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杭州學(xué)軍中學(xué)2024屆高三模擬
英語試卷
第一部分聽力(共兩節(jié),滿分30分)
第一節(jié)(共5小題;每小題1.5分,滿分7.5分)
聽下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選
項(xiàng),并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對(duì)話后,你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀
下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。
1.Whatwillthewomandrink?
A.Coffee.B.Coke.C.Tea.
2.Howdoesthemanprobablyfeel?
A.Satisfied.B.Stressed.C.Bored.
3.Whenwillthenextbusleavefordowntown?
A.In5minutes.B.In10minutes.C.In15minutes.
4.Whatwilltheweatherprobablybeliketomorrow!?
A.Sunny.B.Rainy.C.Cloudy.
5.Whatdoesthemanthinkofthemovie?
A.Tragic.B.TouchingC.Inspiring
第二節(jié)(共15小題;每小題1.5分,滿分22.5分)
聽下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)
中選出最佳選項(xiàng),并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前,你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題,
每小題5秒鐘;聽完后,各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。
聽第6段材料,回答第6、7題。
6.Whatdoestheboysuggestthegirldo?
A.Wearsomethingunusual.B.WatchFrozenwithhim.C.Dressasaprincess.
7.Whatdoesthewomanthinkofavampiredogcostume?
A.BoringB.Frightening.C.Thrilling.
聽第7段材料,回答第8至10題。
8.Whereisthewomanplanningtogo?
A.Italy.B.Austria.C.England
9.Wheredidthemanbuyhiswalkingshoes?
A.Atamarket.B.Inanewmall.C.Inaholidayinn.
10.Whatdoesthemanadvisethewomantododuringhertrip?
A.Climbmountains.B.Wearenoughclothes.C.Protectherselffromthesun.
聽第8段材料,回答第U至13題。
11.Whatdoesthemanprobablydo?
A.He*sacook.B.He'sawaiter.C.He*sarestaurantowner.
12.Howlongdoesthemanhavetoworkaday?
A.5hours.B.6hours.C.llhours
13.Accordingtotheman,whatisoneofthekeystodoingtheworkwell?
A.Havingenthusiasm.B.Makingplansforfuture.C.Payingattentiontoexams.
聽第9段材料,回答第14至16題。
14.Whyisthemanmoving?
A.Tobeclosertohisoffice.B.TosavesomemoneyC.Tohavemorespace.
15.Whenwilltheapartmentbeavailabletothewoman?
A.InearlyAugust.B.Inmid-AugustC.InearlySeptember.
16.Whatdoesthemanoffertodo?
A.Hiremoversforthewoman.B.Findthewomananapartment.
C.Recommendthewomantothelandlord.
聽第10段材料,回答第17至20題。
17.Wheredidtheweddingtakeplace?
A.InNewYork.B.InSouthCarolina.C.InVirginia.
18.Whoconductedtheweddingceremony?
A.CharlesJohnson.B.MichaelSmith.C.WilliamScott
19.Whatdidthebridestudyincollege?
A.HistoryB.Art.C.Psychology.
20.Whatcanwelearnaboutthecouple?
A.Theyenjoyedamonth-longhoneymoon.
B.Theygraduatedfromthesameuniversity.
C.Theysentgiftstotheweddingplanningcompany.
第二部分閱讀(共兩節(jié),滿分50分)
第一節(jié)(共15小題;每小題2.5分,滿分37.5分)
閱讀下列短文,從題中所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。
A
Whenlookingforsomevacationideastospreadoutandgetsometimeandspacetoyourself,checkoutthese
greatresorts(度假勝地)options.
HyattZivaCapCana
LocatedinPuntaCana,thisfamily-friendlyvacationatanall-inclusiveresortofferssomethingforeveryone
inyourparty.Parentscanenjoyrelaxingbyoneoftheresorfsswim-upbarsinaninfinitypoolorheadoutfor
somedeep-seafishing.Kids,meanwhile,canheadovertothekids'clubforanumberofactivities.Plus,allofthe
drinksandfoodacrossthe14restaurantsandbarsisincluded.
BeachesTurks&Caicos
ThisresorthasbecometheCaribbean'spopulargo-towhenitcomestoall-inclusivefamilyvacationsthat
providegreatvaluesincethere9ssomuchtodoforguestsofallages.There'sa45,000-square-footwaterpark,24
restaurants,unlimitedPADI-certifiedscubadivingandwatersports,a12-milebeach,aspa,10pools-whew!
