,thetopthreeareTokyo(1927),Paris(1191)andLondon(775).

UndergroundrailwaysysteminWashingtonDC’shas144millionpassengersperyear.SystemsinLosAngeles’sandKyoto’scarryfewerpassengersperyear(50and45,respectively).P5Briefly,itcanbeclearlyseenfromthetablethatthesubwaysystemsinTokyoandParisservesformorepassengerswhereasthesystemsinLosAngelesandKyotocarryfewerpassengers.一.Review1.表格圖分類(lèi)2.“今昔對(duì)比”型（主體段）3.“各自為戰(zhàn)”型（口訣）4.paraphrasesGame2

-passsentences1.Groupstudentsintoseveralteams(6personperteam)2.Passsentencefromthefirstonetothelastonewithoutusingpens.3.Thelaststudentrepeatthesentencehe/sheheard.4.Judgeit.Sentence1OurIELTStrainingclasseschallengeusalotwithawiderangeofabilitiesandskills.Sentence2Womenarepaidlessforequalworkthanmeninsomecompanies.二.PieCharts特點(diǎn)靜態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)（百分比或數(shù)字）除了最大最小的，還有互相成倍數(shù)的或相同的寫(xiě)作步驟先審題，在看圖幾張餅，幾種餡哪個(gè)餡兒多，哪個(gè)餡兒少數(shù)字，比率分類(lèi)1.“總-分（整體+局部）”型2.“ABC”型（比較對(duì)象不變，地區(qū)、時(shí)間、總量變化）1.“總-分”型/整體+局部ThefollowingtwopiechartsillustratetheenergyuseintheU.S.A.審題1.題目顯示信息：美國(guó)能源消耗情況2.餅圖顯示：無(wú)時(shí)間→一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)總：美國(guó)總體能源消耗分：家庭用能源消耗

寫(xiě)作思路

↓

分別論述即可↓

主體段順序（比值大→小/兩端→中間）P1（題目改寫(xiě)）ThefollowingtwopiechartsillustratetheenergyuseintheU.S.A.↓Thetwopiechartsbelow

depictthedateoftheenergyuseandresidentialenergyuseindetailintheUnitedStates.

P2（比值大→?。㊣tcabeseenfromthefirstpiechartthattheenergyisusedforfourpurposes,namely,industry,transportation,residentialandcommercial.Specifically,industryaccountsforthelargestproportion(41%)oftheusedenergywhiledemandoftransportationmakesup26%ofthetotalneedofenergy.Theresidentialandcommercialrepresent19%and14%respectively.P3Accordingtothesecondpiechart,itclearlyshowsthatheatingandairconditioningaccountforthelargestproportion(62%)intheresidentialenergyusewhilethesmallappliancestakesuptheleastshare.Theheatingwaterandmiscellaneous(includingcooking)constitutes15%and13%differently.

（兩端→中間）P4Fromtheabovecharts,wemayhaveabasicunderstandingofthesituationofenergyuseintheUnitedStates.2.ABC型（一）Thegraphsbelowshowtheannualexpenditureofuniversitystudentsinthreecountriesin2003.審題1.題目顯示信息：2003年，三個(gè)國(guó)家大學(xué)生的消費(fèi)情況。2.餅圖顯示信息：2003→過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)3.變量：地區(qū)4.不變量：時(shí)間+比較對(duì)象

寫(xiě)作思路

1.總體比較→極值比較

2.扇面≥5時(shí)，先選最大值（一般2個(gè)），剩余按趨勢(shì)分類(lèi)。

3.寫(xiě)比較時(shí)則要強(qiáng)調(diào)占據(jù)最大比例或最小比例的項(xiàng)目

4.注意：靜態(tài)對(duì)比（每個(gè)餅圖內(nèi)部）

動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比（各個(gè)餅圖之間）P1Thegraphsbelowshowtheannualexpenditureofuniversitystudentsinthreecountriesin2003.↓Thethreepiechartsillustrate

howcollegestudentsinthreecountriesspendtheirmoneyin2003.P2Ingeneral,studentsincountryAspentslightlymorethanthoseincountryB(us$5000andus$4500respectively).Incomparison,studentsexpenditureincountryCwasconsiderablelower,whicharrivedatonlyus$1500peryear.(總體比較)

