如何做好高中英語閱讀理解

如何做好高中閱讀理解閱讀最基本的要素——詞匯詞匯是一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)積累起來的，從現(xiàn)在開始一直到高考，每天按照自己的情況去定量背單詞，也可以每天保持一小段時(shí)間的泛讀，是活躍英文思維、積累詞匯的最好方式之一，這個(gè)時(shí)間可以是早晨、午休、甚至是睡前。不要去執(zhí)著于讀了多久或讀懂多少，只要明確一點(diǎn)，即讀了就比沒讀好。閱讀最重要的原則——順序“順序”原則，即出題的順序和行文順序基本一致。閱讀理解的題型無外乎三四大題型：細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題、詞義猜測題，但不論哪種題型出題的順序一般都遵循“順序”原則。細(xì)節(jié)理解題直接細(xì)節(jié)題：此類題是對原文直接信息的考察，只要理解字面意思即可答題。間接細(xì)節(jié)題：此類題往往不能直接找到答案，需要對信息進(jìn)行加工處理，簡單歸納、概括才能答題。是非判斷題：此類題型有兩種形式：三對一錯(cuò)或三錯(cuò)一對。一般情況下此類題中出現(xiàn)all,never,only等完全肯或完全否定的詞時(shí)，及排除。排列順序題：此類題一般在選項(xiàng)中列舉一些具體的事實(shí)，然后讓考生進(jìn)行排序，做這類型題根據(jù)事情的發(fā)生的先后順序或時(shí)間順序以及句子間的邏輯關(guān)系。圖文匹配題：這類型的題比較簡單，因?yàn)樗黾恿嗽囶}的直觀性，此類題分兩種：一是依文選圖；二是依圖選文。數(shù)字計(jì)算題：此類題會(huì)涉及年代、人物年齡、需付錢數(shù)等計(jì)算。做這類型題，把文中出現(xiàn)的數(shù)字全都做上標(biāo)記，找出相關(guān)計(jì)算方式計(jì)算即可得出答案。（2）推理判斷題（要求精讀文章）1）細(xì)節(jié)推斷題：通過文章的字面意思領(lǐng)悟作者的言外之意和文章的真正含義。這類題得精讀文章，理解文章真正含義。態(tài)度傾向題：這類題得通過理解文章基礎(chǔ)上判斷。篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題：這類題型要求考生必須對文章結(jié)構(gòu)、作者的寫作思路掌握。寫作方法題：要求必須知道一些寫作方法的英文寫法。比如舉例子、下定義、對比等。主旨大意題1）段落大意題和文章大意題：概括、歸納文章大意。此類題學(xué)生要學(xué)會(huì)一“找”；二“概括”找文首、文尾、文首和文尾、文中、段首、短尾、段首和短尾；利用找到的信息進(jìn)行歸納概括。2）寫作意圖題：在理解文章大意基礎(chǔ)上判斷作者寫作意圖。主要還是理解文章主旨大意。3）標(biāo)題歸納題：選標(biāo)題切記不能太大，即與主旨大意里的遠(yuǎn)，顯得空洞。；不能太小，即標(biāo)題只含有文章部分內(nèi)容，不全面。（4）詞義猜測題1）代詞猜測：此類題在詞義猜測題中是屬于簡單題型，只要結(jié)合上下文理解代詞所指代的對象是誰即可。熟詞語境義：此類型題詞語均是大綱詞匯，只是要結(jié)合上下文理解在語境中的意思。超綱生詞：此類題是詞義猜測題中較難的，需要考生對文章理解的基礎(chǔ)上猜測生詞的意義，要求考生詞匯量要豐富。通過構(gòu)詞，語法，定義，同位，對比，因果，常識，上下文等線索確定詞義。讀理解的解題核心——定位“定位”即每一道題我們在原文中都能找到它出現(xiàn)的位置。但怎么準(zhǔn)確的定位是我們學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)鍵。（1）先讀問題，了解問了“什么”。（2）讀問題，找出問題關(guān)鍵詞。（3）文中定位。（4）根據(jù)定位句解題，如果定位句不夠全面，就結(jié)合段落中心句，定位句的上句加下句，組成解題“黃金三角區(qū)”進(jìn)行解題。總結(jié)：正確選項(xiàng)一定要“定位”到原文，有“對應(yīng)”，有“改寫”；而錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)則是“定位”錯(cuò)誤、“無中生有”、“拼湊細(xì)節(jié)”、“偷換概念”、“擴(kuò)大范圍”和“憑借常識”。路燈桿,它有一個(gè)內(nèi)置的電動(dòng)機(jī)(electricmotor)和幾個(gè)傳感器(sensors),可以在下雨時(shí)給行人提供保護(hù)。首先是傳感器感知有雨,然后通過電動(dòng)機(jī)給傘篷提供動(dòng)力。所以選B。4.WhatdoesParagraph5mainlytellusabouttheLampbrella?A.Itsmovingspeed. B.Itsappearance.C.Itsinstallation. D.Itssafety.【解析】選D。主旨大意題。根據(jù)本段中的...theLampbrellawouldmoveatarelativelylowspeed,...itwouldbegroundedtoprotectfrompossiblelightningstrike.及Beinginstalledat2metresofftheground...可知,本段主要在強(qiáng)調(diào)Lampbrella的安全性,所以選D。5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Thedesignerwillopenacompanytopromotehisproduct.B.TheLampbrellacouldbeputintoimmediateproduction.C.Thedesignerisconfidentthathiscreationispractical.D.TheLampbrellawouldbeputonshowinMoscow.【解析】選C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“insistshiscreationcouldbeinstalledonanystreetwhere...”可知,他認(rèn)為自己的產(chǎn)品是很實(shí)用的。而A、D兩項(xiàng)沒提,B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在immediate,所以選C。