TheAlisalGuestRanch
Ifyouliveinthecityandwanttogetbacktonature,thisluxuryfarmovernearly11,000acresinCalifornia^
SantaYnezValleyisaperfectfitforafamily.Allthatwide-openspacemeansactivitieslikehorsebackriding,
sceniccycling,hiking,fishing,kayakingand,forthebody-and-spirit-mindedtravelerinyourgroup,yoga.
MontagePalmettoBluff
The20,000-acrecommunityincludesanaturepreservewithwalkingtrails,buttherealstarsoftheshowhere
aretheover300speciesofbirds.TheresorfsresidentnaturalisttakesfamiliesonwalkstoBirdIsland,sharinga
historyofthearea.Plus,kidswilllovethekayaktoursthatgetupclosetothedolphinsthatlivethereyear-round.
1.Whichattractsthoseinterestedinhorseback-riding?
A.HyattZivaCapCana.B.BeachesTurks&Caicos.
C.MontagePalmettoBluff.D.TheAlisalGuestRanch.
2.Whatdothefourattractionsshare?
A.Theypromisegoodfoodservices.B.Theyincludevariouskids5clubs.
C.Theyprovideparent-childactivities.D.Theyhavelargehistoricbuildings.
3.Whatisthepurposeofthetext?
A.Toorganizesomefamilyparties.B.Tohighlightsometouristresorts.
C.Tointroducesomenaturereserves.D.Tostimulatesomedomesticneeds.
【答案】l.D2.C3.B
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了四個(gè)很棒的度假勝地。
【1題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)的“Allthatwide-openspacemeansactivitieslikehorsebackriding,sceniccycling,hiking,
fishing,kayakingand,forthebody-and-spirit-mindedtravelerinyourgroup,yoga.(所有這些開闊的空間意味著
可以進(jìn)行像騎馬、騎風(fēng)景自行車、徒步旅行、釣魚、皮劃艇的活動(dòng),對(duì)于你的團(tuán)隊(duì)中注重身體和精神的旅
行者來說,還有瑜伽這樣的活動(dòng)。)”可知,TheAlisalGuestRanch會(huì)吸引那些對(duì)騎馬感興趣的人。故選D。
【2題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)HyattZivaCapCana的“Parentscanenjoyrelaxingbyoneoftheresoifsswim-upbarsinan
infinitypoolorheadoutforsomedeep-seafishing.Kids,meanwhile,canheadovertothekids'clubforanumber
ofactivities.(家長(zhǎng)們可以在度假村的無邊泳池里的一個(gè)游泳酒吧里放松身心,或者去深海釣魚。與此同時(shí),
孩子們可以去兒童俱樂部參加一些活動(dòng)。)",BeachesTurks&Caicos的“(這個(gè)度假勝地已經(jīng)成為加勒比
地區(qū)最受歡迎的家庭度假勝地。)”可知,TheAlisalGuestRanch的“Ifyouliveinthecityandwanttoget
backtonature,thisluxuryfarmovernearly11,000acresinCalifornia'sSantaYnezValleyisaperfectfitfora
family.(如果你住在城市里,想要回歸自然,這個(gè)位于加州圣伊內(nèi)斯山谷的豪華農(nóng)場(chǎng)占地近11,000英畝,是
一個(gè)家庭的完美選擇。)“,MontagePalmettoBluff的“The20,000-acrecommunityincludesanaturepreserve
withwalkingtrails,buttherealstarsoftheshowherearetheover300speciesofbirds.Theresort'sresident
naturalisttakesfamiliesonwalkstoBirdIsland,sharingahistoryofthearea.Plus,kidswilllovethekayaktours
thatgetupclosetothedolphinsthatlivethereyear-round.(這個(gè)占地2萬英畝的社區(qū)包括一個(gè)帶步行道的自然
保護(hù)區(qū),但這里真正的明星是300多種鳥類。度假村的常駐博物學(xué)家?guī)е胰巳B島散步,分享該地區(qū)的
歷史。此外,孩子們會(huì)喜歡獨(dú)木舟之旅,可以近距離接觸全年生活在那里的海豚。)”可知,這四個(gè)景點(diǎn)的
共同之處在于他們都提供親子活動(dòng),家長(zhǎng)和孩子有很多活動(dòng)可以選擇。故選C。
【3題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第——段的“Whenlookingforsomevacationideastospreadoutandgetsometimeandspace
toyourself,checkoutthesegreatresortsoptions.(當(dāng)你想要尋找一些度假的想法,讓自己有時(shí)間和空間的時(shí)候,
看看這些很棒的度假勝地。)”可知,文章的目的是宣傳一些旅游勝地。故選B。
B
ThefollowingispartofaninterviewbetweenProfessorBernardFeringa(aNobelPricewinner)andaCNN
reporter.
