2023年英語四級讀美文

Unit7CultureandArt文化藝術(shù)Text1RenaissanceRenaissance(文藝復(fù)興)asaperiodinwesterncivilizationmaybeexplainedindifferentways.Butgenerallyspeaking,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid17thcentury.Theword“Renaissance”meansrevival,specificallyinthisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.Renaissance,therefore,inessence,wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanist(人文主義的)thinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofconservatism(保守主義)infeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedintheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie(資產(chǎn)階級),tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.DuringtheperiodofRenaissance,oldsciencesrevivedandnewsciencesemerged,nationallanguagesandnationalculturesfreefromtheabsolutecontrolofthePapal(羅馬教皇的)authorityinRometookshapeandartandliteratureflourishedasneverbefore.TheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchwasshakenandpeopleinEuropecametoanewawarenesswhichwastohelpshapewhatEuropeistoday.RenaissancestartedinFlorence(佛羅倫薩)andVenice(威尼斯)withthefloweringofpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.Indifferentcountries,however,themovementoccurredindifferentperiodswithdifferentemphasis.WheretheimpactonItalywasmoststronglyfeltinfinearts,inFranceitwasliteratureandinEnglanditwasphilosophyanddrama.[A]absolute[B]ancient[C]civilization[D]essence[E]embrace[F]flourished[G]impact[H]revived[I]restrictions[J]shaken文藝復(fù)興在西方文明史中，對文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期有著各種各樣的解釋。但一般來講，它是指介于14世紀(jì)和17世紀(jì)中期的那段時(shí)期?！皬?fù)興”這個(gè)詞的意思是復(fù)蘇，在這段歷史時(shí)期特指對古希臘和古羅馬文化的愛好的復(fù)蘇。因此，從本質(zhì)上講，文藝復(fù)興是歐洲人文主義思想家和學(xué)者試圖擺脫封建制歐洲的保守主義，介紹代表上升的資產(chǎn)階級利益的新思想，并解除羅馬教廷在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域設(shè)立的禁錮的一個(gè)歷史階段。在文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，舊科學(xué)得以復(fù)興，新學(xué)科不斷涌現(xiàn)，擺脫羅馬教廷絕對控制的民族語言和民族文化成形了，文學(xué)和藝術(shù)比以往任何時(shí)期都更加繁榮。羅馬天主教會(huì)的絕對權(quán)威動(dòng)搖了，歐洲人有了新的意識，這種新意識對形成今日的歐洲起到了很大作用。文藝復(fù)興始于佛羅倫薩和威尼斯，繪畫、雕塑和建筑的繁榮從意大利席卷到整個(gè)歐洲。但是，不同的國家復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)有不同的側(cè)重點(diǎn)，出現(xiàn)的時(shí)期也不盡相同。意大利復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響強(qiáng)烈地體現(xiàn)在美術(shù)方面，法國體現(xiàn)在文學(xué)方面，而英國則體現(xiàn)在哲學(xué)和戲劇方面。難句解析1.Renaissance,therefore,inessence,wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedintheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.