高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí) 考點(diǎn)十八 科普研究類練習(xí)（含解析）-人教版高三英語(yǔ)試題

考點(diǎn)十八科普研究類A限時(shí)8分鐘Couldthedevice,smartphoneorPC,whichyou'reusingaffectthemoraldecisionsyoumakewhenusingit?Totestit,researcherspresentedmultipledilemmastoasamplesetof1,010people.Theparticipantswereassignedadeviceatrandom.Onecaseofthequestionsparticipantswereaskedistheclassic“trolley(有軌電車)problem”：Arunawaytrolleyisheadedtowardsfivepeopletieduponasetoftraintracks.Youcandonothing,resultinginthedeathsoffivepeople,orpushamanoffabridge,whichwillstopthetrolley.Thepracticalresponseistokillonemantosavefivelives,which33.5percentofsmartphoneuserschose,comparedto22.3percentofPCusers.“Whatwefoundinourstudyisthatwhenpeopleusedasmartphonetoviewclassicmoralproblems,theyweremorelikelytomakemoreunemotional,reasonabledecisionswhenpresentedwithahighlyemotionaldilemma，”DrAlbertBarque-Duran,theleadauthorofthestudy,toldCityUniversityofLondon.“ThiscouldbeduetotheincreasedtimepressureoftenpresentwithsmartphonesandalsotheincreasedpsychologicaldistancewhichcanoccurwhenweusesuchdevicescomparedtoPCs.”Asforwhytheresearchersstartedthisstudy,DrBarque-Durannoted,“Duetothefactthatoursociallives,workandevenshoppingtakeplaceonline,itisimportanttothinkabouthowthecontextswherewetypicallyfacemoraldecisionsandareaskedtoengageinmoralbehaviorhavechanged,andtheimpactthiscouldhaveonthehundredsofmillionsofpeoplewhousesuchdevicesdaily.”It'sclearthatweneedmoreresearchonhowourdevicesaffectourmoraldecision-makingbecausewe'reusingscreensatanever-increasingrate.篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇科普說(shuō)明文。你所使用的手機(jī)或電腦設(shè)備是否影響你的道德決策？為此，研究者對(duì)1,010位參與者做了研究。1．Whydidtheauthormentionthetrolleyproblem?A．Tointroduceadifficultproblemtoreaders.B．Tointroducetheaimofcarryingoutthestudy.C．Toshowanexampleofthequestionsinthestudy.D．Toshowthedifficultyindealingwithdilemmas.答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“Onecaseofthequestionsparticipantswereaskedistheclassic‘trolley(有軌電車)problem’”可以推斷出，作者提及到電車問(wèn)題，只是展示了研究的問(wèn)題中的一個(gè)例子。故選C。2．Howdothesmartphoneusersofthestudybehaveindealingwithemotionaldilemmas?A．Calmly. B．Cruelly.C．Hesitantly. D．Enthusiastically.答案：A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中的“Whatwefoundinourstudyisthatwhenpeopleusedasmartphonetoviewclassicmoralproblems,theyweremorelikelytomakemoreunemotional,reasonabledecisionswhenpresentedwithahighlyemotionaldilemma”可知，對(duì)于情感困境，手機(jī)使用者更能夠鎮(zhèn)定地處理。故選A。3．DrAlbertbelievesthatcomparedwithPCs,smartphones________.A．helppeoplebearmorepressureB．helppeoplemakedecisionsquickerC．makepeoplefeelmorementallydistantD．makepeoplestayhappiertosolveproblems答案：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句可知，與電腦相比較，手機(jī)更使人感到心理上的疏遠(yuǎn)。故選C。4．Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A．Shoppingonlinehasagreateffectonmakingmoraldecisions.B．ThepeopleusingsmartphonesaremorethanthoseusingPCs.C．PeoplewhooftenusesmartphonesorPCsalwaysmeetwithdilemmas.D．Itiscommonforpeopletobeinvolvedinmakingmoraldecisionsindailylife.答案：D推理判斷題。A、B、C三項(xiàng)文中均未提及。而文中多處出現(xiàn)moralproblems,moraldecisions，故D項(xiàng)正確。