Q:Youoftensaythatuniversitiesshouldbeplaygrounds.Howcanwemakesurethatthisisacase?
A:Tmastrongbelieverinchallengingstudentsatalllevels-tothink,todiscoverandtogobeyondthe
currentknowledge.Theuniversitieshaveaspecialrolehere,becauseacademictrainingandscienceshouldgo
beyondthecurrenthorizon.Ithinkthatweshouldn,tforgetthatweshouldn,ttrainourstudentsfortodayor
tomorrow;weshouldtrainthemfor10to20yearsfromnow.Becausethentheywillbetheinnovatorsinour
society,andtheywillbethepersonsthatmakeadifference.Trainourstudentsforfuturemeansthattheyhaveto
beabletosurpasstheborderofourcurrentknowledge.ThisiswhatImeanwithplayDround.Imeanthatyou
havesufficientspacetothink,todiscoverandtobefreetomakemistakes,butinparticulartomakethenextsteps,
becreativeandnotlimitedbywhatshouldbedone.Alotofthingshappenbyaccidentandsuddenlyyougeta
majorbreakthroughornewinsight.Schoolsshouldencouragestudentstoaskquestionsandbecreative.
Q:Whatisitthatyoulikesomuchaboutteaching?
A:Ireallyenjoythetransferofthebeautyofknowledge:insights,questions,thingsthatwedon'tknow,orthe
limitationsofwhatweknow.Inevergettiredofmyjob.Ithinkthatyousharewithyourstudentstheopportunity
totransfersomeknowledge,butalsogetalotofthingsbackbyaskingquestionsanddiscussing.Acrossallfields,
fromnaturalsciencestohumanities,youhaveknowledgeandinsightsbuiltupongenerationsanddecades.Atthe
universitieswehavetotransferalotofknowledgeandteachstudentsthebasicskillsandtechniques.Butifsalso
ourdutytogobeyondthat——toaskthemquestionsaboutwhatwedon'tknowandwhatimprovementswecan
makeforthefuture.Doingsurgeryinthehospitalnowmightbetakenoverbyrobotsinthefuture.Howarewe
goingtodealwiththat?Orwillwebeabletomakefuelforairplanes?Thesearechallengingandtoughquestions
buttosharethosewiththestudentsisreallynice.Mostofall,Ithinkthebeautyofknowledgeandtheexcitement
ofinsightsanddiscoveriesisfantastic.
4.Whatdoestheprofessoragreeto?
A.Studentsareboundtosurpasstheirpresentteachers.
B.Studentsareexpectedtobedifferentfuturecitizens.
C.Studentsaresupposedtohavemoreacademictraining.
D.Studentsshoulddefinitelybeencouragedtobechallenged.
5.Whatdoes'宜avground“meantoBernardFeringa?
A.Anareaforphysicalactivities.B.Anareaforextra-curricularexperiments.
C.Anareaforboldexploration.D.Anareaforacademicimprovements.
6.Whichsayingcanbestdescribethereasonfortheprofessor^devotiontoteaching?
A.Hewhoteacheslearns.B.Workmakesaworkman.
C.Nevertoooldtolearn.D.Truthneverfearsinvestigation.
7.HowcanyoudescribeProfessorBernardFeringa?
A.Respectableandreliable.B.Innovativeanddevoted.
C.Generousandsharp-minded.D.Independentandprofessional.