【分析】多反復(fù)合句。inessence作狀語，which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾ahistoricalperiod,定語從句中togetridof，省略to的introduce...bourgeoisie和tolift...authorities為不定式短語，作賓語補(bǔ)足語，其中that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾newideas，過去分詞短語placed...authorities作后置定語，修飾restrictions。2.DuringtheperiodofRenaissance,oldsciencesrevivedandnewsciencesemerged,nationallanguagesandnationalculturesfreefromtheabsolutecontrolofthePapal(羅馬教皇的)authorityinRometookshapeandartandliteratureflourishedasneverbefore.【分析】并列復(fù)合句。具有四個(gè)簡樸句，其中freefrom...為形容詞作后置定語，修飾nationalcultures。3.TheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchwasshakenandpeopleinEuropecametoanewawarenesswhichwastohelpshapewhatEuropeistoday.【分析】并列復(fù)合句。第一個(gè)分句為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，第二個(gè)分句中which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾anewawareness，shape后為由what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。下面我們學(xué)習(xí)文中標(biāo)紅的高頻詞#09#09高頻詞匯civilization8sIvIlaI9zeISFn 【搭配】primarycivilization原始文明【寫作例句】Automobiles,astheproductofmoderncivilizationhavebeenplayingavitalpartinthedailyactivitiesofhumansociety.汽車是現(xiàn)代文明的產(chǎn)物，在人類的平常生活中扮演著重要的角色。同根↓civilize /9sIvIlaIz/@@【詞根】來自civil(文明的)＋ize(…化)【活用例句】TheAfricancountrieshopedtocivilizeallprimitivetribes.非洲國家希望把非洲所有的原始部落都變成文明社會(huì)。ancient* /9eInS5nt/@@a.古代的，遠(yuǎn)古的，古老的【諧音】“安神的”→那古老的旋律讓人心安神【搭配】theancientcivilization古代文明【引申】〈同義〉primitivea.原始的，遠(yuǎn)古的｜antiquea.古時(shí)的，古老的〈反義〉moderna.近代的，現(xiàn)代的｜up-to-datea.現(xiàn)代化的，最新的〈相關(guān)〉ancestorn.祖先，祖宗【活用例句】IntheancientOlympicsthewinnergotonlyawreathofoliveleaves(橄欖葉花環(huán)).在古代奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，勝利者只會(huì)得到一個(gè)橄欖葉花環(huán)。essence /9esns/@@n.本質(zhì)，精華【聯(lián)想】ess(exist存在)＋ence(名詞后綴)→存在才是實(shí)質(zhì)【短語】inessence本質(zhì)上；oftheessence必不可少的，非常重要的【提醒】各種護(hù)膚洗發(fā)用品的什么“精華素”、“天然草本精化”、“精華”就是essence?！疽辍俊赐礶ssentiala.必不可少的；實(shí)質(zhì)的；基本的n.要素，必需品【活用例句】Theessenceofhislongspeechwasthatwemustallworkharder.他那長篇大論的核心是我們大家必須更努力地工作。restriction /rI9strIkSFn/@@n.限制，限定【引申】〈同根〉restrictvt.限制，約束，限定〈同義〉limitationn.限制，局限【閱讀例句】Nogovernmentwilladoptrigidrestrictionsoneconomicgrowthandpersonalfreedom(limitsonelectricityusage,drivingandtravel)thatmightcutbackglobalwarming.沒有任何政府會(huì)嚴(yán)格限制其國家經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長和個(gè)人自由(限制個(gè)人的電力使用量、開車和旅行)，雖然這也許會(huì)減緩全球變暖。[08.6]revive /rI9vaIv/@@vt.使復(fù)蘇vi.