AFearmaybefeltintheheartaswellasinthehead,accordingtoastudythathasfoundalinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear.Testsonhealthyvolunteersfoundthattheyweremorelikelytofeelasenseoffearatthemomentwhentheirheartsarecontracting(收縮)andpumpingbloodaroundtheirbodies,comparedwiththepointwhentheheartbeatisrelaxed.Scientistssaytheresultssuggestthattheheartisabletoinfluencehowthebrainrespondstoafearfulevent,dependingonwhichpointitisatinitsregularcycleofcontractionandrelaxation.SarahGarfinkelattheBrightonandSussexMedicalSchoolsaid:“Ourstudyshowsforthefirsttimethatthewayinwhichwedealwithfearisdifferentdependingonwhenweseefearfulpicturesinrelationtoourheart.”Thestudytested20healthyvolunteersontheirreactionstofearastheywereshownpicturesoffearfulfaces.DrGarfinkelsaid,“Thestudyshowedthatfearfulfacesarebetternoticedwhentheheartispumpingthanwhenitisrelaxed.Thusourheartscanalsoaffectwhatweseeandwhatwedon’tsee—andguidewhetherweseefear.”Tofurtherunderstandthisrelationship,thescientistsalsousedabrainscanner(掃描儀)toshowhowthebraininfluencesthewaytheheartchangesaperson’sfeelingoffear.“Wehavefoundanimportantmechanismbywhichtheheartandbrain‘speak’toeachothertochangeourfeelingsandreducefear,”DrGarfinkelsaid.“Wehopethatbyincreasingourunderstandingabouthowfearisdealtwithandwaysthatitcouldbereduced,wemaybeabletodevelopmoresuccessfultreatmentsforanxietydisorders,andalsoforthosewhomaybesufferingfromseriousstressdisorder.”1.Whatisthefindingofthestudy?A.One’sheartaffectshowhefeelsfear.B.Fearisaresultofone’srelaxedheartbeat.C.Fearhassomethingtodowithone’shealth.D.One’sfastheartbeatsarelikelytocausefear.2.Thestudywascarriedoutbyanalyzing.A.volunteers’heartbeatswhentheysawterriblepicturesB.thetimevolunteerssawfearfulpicturesandtheirhealthconditionsC.volunteers’reactionstohorriblepicturesanddatafromtheirbrainscansD.differentpicturesshowntovolunteersandtheirheart-braincommunication3.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto“mechanism”inParagraph6?A.Order.B.System.C.Machine. D.Treatment.4.Thisstudymaycontributeto.A.treatinganxietyandstressbetterB.explainingthecycleoffearandanxietyC.findingthekeytotheheart-braincommunicationD.understandingdifferentfearsinourheartsandheadsKeys:14.ACBABNotallbodiesofwateraresoevidentlyaliveastheAtlanticOcean,anS-shapedbodyofwatercovering33millionsquaremiles.TheAtlantichas,inasense,replacedtheMediterraneanastheinlandseaofWesterncivilization.Unlikerealinlandseas,whichseemstrangelystill,theAtlanticisrichinoceanicliveliness.Itisperhapsnotsurprisingthatitsvitalityhasbeenmuchwrittenaboutbyancientpoets.“StormatSea”,ashortpoemwrittenaround700,isgenerallyregardedasoneofmankind’searliestartisticrepresentationsoftheAtlantic.WhenthewindisfromthewestAllthewavesthatcannotrestTotheeastmustthunderonWherethebrighttreeofthesunIsrootedintheocean’sbreast.Asthepoemsuggests,theAtlanticisneverdeadanddull.Itisanoceanthatmoves,impressivelyandendlessly.Itmakesallkindsofnoise—itisforeverthundering,boiling,crashing,andwhistling.ItiseasytoimaginetheAtlantictryingtodrawbreath—perhapsnotsonoticeablyoutinmid-ocean,butwhereitmeetsland,itswatersbathingupanddownasandybeach.Itmimics(模仿)nearlyperfectlythesteadybreathingofalivingcreature.Itisfilledwithsymbioticexistences,too;unimaginablequantitiesofcreatures,littleandlargealike,mixwithinitsdepthsinakindofoceanicharmony,givingtothewatersafeelingofheartbeat,akindofsub-oceanvitality.Andithasapsychology.Ithaspersonalities:sometimespeacefulandpleasant,onrareoccasionsroughandwild;alwaysitisstrongandstriking.1.Unlikerealinlandseas,theAtlanticOceanis.A.alwaysenergeticB.lackinginlivelinessC.shapedlikeasquareD.favoredbyancientpoets2.Whatisthepurposeofusingthepoem“StormatSea”inthepassage?A.Todescribethemovementofthewaves.B.Toshowthestrengthofthestorm.C.Torepresentthepoweroftheocean.D.Toprovethevastnessofthesea.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“symbiotic”mean?A.Livingtogether.B.Growingfast.C.Movingharmoniously. D.Breathingpeacefully.4.Inthelastparagraph,theAtlanticiscomparedto.A.abeautifulandpoeticplaceB.afleshandbloodpersonC.awonderfulworldD.alovelyanimalKeys:14.ACAB(1)AGermanstudysuggeststhatpeoplewhoweretoooptimisticabouttheirfutureactuallyfacedgreaterriskofdisabilityordeathwithin10yearsthanthosepessimistswhoexpectedtheirfuturetobeworse.Thepaper,publishedthisMarchinPsychologyandAging,examinedhealthandwelfaresurveysfromroughly40,000Germansbetweenages18and96.Thesurveyswereconductedeveryyearfrom1993to2003.Surveyrespondents(受訪者)wereaskedtoestimatetheirpresentandfuturelifesatisfactiononascaleof0to10,amongotherquestions.Theresearchersfoundthatyoungadults(age18to39)routinelyoverestimatedtheirfuturelifesatisfaction,whilemiddle-agedadults(age40to64)moreaccuratelypredictedhowtheywouldfeelinthefuture.Adultsof65andolder,however,werefarmorelikelytounderestimatetheirfuturelifesatisfaction.Notonlydidtheyfeelmoresatisfiedthantheythoughttheywould,theolderpessimistsseemedtosufferalowerratio(比率)ofdisabilityanddeathforthestudyperiod.“Weobservedthatbeingtoooptimisticinpredictingabetterfuturethanactuallyobservedwasassociatedwithagreaterriskofdisabilityandagreaterriskofdeathwithinthefollowingdecade,”wroteFriederR.Lang,aprofessorattheUniversityofErlangen-Nuremberg.Langandhiscolleaguesbelievedthatpeoplewhowerepessimisticabouttheirfuturemaybemorecarefulabouttheiractionsthanpeoplewhoexpectedarosyfuture.“Seeingadarkfuturemayencouragepositiveevaluationsoftheactualselfandmaycontributetotakingimprovedprecautions(預(yù)防措施),”theauthorswrote.Surprisingly,comparedwiththoseinpoorhealthorwhohadlowincomes,respondentswhoenjoyedgoodhealthorincomewereassociatedwithexpectingagreaterdecline.Also,theresearcherssaidthathigherincomewasrelatedtoagreaterriskofdisability.Theauthorsofthestudynotedthattherewerelimitationstotheirconclusions.Illness,medicaltreatmentandpersonallosscouldalsohavedrivenhealthoutcomes.However,theresearcherssaidapatternwasclear.