B限時(shí)8分鐘Overthepastcoupleofdays,onourlocalFreecyclepagetherehavebeenalotofwantedposts,allfromthesameperson,basicallyaskingforeverythingyou'dneedtosetupahousefromscratch.Oneofthethingstheyaskedforwasaqueen-sizedbed.Atthattimewejusthappenedtohaveanextraone,soImessagedthem.Theyimmediatelycameintheafternoon.Thepeoplewhocame,twoladiesandaman,areactuallyfriendsofanotherwomannamedJennywhoownedayoungboy.Thiswomanhasescapedfromadangerous,violentrelationshipandthesefriendsofhersarehelpingherandhersonstartoveragain,witheverythingfromfurnituretotoothbrushesontheirlistofneeds.Whiletheywerehere,Ialsogavethemoneofoursparebookcaseandsomecoffeecups.Ievenaskedthemtokeepintouchincasetheyneededanythingelse—Ihaveawayofconnectingpeoplewiththings.Iofferedthewomanacupboardwehadaswell;herfriendsjustneededtoseeiftherewasaplaceoraneedforitintheirfriend'snewhome.Iwassoexcitedtomeetthoselovingpeople,whowereobviouslywillingtohelptheirfriends.Itwasclearhowprotectivetheyfeltofthiswomanandherboy,howmuchtheylovedherandwantedhertohaveahappyandsafelife,andtospendevenafewminuteswithpeoplelikethatisanexperienceI'llrememberforalong,longtime.Aquickthank-youtoallwhohavesentmoredonationsoverthelastcoupleofdays,aswellaslovelymessagesofthanksandblessings.Sometimesit'shardtokeepupwithitall,butit'saproblemI'mhappytohave.篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章介紹了作者通過(guò)物品利用網(wǎng)站幫助了一位遭受家庭暴力的女性和她的孩子。5．Whatwerethepeoplewhoarrivedattheauthor'sintheafternoongoingtodo?A．Promotesomeproductscustomersneeded. B．Fetchthebedtheauthorwouldgiveaway.C．Recyclesecond-handfurniture. D．Helprepairtheauthor'sfurniture.答案：B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Oneofthethingstheyaskedforwasaqueen-sizedbed.Atthattimewejusthappenedtohaveanextraone,soImessagedthem.Theyimmediatelycameintheafternoon.”可知，作者多一張大號(hào)床，所以下午來(lái)到作者家的人是去取作者要贈(zèng)送的床。故選B。6．Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribetheauthor?A．Warm-hearted. B．Mean. C．Narrow-minded. D．Intelligent.答案：A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Whiletheywerehere,Ialsogavethemoneofoursparebookcaseandsomecoffeecups.Ievenaskedthemtokeepintouchincasetheyneededanythingelse—Ihaveawayofconnectingpeoplewiththings.”可知，除了大床之外，作者還將其他多余的東西贈(zèng)給了他們，可見作者是一個(gè)熱心腸的人。故選A。7．Fromthelasttwoparagraphs,wecaninferthat________.A．theauthordoesn'tliketospendtoomuchtimewiththosepeoplelikeJenny'sfriendsB．Jennyandherboywillhardlygethelpfromtheauthor'sfriendsC．theauthorwasdisappointedwiththoseonlysendingmessagesofthanksandblessingsD．Jennyandherboywillhaveanewstartwiththehelpofpeople答案：D推理判斷題。從最后兩段，我們可以推斷，在人們的幫助下，珍妮和她的兒子將有一個(gè)新的開始。故選D。8．Thesuitabletitleforthetextshouldbe“________”．A．Nopains,nogainsB．GodhelpsthosewhohelpthemselvesC．Manyhandsmakelightwork D．Wherethereiswill,thereisaway答案：C標(biāo)題判斷題。Nopains,nogains“不勞則無(wú)獲”；Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves“自助者天助”；Manyhandsmakelightwork“眾人拾柴火焰高”；Wherethereiswill,thereisaway“有志者，事竟成”。文章介紹了一位遭受家庭暴力的女性和孩子在朋友和陌生好心人的幫助下也將有一個(gè)新的開始。所以本文最佳標(biāo)題是“眾人拾柴火焰高”。故選C。