恢復(fù)【詞根】re(再)＋vive(live活)→再次活過來→使復(fù)蘇【引申】〈同根〉vivid鮮活的，活潑的｜survive幸存，活下來〈派生〉revivaln.清醒,復(fù)活；再生效〈同義〉refreshv.振作精神【活用例句】Theyrevivedherbythrowingsomewateronherface.他們往她臉上潑了些水使她清醒過來。absolute* /9{bs5lu:t/@@a.完全的，絕對的【搭配】absoluteignorance完全無知【引申】〈派生〉absolutelyad.完全地，絕對地〈同義〉thorougha.十分的，徹底的｜totala.所有的，整個(gè)的｜entirea.所有的，整個(gè)的【活用例句】Thepolicehaveabsoluteproofofhisguilt.警方有他犯罪的確鑿證據(jù)。flourish /9fl((f6))rIS/@@vi.＆n.繁榮，茂盛vt.揮動(dòng)(以引起注意)【聯(lián)想】flour(面粉)＋ish(使)→使面粉增產(chǎn)，這樣國家就能繁榮→繁榮【搭配】flourishingbusiness興隆的生意；flourishflags揮動(dòng)旗幟【引申】〈同根〉flourishinga.繁茂的，繁榮的〈同義〉boomvi.繁榮，迅速發(fā)展｜prospervi.興旺，繁榮〈反義〉depressvt.使不景氣，削弱【活用例句】Theyfinishedtheseasonwithaflourish,winningtheirlastthreematches.他贏得了最后三場比賽，從而完美地結(jié)束了該賽季。shake* /SeIk/@@n.&v.搖動(dòng)，搖；顫抖，震動(dòng)【短語】shakedown(aclub)徹底搜查(俱樂部)；敲詐，勒索；shakeoff(thepursuers)擺脫(追捕者)；抖落；shakeup(thecompany)使(公司)改組，使重組【引申】〈同義〉quake▲vi.顫抖；震動(dòng)；搖擺【活用例句】Shakethebottlebeforetakingthemedicine.服藥之前把瓶子搖一搖。embrace* /Im9breIs/@@vt.擁抱，懷抱；涉及；圍繞n.擁抱，懷抱【詞源】“brace”來自古法語，表達(dá)“手臂”，那么“embrace”的基本含義表達(dá)“放在手臂里”，指“擁抱”這個(gè)動(dòng)作。【搭配】embraceallaspectsofurbanplanning涉及城市規(guī)劃各個(gè)方面【活用例句】Inthepast,Chineseloversweretooreservedtoembraceorkisseachotherinpublic.Butitisnotthecasenow.過去中國的情侶太過含蓄而不會(huì)當(dāng)眾擁抱或親吻,但是現(xiàn)在不同了。impact* /9Imp{kt/@@#09n.&；Im9p{kt；v.影響，作用；沖擊，碰撞【聯(lián)想】im＋pact(條約)→國與國之間的條約影響很大→影響【搭配】havesocialimpact有社會(huì)影響；animpactofnewideasonsb新觀念對某人的影響；animpactofscienceuponsociety科學(xué)對社會(huì)的影響；thetremendousimpactoftheshot子彈的巨大沖擊力【活用例句】TheFoodSafetyActwillprogressivelyimpactonthewayfoodbusinessesoperate.食品安全法案對食品產(chǎn)業(yè)的經(jīng)營運(yùn)作產(chǎn)生的影響將日益增強(qiáng)。下面我們學(xué)習(xí)文中標(biāo)黑的常用詞#09#09常用詞匯culture /9k((f6))ltS5(r)/@@n.文化；教養(yǎng)；培植，培養(yǎng)物【詞根】cult(培養(yǎng))＋ure(表狀態(tài))→教養(yǎng)【引申】〈同義〉civilization/-isationn.文明，文化【活用例句】Thelaboratoriesinouruniversityhaveextensiveculturefacilitiesfortissuecells.我們大學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室有大量的皮膚細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)設(shè)備。historical* /hI9st((e7))rIkl/@@a.歷史(上)的，史學(xué)的【搭配】historicaldocuments史學(xué)文獻(xiàn)；historicalbackground歷史背景【引申】〈同根〉historyn.歷史【聽力例句】Ithasnewspapers,popularpublicationsaswellaslettersofhistoricalinterest.它擁有報(bào)紙，公共出版物，也有歷史上引人關(guān)注的信件。[04.6]rid* /rId/@@vt.使擺脫，解除…的承擔(dān)；從…中消除【短語】getridof擺脫，除去，解決掉【引申】〈同義〉eliminate...from...從…中消除…【活用例句】Theclerical(文書的，辦公室的工作的)partofhisjobwastedious,andhewasgladtoberidofit.他工作內(nèi)容中包含乏味的文書工作，他不久樂可以擺脫這部分工作。