【答案】4.D5.C6.A7.B
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章是對(duì)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者BernardFeringa教授的訪談,在這段訪談中,教
授表示大學(xué)應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生勇于挑戰(zhàn)、探索未知,培養(yǎng)未來創(chuàng)新型人才,并說明了自己熱愛教學(xué)的原因。
【4題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段"Trainourstudentsforfuturemeansthattheyhavetobeabletosurpasstheborderof
ourcuiTentknowledge.(為未來培養(yǎng)我們的學(xué)生意味著他們必須能夠超越我們當(dāng)前知識(shí)的邊界)”以及
aSchoolsshouldencouragestudentstoaskquestionsandbecreative.(學(xué)校應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生提出問題并發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造
力)”可知,教授所說的話表明他認(rèn)為應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生接受挑戰(zhàn),讓學(xué)生可以超越當(dāng)前知識(shí)的邊界。故選
Do
【5題詳解】
詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段“Trainourstudentsforfuturemeansthattheyhavetobeabletosurpasstheborderof
ourcurrentknowledge.ThisiswhatImeanwithplayground.Imeanthatyouhavesufficientspacetothink,to
discoverandtobefreetomakemistakes,butinparticulartomakethenextsteps,becreativeandnotlimitedby
whatshouldbedone.(為未來培養(yǎng)我們的學(xué)生意味著他們必須能夠超越我們當(dāng)前知識(shí)的邊界。這就是我所說
的playground。我的意思是,你有足夠的空間去思考、發(fā)現(xiàn)并自由犯錯(cuò),但特別是要采取下一步行動(dòng),要
有創(chuàng)造力,不受應(yīng)該做的事情的限制)”可知,在playground,學(xué)生們有足夠的空間去思考、發(fā)現(xiàn)新事物
并自由犯錯(cuò)誤,能夠創(chuàng)造性地超越當(dāng)前知識(shí)的邊界,所以對(duì)伯納德?費(fèi)林加來說,playground是一個(gè)可以
大膽探索的空間。故選C。
【6題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段"Ireallyenjoythetransferofthebeautyofknowledge:insights,questions,things
thatwedon'tknow,orthelimitationsofwhatweknow.Inevergettiredofmyjob.Ithinkthatyousharewith
yourstudentstheopportunitytotransfersomeknowledge,butalsogetalotofthingsbackbyaskingquestions
anddiscussing.(我真的很享受知識(shí)之美的傳遞:見解、問題、我們不知道的事情,或者我們所知道的東西
的局限性。我從不厭倦我的工作。我認(rèn)為,你可以與學(xué)生分享轉(zhuǎn)移一些知識(shí)的機(jī)會(huì),但也可以通過提問
和討論獲得很多東西)”可知,這位教授可以在教學(xué)過程中享受知識(shí)之美,同時(shí)通過提問和討論獲得很多
東西,所以“教學(xué)相長(zhǎng)”可以描述這位教授獻(xiàn)身于教學(xué)的原因。故選A。
【7題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Imeanthatyouhavesufficientspacetothink,todiscoverandtobefreetomake
mistakes,butinparticulartomakethenextsteps,becreativeandnotlimitedbywhatshouldbedone.Alotof
thingshappenbyaccidentandsuddenlyyougetamajorbreakthroughornewinsight.Schoolsshouldencourage
studentstoaskquestionsandbecreative.(我的意思是,你有足夠的空間去思考、發(fā)現(xiàn)并自由犯錯(cuò),但尤其是
有足夠的空間采取下一步行動(dòng),要有創(chuàng)造力,不受應(yīng)該做的事情的限制。很多事情都是偶然發(fā)生的,突
然間你有了重大突破或新的見解。學(xué)校應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生提出問題并發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力)”以及第五段“Ireallyenjoy
thetransferofthebeautyofknowledge:insights,questions,thingsthatwedon'tknow,orthelimitationsofwhat
weknow.Inevergettiredofmyjob.Ithinkthatyousharewithyourstudentstheopportunitytotransfersome
knowledge,butalsogetalotofthingsbackbyaskingquestionsanddiscussing.(我真的很享受知識(shí)之美的傳
遞:見解、問題、我們不知道的事情,或者我們所知道的東西的局限性。我從不厭倦我的工作。我認(rèn)
為,你可以與學(xué)生分享轉(zhuǎn)移一些知識(shí)的機(jī)會(huì),但也可以通過提問和討論獲得很多東西)”可知,教授鼓勵(lì)
學(xué)生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力,并且熱愛教學(xué),樂于與學(xué)生分享知識(shí)和探索未知,這些特點(diǎn)表明他既具有創(chuàng)新精神又
對(duì)教育事業(yè)充滿熱忱和投入。故選B。
C
MetauraProclaimstobetheworld'sfirstwearableair-conditioningdevicecapableofconstantlyblowing
coldairtokeepthewearercool.