C限時(shí)8分鐘Whenyouthinkofbatteries,you'lllikelythinkaboutthempoweringupremotecontrols,cellphones,flashlightsandtoys.Butsomepeoplecarryabatteryaroundintheirbodytopowerapacemaker(起搏器).Itisn'treallypleasantandeasytocarrybatteriesbecausetheyneedtobereplacedsooftenandtheycanleakpoisonouschemicals.Abattery-poweredpacemakermaybecomeathingofthepast,thankstoanewtechnologydevelopedbyUCLAresearchers:Abiologicalsupercapacitor(超級(jí)電容器),whichisthinnerthanseveralhairs.TeamsofresearchersatUCLAandtheUniversityofThosetraditionalpacemakersaresixtoeightmillimeters(毫米)thick.Theyaremuchbigger.Thenewsupercapacitor,which,duetoitslackofbattery,isonlyonemicrometer(微米)thick.This“l(fā)ittle”featurecouldbenefitthenewpacemaker'senergyefficiency,researchersstated.Also,unlikeotherbatteriesusedinmedicaltreatments,thesupercapacitorcanbendandtwistinthebodywithoutsufferingdamage.Thoughthey'venotbeenwidelyusedinthemedicalworld,supercapacitorshavetheabilitytoserveasasaferandmoreefficientmedicaldevicethanthetraditionalbattery-operateddevices,theresearchersbelieve.“Inordertobeeffective,battery－freepacemakersmusthavesupercapacitorsthatcanget,storeandtransportenergy.However,commercialsupercapacitorsaretooslowtomakethemwork”，saidMaherEl-Kady,aUCLAresearcherandco-authorofthestudy.“Ourresearchfocusedonthecustom-designedsupercapacitortocaptureenergyeffectively,andfindingawaytomakeitexisttogethersuccessfullywiththehumanbody.”篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了一種可以借助身體發(fā)電，不再需要電池供電的新型起搏器。9．Whatdoweknowabouttraditionalpacemakers?A．Theyareverypopularwithusers.B．Theyarethinnerthanseveralhairs.C．Theycandoharmtotheusers'bodies.D．Theyarereallyconvenienttocarryaround.答案：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Itisn'treallypleasantandeasytocarrybatteriesbecausetheyneedtobereplacedsooftenandtheycanleakpoisonouschemicals.”可知，這種靠電池供電的起搏器經(jīng)常需要更換，它們會(huì)泄漏有毒化學(xué)物質(zhì)，可能會(huì)對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生傷害。故選C。10．Whatisspecialaboutthenewsupercapacitor?A．Ithaselectrodesontheoutside.B．Itismadefromakindofproteinmaterial.C．Ithelpssavethecarriers'moneyandenergy.D．Itcantransformtheenergyfromthebody.答案：D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Butwhatmakesthedevicedifferentisthatitispoweredbyanenergyharvesterthatchangesbodyheatandmovementinthebloodintoenergy.”可知，這種新型超級(jí)電容器的特殊之處在于它能夠轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)自身體的能量。故選D。11．Whichofthefollowingmakesthenewpacemakerenergy-efficient?A．Thesmallsize.B．Thesmallbattery.C．Theenergyharvester.D．Thebendingandtwistingcharacters.答案：A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Thenewsupercapacitor,which,duetoitslackofbattery,isonlyonemicrometer(微米)thick.This‘little’featurecouldbenefitthenewpacemaker'senergyefficiency,researchersstated.”可知，這種新型起搏器因?yàn)轶w積小，所以節(jié)能和高效。故選A。12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ANewPacemakerthatDoesn'tNeedtoUseBatteriesB．ABattery-PoweredPacemakerIsHarmingPeople'sBodyC．PeopleTodayAren'tWillingtoUsetheTraditionalPacemakerAnyLongerD．UCLAResearchersAreCommittedtotheCauseoftheMedicalEquipment答案：A標(biāo)題判斷題。縱觀全文可知，本文介紹了一種可以借助身體發(fā)電，不再需要電池供電的新型起搏器。故選A。D限時(shí)7分鐘“Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou？”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupatUniversityofEdinburgh.“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves，”hesaid.Scientistsareworkingtousethatenergytomakeelectricity.Mostwavesarecreatedwhenwindsblowacrosstheocean.“Thewindstartsoutbymakinglittleripples(漣漪),butiftheykeeponblowing,thoseripplesgetbiggerandbiggerandturnintowaves，”Taylorsaid.“Wavesareoneofnature'swaysofpicking_“Theresourceishuge，”saidJanetSwainoftheWorldwatchInstitute.