national* /9n{SFnFl/@@a.國家的；民族的；國有的n.(某國的)公民【搭配】anationalchainwithspas全國健身溫泉連鎖；thenationalconsciousness國民意識；nationaldebts國債【引申】〈同根〉nationwide▲a.全國性的ad.在人國范圍內(nèi)：Thechairman’sspeechwillbebroadcastnationwide.主席的發(fā)言將向全國廣播。【閱讀例句】Asneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.大學(xué)變成了提高國家競爭力和維護(hù)世界和平的重要工具，這是史無前例的。[07.12]literature /9lItFrItS5(r)/@@n.文學(xué)(作品)；文獻(xiàn)，圖書資料【詞根】liter(文字)＋ature(表狀態(tài))→文學(xué)【搭配】greatworksofliterature文學(xué)巨著；studyFrenchliterature研究法國文學(xué)【活用例句】I’vereadalltheavailableliteratureonkeepingrabbits.我閱讀了我能找到的養(yǎng)兔的所有資料。flowering /9flaU5rI((ce))/@@n.開花時(shí)節(jié)；繁榮時(shí)期，鼎盛時(shí)期【搭配】floweringoftheRenaissance文藝復(fù)興鼎盛時(shí)期【引申】〈同根〉flowerv.開花；繁榮，興旺【活用例句】Thekingdomsawafloweringofthearts,particularlyceramics(制陶業(yè)),andBuddhismandConfucianismwereinfluential.該王朝時(shí)代藝術(shù)繁榮，特別是陶瓷制品，佛教和儒家思想對它有很大影響。Text2TheEnlightenmentTheEnlightenmentwasanintellectualmovementoriginatinginFrance,whichattractedwidespreadsupportamongtherulingandintellectualclassesofEuropeandNorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.ItcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreasontofreemindsfromprejudice,unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbyChurchorState.ThereforetheEnlightenmentissometimescalledtheAgeofReason.AlthoughtheEnlightenmentwasamovementthatgainedmomentum(動(dòng)力)inthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury,itsintellectualorigincouldbetracedbacktothepreviouscentury.ThemostimportantforerunnersoftheEnlightenmentweretwo17thcenturyEnglishmenJohnLockeandIsaacNewton.Locke’smaterialisttheoryattributedtheoriginofideastosensationsinscribedontheblankslate(石板)ofmind.Newton’stheorygravitationfurtherdemonstratedtotheworldthattheuniverseisgovernedbylawsthatcouldbeunderstoodbythehumanmind.Theirtheoriesfosteredthebeliefinnaturallawanduniversalorderandestablishedconfidenceinhumanreason.ThemajorforceoftheEnlightenmentwas,however,theFrenchphilosophers.Amongthemweresuchwell-knownmenoflettersasMontesquieu,VoltaireandRousseau.Diederot,whoeditedthefamousEncyclopdia,wasalsoanimportantFrenchEnlightenmentfigure.Allthesepeoplepopularizedandpropagated(傳播)newideasforthegeneralreadingpublic.[A]attracted[B]attributed[C]characterizes[D]confidence[E]demonstrated[F]edited[G]originating[H]popularized[I]prejudice[J]traced[K]force啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)源于法國，是一場知識分子的運(yùn)動(dòng)。18世紀(jì)后半葉啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)得到了歐洲和北美的統(tǒng)治階層和知識分子階層的廣泛支持。