Conventionalwearablecoolingsystemsonlycirculatethesurroundingair,andthusdon'tdoaverygoodjob
ofcoolingpeopledown.Thestrongerthewindblows,thehotteryouget.Thisisdefinitelynotwhatyouwant
duringthosehotsummerdays.MetauraPro,ontheotherhand,reliesonacoolingsolutiontoproducegenuinely
coldairthatis7degreesFahrenheit(華氏的)coolerthanthatofthesurroundingarea,infanmode,andupto18
degreesFahrenheitcoolerthanthesurroundingair,incoolingmode.Thedevicehasasmartappandrelieson
artificialintelligencetoregulateairtemperature.
MetauraProisdrivenbyapowerfulmotoranditscoolingmodulesaremadeupof26lightweightflatobjects
thatwraparoundthewearer?sneckandhelptoreduceheat.Themotorislinkedtoahigh-speedfanatthebackof
thedevicewhichalsodrivesawaysomeofthatwarmairaroundtheneck.ThedevicealsohasaVCplate,which
hasaliquid-cooled,heat-equalizingmechanism,efficientlycreatingatemperaturedifferentialbetweenhotand
coldtemperatures.
“WhatsetsMetauraProapartfromthecompetitionisthatitproducesgenuinelycoldairlowerthanthe
surroundingtemperature,refreshingyouduringthosedogdaysofsummer,9,theMetauraProKickstarter
crowdfundingpagereads.
MetauraPronotonlysuppliesacoolingfunction,butalsohasthecapacityforheatingaswellinwinter,it
canbeusedtowarmyourbodytoacomfortabletemperature,whenthesurroundingairfeelscold.
Thedeviceintelligentlymonitorsitself,sowhenyoutakeitoff,itrecognizesthatitisnolongerinuseand
willautomaticallyshutoffandswitchtostandbymodetosavepowerconsumption.MetauraProwearablecollar
ispoweredbyachargeablebatterythatcanprovideonly3hoursofcoolingonasinglecharge.Thedeviceweighs
435grams,whichisnotheavy,butdefinitelynoticeable.
8.HowdoesMetauraPromanagetokeeppeoplecool?
A.Bydroppingthebodytemperature.
B.Bycirculatingthesurroundingair.
C.Byproducinglower-temperatureair.
D.Byblowingthestrongwindaround.
9.WhatismainlydiscussedaboutMetauraProinparagraph3?
A.Itsinternalstructure.B.Itsoperatingcosts.
C.Itsamazingfunction.D.Itsworkingprinciple.
10.Whatmaybethedisadvantageofthedevice?
A.Itputslimitationoncoolingfunction.
B.Itswitchestodifferentmodesbyhand.
C.Itpossessesarelativelyshortbatterylife.
D.Itdependsmuchonoutdoortemperatures.
11.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?
A.Adouble-modesmartphoneapp
BAcoolingair-conditioningsystem
C.Arechargeablebatteryfore-products
D.Awearabletemperature-adjustingdevice
【答案】8.C9.D10.C11.D
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種可穿戴溫度調(diào)節(jié)裝置,它通過產(chǎn)生低溫空氣讓人們保持涼
爽。
【8題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的"MetauraProclaimstobetheworld'sfirstwearableair-conditioningdevicecapable
ofconstantlyblowingcoldairtokeepthewearercool.(MetauraPro聲稱是世界上第一款可穿戴的空調(diào)設(shè)備,
它能不斷吹出冷空氣,讓佩戴者保持涼爽。)”可知,MetauraPro是通過產(chǎn)生低溫空氣讓人們保持涼爽的。
故選Co
【9題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段的uMetauraProisdrivenbyapowerfulmotoranditscoolingmodulesaremadeupof
26lightweightflatobjectsthatwraparoundthewearer?sneckandhelptoreduceheat.Themotorislinkedtoa
high-speedfanatthebackofthedevicewhichalsodrivesawaysomeofthatwarmairaroundtheneck.Thedevice
alsohasaVCplate,whichhasaliquid-cooled,heat-equalizingmechanism,efficientlycreati(MetauraPro由一個(gè)