“Wewillneverrunoutofwavepower.”Besides,waveenergydoesnotcreatethesamepollutionasotherenergysources,suchasoilorcoal.OceanscoverthreequartersoftheEarth'ssurface—thatwouldmakewavepowerseemidealforcreatingenergythroughouttheworld,thoughtherearesomeweakpointsyettoovercome.Swainsaidthatwavepowerstillcoststoomuchmoney.Shealsosaidthatitseffectsonseaanimalsarestillunknown.Whatismore,wavepowercouldaffectfishingandboattraffic.Traditionalsourcesofenergylikeoilandgasmaysomedayrunout.“DemandforenergytopowerourTVsandcomputers,driveourcars,andheatandcoolourhomesisrisingrapidlythroughouttheworld，”Swainsaid.Inthefuturewhenyouturnonalight,anoceanwavecouldbeprovidingtheelectricity!篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇科普說(shuō)明文，介紹了有關(guān)海洋波浪能源的應(yīng)用前景及存在的問(wèn)題。13．Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto________.A．testthereaders'knowledgeaboutwavesB．drawthereaders'attentiontothetopicC．showJamieTaylor'simportanceD．invitethereaderstoanswerthem答案：B推理判斷題。作者在問(wèn)題后談到了波浪能源的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，所以文章開頭的兩個(gè)問(wèn)句是為了引起讀者的注意，從而引出文章主題。故選B。14．Theunderlinedphrase“pickingup”isclosestinmeaningto“________”．A．startingagain B．speedingupC．improving D．gathering答案：D詞義猜測(cè)題。本句中的“andthensendingitoffonajourney”是關(guān)鍵信息，it指代energy,send...off意為“把……發(fā)散出去”，由此可知，前一動(dòng)作是收集能源的過(guò)程。故pickingup在此意為“收集”，與gathering同義。故選D。15．Itcanbeinferredthatsomedaywemightnotworryabout________.A．ourpowersupply B．ourboattrafficC．a(chǎn)irpollution D．oursupplyofseafish答案：A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段前兩句可知，資源很龐大，所以將來(lái)終有一天我們不必再為電力供應(yīng)擔(dān)憂。neverrunoutof“永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)用完”是關(guān)鍵信息。故選A。16．Wecanmakebetteruseofwaveenergyifwe________.A．shortenitsjourneytothousandsofhomes B．buildmoresmallpowerstationsontheoceansC．reducethecostofturningitintoelectricpower D．quickenthestepsofproducingelectricity答案：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Swainsaidthatwavepowerstillcoststoomuchmoney.”可知，波浪能源仍耗資很多。由此可知，如果我們能降低波浪能源的發(fā)電成本，我們將會(huì)更好地利用波浪能源。故選C。A限時(shí)8分鐘(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物測(cè)量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(裝置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(節(jié)奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇科研報(bào)道。來(lái)自佐治亞理工學(xué)院的研究人員發(fā)明了一種智能鍵盤，可以通過(guò)分析用戶的打字模式來(lái)判斷該用戶是不是安全訪客。1．Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?A．Toreducepressureonkeys.B．Toimproveaccuracyintyping.C．Toreplacethepasswordsystem.D．Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.答案：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句以及第二段第一句可推知，研究者研發(fā)這種智能鍵盤是為了降低網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全保護(hù)技術(shù)的成本。故選D。2．Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?A．Computersaremucheasiertooperate.B．Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.C．Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D．Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.答案：C推理判斷題。題干問(wèn)的是“是什么讓智能鍵盤的發(fā)明成為可能”，也就是問(wèn)這一發(fā)明的核心依據(jù)是什么。根據(jù)第二段中的“Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities...”可知，正是因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人的打字模式不同，這種智能鍵盤就可以通過(guò)分析用戶的打字力度及節(jié)奏等來(lái)判斷該用戶是不是安全訪客。故選C。3．Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?A．