它以一些歐洲作家在采用批評式的理性將人的思想從偏見、教會(huì)或國家未經(jīng)審查的權(quán)威和壓迫中解放出來等方面所做的努力為特性。因此啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)有時(shí)也叫做理性時(shí)代。雖然啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)在18世紀(jì)后半葉才獲得長足發(fā)展，其來源于知識分子這點(diǎn)卻可以追溯到上個(gè)世紀(jì)。啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)最重要的先驅(qū)是17世紀(jì)的兩個(gè)英國人：約翰·洛克和艾薩克·牛頓。洛克的唯物理論將思想的起源歸結(jié)于刻在大腦白板上的知覺能力。牛頓的萬有引力理論進(jìn)一步向世界證明了宇宙能被人類掌握的規(guī)律所支配。他們的理論促使人們相信自然法則和普遍規(guī)律的存在，并樹立起對人類理性的自信。但啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)的重要力量是法國的哲學(xué)家。其中有眾所周知的學(xué)者像孟德斯鳩、伏爾泰和盧梭。著名的《百科全書》的編者狄德羅也是法國啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)的一位重要代表人物。這些人向廣大民眾普及和傳播了新思想。難句解析1.TheEnlightenmentwasanintellectualmovementoriginatinginFrance,whichattractedwidespreadsupportamongtherulingandintellectualclassesofEuropeandNorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.【分析】復(fù)合句?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語originatinginFrance后置作定語，修飾intellectualmovement，which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句也修飾intellectualmovement，在該定語從句中among引導(dǎo)的介詞短語做狀語，in引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語。2.ItcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreasontofreemindsfromprejudice,unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbyChurchorState.【分析】簡樸句。characterizes后接帶to的復(fù)合賓語，freemindsfrom后prejudice，authortity，oppression并列，free...from意思是“擺脫，脫離，獲得自由”的意思。3.Newton’stheorygravitationfurtherdemonstratedtotheworldthattheuniverseisgovernedbylawsthatcouldbeunderstoodbythehumanmind.【分析】多反復(fù)合句。totheworld后為that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，其中包含一個(gè)定語從句，由that引導(dǎo)，修飾laws。下面我們學(xué)習(xí)文中標(biāo)紅的高頻詞#09#09高頻詞匯originate /59rIdZIneIt/@@vi.起源于，來自；產(chǎn)生vt.發(fā)明，創(chuàng)始【詞根】origin(起源，來源)＋ate(動(dòng)詞后綴)→起源于【搭配】originatefrom出自，源自；originateintheNewWorld原產(chǎn)于新大陸【引申】〈同根〉originn.起源｜originala.本來的；獨(dú)創(chuàng)的【活用例句】Loveoriginatesinmutualunderstanding,attractionandadmiration.愛產(chǎn)生于互相理解、互相吸引和互相欽佩。attract* /59tr{kt/@@vt.吸引，引起…的注意【詞根】at(加強(qiáng))＋tract(拉)→拉過來→吸引【搭配】attractsb’sattention吸引某人的注意力【引申】〈同根〉attractivea.有魅力的，吸引人的〈同義〉drawvt.吸引【閱讀例句】Aftertelevision,themediumattractingthenextlargestannualadrevenueisnewspapers.報(bào)紙是繼電視之后第二大廣告年收益最高的媒體。[08.6]同根↓attraction /59tr{kSFn/@@n.吸引(力)；吸引人的人(或事物)【搭配】touristattraction旅游勝地【活用例句】Detectivenovelsusedtoholdaspecialattractionforme.偵探小說過去對我特別有吸引力。