強(qiáng)大的馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng),它的冷卻模塊由26個(gè)輕質(zhì)扁平物體組成,包裹在佩戴者的脖子上,有助于減少熱量。馬
達(dá)與設(shè)備后部的高速風(fēng)扇相連,風(fēng)扇也能驅(qū)走脖子周圍的一些熱空氣。該設(shè)備也有一個(gè)VC板,它有一個(gè)
液體冷卻,熱均衡機(jī)制,有效地創(chuàng)造了冷熱溫度之間的溫差。)”可知,第三段主要討論了MetauraPro是
如何通過產(chǎn)生低溫空氣讓人們保持涼爽的,即它的工作原理。故選D。
【10題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題o根據(jù)最后一段的“MetauraProwearablecollarispoweredbyachargeablebatterythatcanprovide
only3hoursofcoolingonasinglecharge.(MetauraPro可穿戴項(xiàng)圈由可充電電池供電,一次充電只能提供3
小時(shí)的冷卻時(shí)間。)”可知,該設(shè)備的缺點(diǎn)是它的電池持續(xù)工作時(shí)間相對(duì)較短。故選C。
【11題詳解】
主旨大意題。通讀全文,根據(jù)第一段的“MetauraProclaimstobetheworld'sfirstwearableair-conditioning
devicecapableofconstantlyblowingcoldairtokeepthewearercool.(MetauraPro聲稱是世界上第一款可穿戴
的空調(diào)設(shè)備,它能不斷吹出冷空氣,讓佩戴者保持涼爽。)”可知,MetauraPro是一款通過產(chǎn)生低溫空氣讓
人們保持涼爽的設(shè)備,因此D項(xiàng)(一種可穿戴溫度調(diào)節(jié)裝置)適合作文章標(biāo)題。故選D。
D
Evolution(進(jìn)化)canperformextraordinarymakeovers;today?sairbornesongbirdsevolvedfromthewingless,
earthbounddinosaursthatwanderedmillionsofyearsago.Butsomeorganismsseemtobeunchanged-inother
words,escapenaturalselection.Thecoelacanth,amodern-dayfish,isnearlyidenticaltoits41O-million-year-old
fossils.
Scientistshavelongwonderedhowthesespeciesdoso.Ithasbeenassumedthatnaturalselectionkeepssome
speciesunchangedbyselectingformoderateoraveragequalities(stabilizingselection)ratherthanselectingfor
moreextremequalitiesthatwouldcauseaspeciestochange(directionalselection).
ButastudypublishedintheNationalAcademyofSciencesUSAcontradictsthisidea,showingthatevolution
constantlyfavorsdifferentqualitiesinseeminglyunchanginganimalstoimproveshort-termsurvival.Inthelong
term,though,uallthatevolutioncancelsoutandleadstonochange,9,saysthestudy'sleadauthor,JamesStroud.
Stroudandhiscolleaguesstudiedforlizard(蜥蜴)specios;allrelativelyunchangedfor20millionyears.The
researcherscaughtmembersofthesepopulationseverysixmonthsforthreeyears.Theymeasuredeachlizard's
headsize,leglength,massandheight,aswellasthesizeofitsstickytoes(腳趾頭),notingwhichindividuals
survived.Stroudexpectedtoobservestabilizingselectionatworkpreservingmoderatequalities.Insteadhesaw
clearerevidenceofdirectionalselection:somelizardswithuniquecharacteristics,suchasstickiertoes,survived
better.
“Thestudyoffersagoodexplanationforwhyweseewhatwethinkisstabiliringselection,saysTadashi
Fukami,anecologiststudyingevolutionatStanfordUniversity.Manynewqualitiesareevolvingintheshortterm,
buttheydon'tprovideacrucialadvantageoverthelongterm.Inotherwords,speciesstayingunchangedmaysimply
havefoundthebestpossiblecombinationofqualitiesforlastingsuccessintheirenvironment.Sowhathappens
whenthelizards9environmentchangesmoredramatically?Tohelpanswerthisbiggerquestion,Stroudisstill
makingtripstovisitthelizards.
12.Whydoestheauthormentionthe"coelacanthfish“inparagraph1?
A.Todemonstratethepowerofevolution.B.Toaddevidencetonaturalselection
C.Togiveanexampleofunchangedspecies.D.Toprovespecies'extraordinarymakeovers
13.What'sthefocusofparagraph2?
A.Unsolvedmysteries.B.Acommonbelief.
C.Asharpcontrast.D.UniqueCharacteristics.
14.HowdidStroudconducthisresearch?