It'llbeenvironment-friendly.B．It'llreachconsumerssoon.C．It'llbemadeofplastics.D．It'llhelpspeeduptyping.答案：B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干“研究者對(duì)于智能鍵盤有什么期望”可直接定位到最后一段的最后一句話“該團(tuán)隊(duì)希望在不久的將來(lái)將智能鍵盤推向市場(chǎng)”。故選B。4．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A．Adiary. B．Aguidebook.C．Anovel. D．Amagazine.答案：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)本文的話題“智能鍵盤”以及第二段第一句中的“ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice...”，尤其是其中的關(guān)鍵詞“Researchers”“l(fā)ow-costdevice”等來(lái)推斷，這篇文章是一篇科研報(bào)道，最有可能出現(xiàn)在雜志上。故選D。B限時(shí)8分鐘(2019·北京高考)Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging，”shesaid,“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”Andwhydoesthatmatter?Phytoplanktonarethebaseofthefoodweb.Ifcertainkindsbegintodisappearfromtheocean,Dutkiewiczsaid,“itwillchangethetypeoffishthatwillbeabletosurvive.”Thosekindsofchangescouldaffectthefoodchain.Whatevercolourchangestheoceanexperiencesinthecomingdecadeswillprobablybetoogradualandunnoticeable,buttheycouldmeansignificantchanges.“It'llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange，”Dutkiewiczsaid,“butthechangeinthecolouroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。調(diào)查表明，由于氣候變暖，全球的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。5．Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A．Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B．Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C．Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D．Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.答案：B段落大意題。文章第一段點(diǎn)題：由于氣候變暖，全球的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。第二段介紹由于光從生物體反射的方式，這些浮游植物在海洋表面形成了五顏六色的圖案；氣候變化又使得這些浮游植物在某些區(qū)域加速生長(zhǎng)而在其他地方有所減少，導(dǎo)致海洋表面的顏色變化。由此可知前兩段講了海洋顏色變化的原因，故B項(xiàng)正確。6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Sensitive. B．Beneficial.C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable.答案：A詞義猜測(cè)題。畫線詞后一句提到，氣候變暖改變了海洋的主要特點(diǎn)并能影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)，因?yàn)樗鼈円L(zhǎng)不僅僅需要陽(yáng)光和二氧化碳，也需要營(yíng)養(yǎng)。由此可知，這些浮游植物對(duì)海洋變暖很敏感，故A項(xiàng)正確。7．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.B．Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges.C．Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate.D．Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.答案：D推理判斷題。文章倒數(shù)第二段提到這些浮游植物是海洋食物鏈的基礎(chǔ)，如果某些種類的浮游植物消失了，會(huì)影響能存活的魚的類型，從而影響海洋食物鏈，并結(jié)合文章第四段倒數(shù)第二句可知浮游植物多的區(qū)域海水會(huì)變得更綠，故D項(xiàng)正確。8．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．Toassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchanges.B．Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain.C．Toexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceans.D．Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton.答案：C主旨大意題。文章主要論述了隨著氣候變暖，全球的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠，即氣候變化對(duì)海洋有影響，故C項(xiàng)正確。