characterize9k{rIkt5raIz 【詞根】來自character(特性)＋ize(動(dòng)詞后綴)【引申】〈同根〉charactern.(事物)特性；品質(zhì)｜c(diǎn)haracteristicn.特性，特性〈同義〉picturevt.描繪｜describevt.形容｜representvt.代表，象征【活用例句】Thegiraffeischaracterizedbyitsverylongneck.長頸鹿以其長頸為特性。/Theauthorcharacterizesthecentralfigureasaweakling.作者把書中的中心人物描繪成一個(gè)懦弱的人。prejudice* /9predZUdIs/@@n.偏見，成見vt.使有偏見；對…不利【詞根】pre(=before)＋jud(judge判斷)＋ice→調(diào)查之前的判斷→偏見【搭配】haveaprejudiceagainst...對…抱有成見【引申】〈同義〉biasn.偏見〈反義〉fairnessn.公平【閱讀例句】Mostpeople,infact,favorthelesseningofprejudice.事實(shí)上，大多數(shù)人都贊同消除偏見。[02.1]trace /treIs/@@vt.查出，追溯，找出根源n.蹤跡，痕跡；衡量【聯(lián)想】t＋race(賽跑；跑道)→沿著T形跑道尋找→找到【搭配】tracebackto...追溯到…；find/losetraceof...找到；失去…的蹤跡、下落【活用例句】Thestyleofthesepaintingscanbetracedbacktoearlymedievalinfluences.這些畫的風(fēng)格可以追溯到中世紀(jì)的影響上。同義↓track /tr{k/@@n.小路；跑道；軌道；田徑；車轍；蹤跡vt.跟蹤，追蹤【聯(lián)想】成堆(stack)記者跟蹤(track)報(bào)道明星遭襲擊(attack)案件【引申】〈同義〉trailvt.跟蹤n.小路，痕跡【活用例句】However,manovercamethesefaultsbylearningtotrackhistargetsatacloserange.然而，人類通過學(xué)習(xí)跟蹤目的到射程范圍之內(nèi)，從而克服了這些缺陷。attribute* /59trIbju:t/@@vt.把…歸因于，把(過錯(cuò)、責(zé)任等)歸于#09；9{trIbju:t；n.屬性，特性【詞根】at(表方向)＋tribute(給予)→一再給予→歸于【短語】attribute...to把…歸因于，歸咎于【活用例句】Sheattributeshersuccesstohardworkandalittleluck.她認(rèn)為她的成功來自勤勞和一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)運(yùn)氣。/Patienceisoneofthemostimportantattributesinateacher.耐心是教師最重要的品質(zhì)之一。demonstrate* /9dem5nstreIt/@@vt.論證，證明；顯示【詞根】de(完全)＋monstrate(展示)→所有展示出來→表白【搭配】demonstrateimmensecourage/wisdom表現(xiàn)出極大的勇氣/智慧【引申】〈同義〉explainv.解釋，說明｜provevt.證明，證實(shí)｜displayvt.顯示，表現(xiàn)【活用例句】Thelittleboydemonstratedaremarkablenumericalcontrolability；hisskillwithnumberssurprisedusall.小男孩顯示了非凡的運(yùn)用數(shù)字的能力;他使用數(shù)字的技能使我們大家很吃驚。confidence* /9k((e7))nfId5ns/@@n.信任；信心，自信【詞根】con(加強(qiáng))＋fid(相信)＋ence(名詞后綴)→自信【搭配】inconfidence私下地，秘密地；takeintosb’sconfidence把某人作為知己；radiateconfidence顯示出信心【寫作例句】Whenfacedwithtroublesanddifficultiesinlife,weshouldbuildupourhopesandconfidencetofightabattleagainstthemratherthansurrendertothem.當(dāng)碰到問題和困難的時(shí)候，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)逐步建立起希望和信心同它們作斗爭而不是向它們屈服。force* /fO:s/@@n.[pl.]軍隊(duì)；暴力；力氣；影響力vt.逼迫，迫使；用力推動(dòng)【搭配】inforce有效，生效，在實(shí)行中；apeace-makingforce維和部隊(duì)【引申】〈同根〉workforce▲n.勞動(dòng)力，工人總數(shù)【活用例句】Althoughmanypeopleviewconflictasbad,conflictissometimesusefulinthatitforcespeopletotesttherelativemeritsoftheirattitudesandbehaviors.雖然許多人認(rèn)為沖突不好，但是沖突有時(shí)也有它的好處——它可以迫使人們?nèi)z查自己的態(tài)度和行為是否恰當(dāng)。