“Wefoundthatfromearlytolateadulthood,individualsadapttheirexpectationsoffuturelifesatisfactionfromoptimistic,toaccurate,topessimistic,”theauthorsconcluded.1.Accordingtothestudy,whomadethemostaccuratepredictionoftheirfuturelifesatisfaction?A.Optimisticadults.B.Middle-agedadults.C.Adultsinpoorhealth.D.Adultsoflowerincome.2.Pessimismmaybepositiveinsomewaybecauseitcausespeople.A.tofullyenjoytheirpresentlifeB.toestimatetheircontributionaccuratelyC.totakemeasuresagainstpotentialrisksD.tovaluehealthmorehighlythanwealth3.Howdopeopleofhigherincomeseetheirfuture?A.Theywillearnlessmoney.B.Theywillbecomepessimistic.C.Theywillsuffermentalillness.D.Theywillhavelesstimetoenjoylife.4.Whatistheclearconclusionofthestudy?A.Pessimismguaranteeschancesofsurvival.B.Goodfinancialconditionleadstogoodhealth.C.Medicaltreatmentdetermineshealthoutcomes.D.Expectationsoffuturelifesatisfactiondeclinewithage.Keys:14.BCAD(2)Wheninternationalaidisgiven,stepsmustbetakentoensure(確保)thattheaidreachesthepeopleforwhomitisintended.Thewaytoachievethismaynotbesimple.Itisverydifficultforanationtogivehelpdirectlytopeopleinanothernation.TheUnitedNationsOrganization(UNO)couldundertaketodirectthedistributionofaid.Herehoweverrisestheproblemofcosts.Alsotiedwiththisistime.PerhapstheUNOcouldsetupabodyofdevotedmenandwomenineverycountrywhocanspeedilydistributeaidtovictimsoffloodsandearthquakes.Morethanthehelpthatonenationcangivetoanotherduringadisaster,itwouldbemoreeffectivetogiveotherformsofhelpduringnormaltimes.Acommonproverbsays,“GivemeafishandIeatforaday,teachmetofishandIeatforalifetime.”Ifwefollowthiswisesaying,itwouldberighttoteachpeoplefromlessdevelopednationstotakecareofthemselves.Forexample,acountrycouldshareitstechnologywithanother.Thiscouldbeinsimpleareaslikeagricultureorinmorecomplexareaslikemedicalandhealthcareoreveninbuildingsatellites.Evenasmallcountryisabletohelplessdevelopednations.Sometimewhatistakenforgranted,likethesettingupofawaterpurificationplantortheadministrationofaschool,couldbeusefulforcountrieswhicharelookingabouttosolvecommonproblems.Itdoesnotcostmuchtosharesuchsimplethings.Exchangestudentscouldbeattachedforanumberofmonthsoryearsandlearntherequiredcraftwhileonthesite.Theycanthentaketheirknowledgebacktotheirhomelandsandifnecessarycomebackfromtimetotimetocleardoubtsortoupdatethemselves.Suchaidwillbetrulyhelpfulandthereisnochanceofitbeingtemporaryorofitfallingintothewronghands.Manycountriesrunextensivecoursesinallsortsofskills.Itwillnotcostmuchtoincludedeservingforeignersinthesecourses.Besidesgivingeffectivehelptothecountriesconcerned,thereisalsothebuild-upoffriendshipstoconsider.Givingdirecthelpbygivingmaterialsmaybeeffectiveintheshortrunandmustcontinuetobegivenintheeventofemergencies.However,inthelongrunwhatisreallyeffectivewouldbethesharingofknowledge.1.Accordingtotheauthor,howcouldinternationalaidreachthevictimsintime?A.Bysolvingthecostproblems.B.Bysolvingthetransportationproblems.C.Bysettingupabodyofdevotedpeopleineverycountry.D.ByrelyingonthedirectdistributionoftheUNO.2.Whatdoestheauthortrytoexpressintheunderlinedsentence?A.Providingfoodisvital.B.Learningtofishishelpful.C.Teachingskillsisessential.D.Lookingafterothersisimportant.3.Thesecondparagraphisdevelopedmainly.A.byexample