C限時(shí)10分鐘(2020·南昌市重點(diǎn)中學(xué)高三年級(jí)段考試題)LearningNewVocabularyDuringDeepSleepSleepingtimeissometimesconsideredunproductivetime.Thisraisesthequestionwhetherthetimespentduringsleepingcouldbeusedmoreproductively,e.g.forlearninganewlanguage?Sleepresearchtodatefocusedonthestabilizationandstrengtheningofmemoriesthathadbeenformedduringpreviouswakefulness.However,learningduringsleephasrarelybeenexamined.Thereisconsiderableevidenceforwake－learnedinformationundergoingrevisionbyareplayinthesleepingbrain.Thereplayduringsleepstrengthensthestillweakmemorytracesandembeds(嵌入)thenewlyacquiredinformationinthepreexistingstoreofknowledge.Ifthereplayduringsleepimprovesthestorageofwake－learnedinformation,thenfirst－play,i．e.theinitialprocessingofnewinformation,shouldalsobepossibleduringsleep.TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeexaminedwhetherasleepingpersonisabletoformnewsemanticassociationsbetweenplayedforeignwordsandtranslationwordsduringthebraincells'activestates,theso－called“Up－states\”.Itturnedouttobethatwhattheythoughtwasreasonable.Whenwereachdeepsleepstages,ourbraincellsprogressivelycoordinatetheiractivity.Duringdeepsleep,thebraincellsarecommonlyactiveforabriefperiodoftimebeforetheyjointlyenterintoastateofbriefinactivity.Theactivestateiscalled“Up－state\”andtheinactivestate“Down－state\”.Thetwostatesalternate(交替)abouteveryhalf－second.Newevidenceforsleep－learningchallengescurrenttheoriesofsleepandtheoriesofmemory.Theconceptofsleepasanencapsulated(被概括的)mentalstate,inwhichweareseparatedfromthephysicalenvironmentisnolongerreasonable.“Wecoulddisprovethatcomplexlearningbeimpossibleduringdeepsleep，\”saysSimonRuch,co－first－author.“Inhowfarandwithwhatconsequencesdeepsleepcanbeappliedtotheacquisitionofnewinformationwillbeatopicofresearchinupcomingyears，\”saysKatharinaHenke.TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeispartoftheInterfacultyResearchCooperation(IRC).Thirteenresearchgroupsinmedicine,biology,psychologyandinformationsciencearepartoftheIRC.Theaimoftheseresearchgroupsistogainabetterunderstandingofthemechanismsinvolvedinsleep,consciousnessandcognition.篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章通過(guò)一項(xiàng)研究論證了在深度睡眠中學(xué)習(xí)新詞匯的可能性。9．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A．“Up－state\”and“Down－state\”appearinturnduringdeepsleep.B．“Up－states\”isanothernameforthebraincells'activestates.C．Semanticassociationsareimportantforlanguagelearning.D．Thebraincells'activestatesarecentralforsleep－learning.答案：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段前兩句“TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeexamined...theso－called‘Up－states’.Itturnedouttobethatwhattheythoughtwasreasonable.”可知，研究小組研究了睡覺(jué)的人能否在腦細(xì)胞活躍狀態(tài)下，在被播放的外來(lái)詞和翻譯詞之間形成新的語(yǔ)義聯(lián)系。結(jié)果證明他們的想法是合理的。據(jù)此可推知，當(dāng)大腦處于“Up－states”時(shí)，可以進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，大腦細(xì)胞的活躍狀態(tài)起著主要作用。故答案是D。10．Whatwillresearchersdowithinseveralyearsaccordingtothepassage?A．Makestudyinthefollowingfieldssuchasmedicineandbiology.B．Separateusfromthephysicalenvironment.C．Applydeepsleeptoinformationlearning.D．Discovertheconceptofsleep.答案：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞researchers和withinseveralyears定位到文章的第四段。根據(jù)該段中的“Inhowfarandwithwhatconsequences...willbeatopicofresearchinupcomingyears”可知，在未來(lái)幾年，在新信息的獲得方面深度睡眠能運(yùn)用到何種程度以及會(huì)有何種結(jié)果將是研究的主題。故答案是C。11．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．Tointroduceanewwayofvocabularylearning.B．Togainabetterunderstandingofthemechanisms.C．Tochallengecurrenttheoriesofsleepandtheoriesofmemory.D．Toexplainthepossibilityofvocabularylearningduringdeepsleep.