A.Byanalyzinglizardfossils.B.Bytrackingresearchobjects.
C.Byillustratingstabilizingselection.D.Bycategorizingqualitiesoflizards.
15.WhatwillStroudprobablydointhefuture?
A.Maketripstovisitlizardexperts.B.Summarizeaveragefeaturesoflizards.
C.Revealthebestcombinationsofqualities.D.Examinelizardsunderextremeconditions.
【答案】12.C13.B14.B15.D
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章通過介紹科學(xué)家對(duì)看似沒有發(fā)生變化的生物物種進(jìn)行研究,揭示了這些物
種在進(jìn)化過程中的選擇機(jī)制。
【12題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段uEvolution(進(jìn)化)canperformextraordinarymakeovers;today'sairbornesongbirds
evolvedfromthewingless,earthbounddinosaursthatwanderedmillionsofyearsago.Butsomeorganismsseem
tobeunchanged-inotherwords,escapenaturalselection.Thecoelacanth,amodern-dayfish,isnearlyidentical
toits41O-million-year-oldfossils.(進(jìn)化能夠產(chǎn)生非凡的變化;今天在空中飛翔的鳴鳥是從數(shù)百萬年前無翅、
陸生的恐龍演化而來的。但有些生物似乎沒有改變一換句話說,它們逃脫了自然選擇?,F(xiàn)代魚類腔棘
魚與其4.1億年前的化石幾乎一模一樣)”可知,本段提到腔棘魚是為了舉一個(gè)物種不變的例子。故選C
項(xiàng)。
【13題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Scientistshavelongwonderedhowthesespeciesdoso.Ithasbeenassumedthat
naturalselectionkeepssomespeciesunchangedbyselectingformoderateoraveragequalities(stabilizing
selection)ratherthanselectingformoreextremequalitiesthatwouldcauseaspeciestochange(directional
selection)《科學(xué)家們長(zhǎng)期以來一直想知道這些物種是如何做到這一點(diǎn)的。人們一直認(rèn)為,自然選擇通過選
擇適中或平均的品質(zhì)(穩(wěn)定選擇)來保持某些物種的不變性,而不是選擇會(huì)導(dǎo)致物種發(fā)生變化的更極端
的品質(zhì)(定向選擇)。)”可知,本段主要講述了人們一直認(rèn)為自然選擇是穩(wěn)定選擇而不是定向選擇,也就
是一個(gè)共同的信念。故選B項(xiàng)。
【14題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段"Stroudandhiscolleaguesstudiedforlizard(蜥蜴)specios;allrelatively
unchangedfor20millionyears.Theresearcherscaughtmembersofthesepopulationseverysixmonthsforthree
years.Theymeasuredeachlizard'sheadsize,leglength,massandheight,aswellasthesizeofitsstickytoes(腳
趾頭),notingwhichindividualssurvived.Stroudexpectedtoobservestabilizingselectionatworkpreserving
moderatequalities.Insteadhesawclearerevidenceofdirectionalselection:somelizardswithunique
characteristics,suchasstickiertoes,survivedbetter」斯特勞德和他的同事研究了蜥蜴物種;所有這些在2000
萬年間都相對(duì)沒有變化。研究人員連續(xù)三年每六個(gè)月捕捉這些種群中的成員。他們測(cè)量了每只蜥蜴的頭
部大小、腿長(zhǎng)、體重和身高,以及粘性腳趾的大小,并記錄了哪些個(gè)體存活了下來。斯特勞德原本希望
觀察到穩(wěn)定選擇在保持中等品質(zhì)方面的作用。然而,他看到的卻是更明確的定向選擇證據(jù):一些具有獨(dú)
特特征的蜥蜴,比如更粘的腳趾,存活率更高)”可知,斯特勞德是通過跟蹤研究對(duì)象來進(jìn)行他的研究
的。故選B項(xiàng)。
【15題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"Inotherwords,speciesstayingunchangedmaysimplyhavefoundthebest
possiblecombinationofqualitiesforlastingsuccessintheirenvironment.Sowhathappenswhenthelizards'
environmentchangesmoredramatically?Tohelpanswerthisbiggerquestion,Stroudisstillmakingtripstovisit
thelizards.(換句話說,保持不變的物種可能只是找到了在其環(huán)境中持久成功的最佳品質(zhì)組合。那么,當(dāng)蜥
蜴的環(huán)境發(fā)生更劇烈的變化時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生什么呢?為了幫助回答這個(gè)更大的問題,斯特勞德仍在繼續(xù)探訪這
些蜥蜴)”可知,接下來斯特勞德會(huì)在極端條件下檢查蜥蜴。故選D項(xiàng)。
第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2.5分,滿分12.5分)
閱讀下面短文,從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選
項(xiàng)。
Whenwearefacedwithacrisis,orifwehaveanimportantdecisiontomake,manyofusfallintothetrapof
over-thinking.Wemaykeepthinkingaboutsomethingconstantlyandtoolong.16Howcanwestop
ourselvesfromover-thinking?