B.byprocessC.bycomparison D.bycontrast4.Whichaidislikelytofallintothewronghands?A.Amedicalteam. B.Anexchangeprogram.C.Awaterplant. D.Financialsupport.5.Whatcanweinferaboutinternationalaidfromthepassage?A.Itisfacingdifficulties.B.Itisunnecessaryduringnormaltimes.C.Itshouldbegivenintheformofmaterials.D.Ithasgainedsupportfromdevelopedcountries.Keys:15.CCADA(1)Ifadiversurfacestooquickly,hemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen(氮)dissolved(溶解)inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequence,ifthebubbles(氣泡)accumulateinajoint,issharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbrain,theconsequencecanbedeath.Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression(減壓)sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:whales,forexample.Andso,longago,didichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsinthebone,andconsequentlyweakensit,sometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil(化石)bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisend,heandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseums,lookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.Whenhestarted,heassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossils,reflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Instead,hewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydied,butnotasingleTriassicspecimen(標(biāo)本)showedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeans,theyclearlydidsoquickly—and,moststrangely,theylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDr.Rothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredator(捕食動(dòng)物)suchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodiles,bothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceans,bycontrast,weremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassic,then,ichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceous,heywereprey(獵物)aswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult.1.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalsymptomofthebends?A.Atwistedbody.B.Agradualdecreaseinbloodsupply.C.Asuddenreleaseofnitrogeninblood.D.Adropinbloodpressure.2.ThepurposeofRothschild’sstudyistosee.A.howoftenichthyosaurscaughtthebendsB.howichthyosaursadaptedtodecompressionC.whyichthyosaursbenttheirbodiesD.whenichthyosaursbroketheirbones3.Rothschild’sfindingstatedinParagraph4.A.confirmedhisassumptionB.speededuphisresearchprocessC.disagreedwithhisassumptionD.changedhisresearchobjectives4.Rothschildmighthaveconcludedthatichthyosaurs.A.failedtoevolveananti-decompressionmeansB.graduallydevelopedmeasuresagainstthebendsC.diedoutbecauseoflargesharksandcrocodilesD.evolvedananti-decompressionmeansbutsoonlostitKeys:14.ABCA(2)Thebabyisjustonedayoldandhasnotyetlefthospital.Sheisquietbutalert(警覺).Twentycentimetersfromherfaceresearchershaveplacedawhitecardwithtwoblackspotsonit.Shestaresatitcarefully.Aresearcherremovest