答案：D推理判斷題。第一段提出問(wèn)題“Thisraisesthequestionwhetherthetimespentduringsleepingcouldbeusedmoreproductively,e.g.forlearninganewlanguage？”(是否可以更有效地利用睡眠時(shí)間，例如用于學(xué)習(xí)一種新語(yǔ)言？)；第二段回答該問(wèn)題“thenfirst－play,i．e.theinitialprocessingofnewinformation,shouldalsobepossibleduringsleep”(對(duì)新信息的初始處理，在睡眠期間也應(yīng)該是可能的)；第三段通過(guò)研究提出證據(jù)證明了第二段的猜想。最后兩段進(jìn)行了補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。據(jù)此可知，本文是為了說(shuō)明在深度睡眠中，學(xué)習(xí)新的詞匯是可能的。故答案是D。12．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A．Anovel.B．Aguidebook.C．Ascientificresearchwebsite.D．Adiary.答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)本文中出現(xiàn)的“Sleepresearchtodatefocusedon”“Thereisconsiderableevidence”“Theresearchgroup”“Theaimoftheseresearchgroups”并結(jié)合文章主旨(在深度睡眠中學(xué)習(xí)新詞匯方面的科學(xué)研究)可以推斷出，本文可能出自一個(gè)科研網(wǎng)站，故選C。D限時(shí)12分鐘(2018·北京高考)Plastic-EatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋場(chǎng)),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms'chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊狀物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms'stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms'abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.“Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell，”sheexplains.“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofBertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam'sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。最新科學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)大蠟螟幼蟲能利用體內(nèi)的酶來(lái)分解塑料，這是一種分解塑料的新方法。13．Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A．Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B．Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C．Theycanconsumeplastics.D．Theywindupinlandfills.答案：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段前兩句可知，蠕蟲能消耗塑料。故選C。14．AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto________.A．identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB．findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC．confirmtheresearchfindingsD．increasethebreakdownspeed答案：B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段最后兩句可知，DeBruyn說(shuō)，下一步將找出分解的原因。這種酶是蠕蟲自身產(chǎn)生的，還是腸道微生物產(chǎn)生的？即根據(jù)JenniferDeBruyn的說(shuō)法，下一步將找出這種酶的來(lái)源。故選B。15．Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight________.A．helptoraisewormsB．helpmakeplasticbagsC．beusedtocleantheoceansD．beproducedinfactoriesinfuture答案：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句可知，她希望通過(guò)某種工業(yè)生產(chǎn)程序使用這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，而不是簡(jiǎn)單地“把數(shù)百萬(wàn)條蟲子扔在塑料上”。由此可推知，將來(lái)這種化學(xué)制品可能由工廠生產(chǎn)。故選D。16．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B．Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C．Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D．Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.答案：C主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了研究發(fā)現(xiàn)蠕蟲能分解塑料，即一種分解塑料的新方法。故選C。E限時(shí)10分鐘(2019·山東師范大學(xué)附中高三第二次模擬考試)Ifyouaskmostpeoplewhatwatertasteslike,they'llprobablytellyouthatwaterhasnotasteandtheymaygiveyouafunnylook.Butifyouwereafruitfly,askinganotherfruitfly,thatquestionmighthaveadifferentanswer.Toafruitfly,waterhasataste.Scientistswanttoknowhowthefruitflyknowswaterbeca