Doingsomethingtodistractyourselfisagoodidea.Youcanfindworkingwithyourhandsisespecially
good.17Yourbrainsimplydoesn'thavetheresourcestosplititselfintoathirdactivity,forexample
over-thinking.
18Studieshaveshownthatwhensomeoneviewssomethinginexcitementandanxiety,thebrainis
forcedtobecomestuckinthepresentbecauseallofyoursensesarecompletelyengaged.Youdonothavetimeto
focusonsomethingdifferent,whichcancauseover-thinking.
Constantwishing,hopingandprayingdonotgiveyouanyrelief.Theyjustkeepyoustuckinoneplace.But
takingthesmalleststepoffthecrisisreallymatters.Itwillsetthingsinmotion,makingyoulikeasnowball.
19
Thetrapsarethingsthatcauseyournaturalabilitytoreactwithoutyourealizingthatthereisaconnection
betweenthetwo.Thus,avoidingrelevanttrapsisalsoagoodidea.20Forexample,ifoneofyour
colleaguesissonegativethatshealwaysdragsyoudown,stophangingoutwithherbyhavinglunchaloneata
nearbyrestaurant.
AThismindsettendstoruinourday.
B.Putsimply,outofsight,outofmind.
C.Justasasayinggoes,oncebitten,twiceshy.
D.Youarereallygettingyourbrainworkingforyou.
E.Otheractivitiesaretheonesthatarouseyourcuriosity.
F.Itengagesyourmovementskillsandthinkingprocess.
G.Thus,youwillgraduallymoveyourselfoutofthefeeling.
【答案】16.A17.F18.E19.G20,B
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。本篇主要講了一些阻止我們過度思考的方法。
【16題詳解】
根據(jù)上文“Wemaykeepthinkingaboutsomethingconstantlyandtoolong.(我們可能一直在想某件事,而且
想得太久了)"和下文"Howcanwestopourselvesfromover-thinking?(我們?cè)鯓硬拍茏柚棺约哼^度思考
呢?)”可知空格前后都是關(guān)乎over-thinking這種心態(tài),所以選項(xiàng)說明過度思考的不良影響,故A選項(xiàng)
“這種心態(tài)往往會(huì)毀了我們的一天”符合語境,故選A。
【17題詳解】
根據(jù)前文“Youcanfindworkingwithyourhandsisespeciallygood.(你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)用手干活特別好)”和后文
“Yourbrainsimplydoesn'thavetheresourcestosplititselfintoathirdactivity,forexampleover-thinking.(你的
大腦沒有足夠的資源把自己分成第三個(gè)活動(dòng),比如過度思考)”可以推斷這里填的是動(dòng)手的兩方面,故F
選項(xiàng)“它涉及你的運(yùn)動(dòng)技能和思維過程”符合語境。故選F。
【18題詳解】
根據(jù)后文aStudieshaveshownthatwhensomeoneviewssomethinginexcitementandanxiety,thebrainis
forcedtobecomestuckinthepresentbecauseallofyoursensesarecompletelyengaged.Youdonothavetimeto
focusonsomethingdifferent,whichcancauseover-thinking.(研究表明,當(dāng)—人在興奮和焦慮中看到某事
時(shí),大腦被迫陷入當(dāng)下,因?yàn)槟闼械母泄俣纪耆珔⑴c其中。你沒有時(shí)間去關(guān)注不同的事情,這會(huì)導(dǎo)致
過度思考)”可知,第三段整段,用興奮、焦慮的態(tài)度看事情會(huì)抑制過度思考,興奮對(duì)應(yīng)E選項(xiàng)中的
curiosity。且第二段doingsomething和E選項(xiàng)中的other對(duì)應(yīng)上,故E
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