P3Accommodationandfoodwerethetwobiggestitemsofexpenditure.Altogethertheyconstitutedaround60%ofthetotalstudents’expenditureinallthethreecountries.ThedifferenceisthatincountryAandBaccommodationspendingexceedfoodspending,whilethereversewastrueforcountryC.(比較最大值2個(gè))P4Therestofthestudents’spendingwasdividedintoleisure,booksandothers.Leisurespendingoccupiedalargerpercentage(around20%)ofstudentexpenditureinbothcountryAandcountryB,whileincountryCmoremoneywasspentonbooks(21%)thanonleisure(12%)(比較剩余項(xiàng))P5Overall,wecanclearlyseefromtheabovepiechartsthatthecollegestudents’consumptionsufferedarelativelydecreasedexceptbooksandfood.(總體趨勢(shì))3.ABC型（二）

ThethreepiechartsbelowshowthechangesinannualspendingbyaparticularUKschoolin1981,1991and2001審題1題目顯示信息：英國(guó)某學(xué)校在1981年、1991年和2001年這三年每年的花費(fèi)情況。2.餅圖顯示信息：時(shí)態(tài)→過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)3.變量：時(shí)間4.不變量：地區(qū)+比較對(duì)象寫(xiě)作思路1.扇面≥5時(shí)，先選最大值（一般2個(gè)），剩余按趨勢(shì)分類(lèi)。2.既要涉及同一年份不同花費(fèi)項(xiàng)目之間的比較（靜態(tài)比較），還有描述同一花費(fèi)項(xiàng)目在不同年份之間的變化。（動(dòng)態(tài)比較）3.既有“變化”又有“比較”時(shí)，重點(diǎn)寫(xiě)“變化”4.寫(xiě)比較時(shí)則要強(qiáng)調(diào)占據(jù)最大/最小比例的項(xiàng)目P1

Thethreepiechartsbelowshow

thechangesinannualspendingbyaparticularUKschoolin1981,1991and2001.↓Thechartsdescribe

howmuchaUKschoolspentondifferentrunningcostsinthreeseparateyears:1981,1991and2001.P2

Inallthreeyears,thegreatest

expenditurewasonstaffsalaries.Butwhileotherworkers’salariessawafallfrom28%in1981toonly15%ofspendingin2001,teachers’pay

remainedthebiggestcost,reaching50%oftotalspendingin1991andendingat45%in2001.(比較最大值)Grouping:teachers’+otherworkers’salaries=staffsalariesP3

Expenditureonresourcessuchasbookshadincreasedto20%by1991beforedecreasingtoonly9%bytheendoftheperiod.

Incontrast,thecostoffurnitureandequipmentsawanoppositetrend.Thiscostdecreasedtoonly5%oftotalexpenditurein1991butrosedramaticallyin2001whenitrepresented23%oftheschoolbudget.Similarly,thecostofinsurancesawarisingtrend,growingfromonly2%to8%by2001.（比較剩余項(xiàng)：趨勢(shì)分類(lèi)）P4Overall,teachers’salariesconstitutedthelargestcosttotheschool,andwhile

spendingincreaseddramaticallyforequipmentandinsurance,therewerecorrespondingdropsinexpenditureonthingssuchasbooksandonotherworkers’salaries.靜態(tài)對(duì)比（每個(gè)餅圖內(nèi)部）動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比（各個(gè)餅圖之間）Summary2.“ABC”型(三)ThepiechartsbelowshowunitsofelectricityproductionbyfuelsourceinAustraliaandFrancein1980and2000.審題1.題目所示信息：1980年及2000年，澳洲和法國(guó)通過(guò)不同燃料發(fā)電的電量情況。2.餅圖所示信息：時(shí)態(tài)→過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)3.變量：時(shí)間+地區(qū)4.不變量：比較對(duì)象

寫(xiě)作思路（綜合）1.扇面≥5時(shí)，先選最大值（一般2個(gè)），剩余按趨勢(shì)分類(lèi)。2.總體比較→極值比較3.寫(xiě)比較時(shí)則要強(qiáng)調(diào)占據(jù)最大比例或最小比例的項(xiàng)目4.注意：靜態(tài)對(duì)比（每個(gè)餅圖內(nèi)部）

動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比（各個(gè)餅圖之間）P1ThechartscomparethesourcesofelectricityinAustraliaandFranceintheyears1980and2000.（題目改寫(xiě)）Betweentheseyearselectricityproductionalmostdoubled,risingfrom100unitsto170inAustralia,andfrom90to180unitsinFrance.

（總體比較）P2

In1980

Australiausedcoalasthemainelectricitysource(50units)andtheremainderwasproducedfromnaturalgas,hydropower(eachproducing20units)ando