同根↓enforce /In9fO:s/@@vt.實(shí)行，執(zhí)行；逼迫，迫使【詞根】en(表強(qiáng)調(diào))＋force(強(qiáng)制)→逼迫【寫作例句】It’snecessarythatlawbelaiddownandenforcedtocutoutthebloodysections,andloveandpeacebemadethecentralthemeofTVprograms.需要制定并強(qiáng)制實(shí)行刪除電視節(jié)目中血腥鏡頭的法律條文，使愛與和平成為電視節(jié)目的主旋律。edit* /9edIt/@@vt.編輯，擔(dān)任…的編輯；剪輯【聯(lián)想】做編輯(edit)工作要有信用(credit)【搭配】edittext編輯文本【閱讀例句】ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcalls“freewriting.”實(shí)踐可以幫助你改掉一邊寫作一邊修改的壞習(xí)慣，這就是Elbow所說的“自由寫作?！盵07.6]popularize9p?pjUl5raIz 【引申】〈同根〉populara.受歡迎的，流行的｜popularityn.普及，流行【活用例句】Scientificknowledgewasfurtherpopularizedandthespiritofsciencespread.科學(xué)知識進(jìn)一步普及，科學(xué)精神得到弘揚(yáng)。下面我們學(xué)習(xí)文中標(biāo)黑的常用詞#09#09常用詞匯widespread /9waIdspred/@@a.分布(或散布)廣的，普遍的【構(gòu)詞】wide(廣泛的)＋spread(散布)→分布廣的【搭配】awidespreadmisunderstanding普遍的誤解【閱讀例句】Sincetheworld’spopulationisexpectedtodoubleinthenext50years,manyexpertsthinkweareontheedgeofawidespreadwatercrisis.自從預(yù)測世界人口將在未來50年翻一番，許多專家認(rèn)為我們正處在范圍廣泛的水資源危機(jī)的邊沿。[01.6]effort* /9ef5t/@@n.努力，成就【聯(lián)想】ef＋fort(城堡)→努力攻打城堡【搭配】makeanefforttodosth努力做某事【短語】beyondeffort力所不及；sparenoefforts不遺余力【引申】〈近形〉effectn.結(jié)果，效果，作用：gointoeffect生效，實(shí)行；takeeffect生效；haveaneffecton...對…有影響、有效果【聽力例句】Theysawtheimportanceofcollectiveefforts.他們看到了集體努力的重要性。[08.6]authority* /O:9T((e7))rItI/@@n.權(quán)力，權(quán)威；權(quán)威人士；[pl.]當(dāng)局，官方【聯(lián)想】author(作家)＋ity→作家是寫作領(lǐng)域的權(quán)威【搭配】anauthorityoninternationallaw一個(gè)國際法權(quán)威【寫作例句】Inordertosolvethisproblemeffectively,theauthoritieshavetakenvariousmeasures.為了有效解決這個(gè)問題，政府已經(jīng)采用了各種措施。近義↓privilege /9prIvIlIdZ/@@n.特權(quán)；特別恩典【詞根】priv(私有的)＋i＋leg(法律)＋e→限于一個(gè)人的法律→特權(quán)【搭配】exclusiveprivileges獨(dú)有的特權(quán)；grantsbtheprivilegeofdoingsth賦予某人做某事的特權(quán)；withdrawone’sprivileges取消特權(quán)【聽力例句】Membersofthecitycouncilanddistinguishedguests,itismyprivilegetointroducetoyoutodayMr.RobertWashington,chiefofourcity’spoliceforce.市議會(huì)的成員及尊貴的客人們，我今天很榮幸地向大家介紹本市警察機(jī)關(guān)的首腦——羅伯特·華盛頓先生。[08.12]previous* /9pri:vj5s/@@a.先前的，以前的【詞根】pre(=before)＋vi(路)＋ous(…的)→以前走過的路→以前的【搭配】previousto(=priorto)在…之前【引申】〈同根〉previouslyad.過去，從前〈同義〉earliera.早先的｜formera.先前的｜precedinga.在前的〈反義〉followinga.后面的，下面的｜subsequenta.后來的〈同綴〉共享-ous→deliciousa.美味的｜anxiousa.焦急的｜enormousa.龐大的｜graciousa.親切的，崇高的｜tremendousa.巨大的〈近形〉preciousa.珍貴的blank /bl{((ce))k/@@a.空白的；茫然的n.空白(處)；空白表格【搭配】ablankformforsbtofillin讓某人填寫的空白表格；ablanklookonone’sface某人一片空白【活用例句】Ican’tthinkwhereI’veleftmyumbrella；mymind’sacompleteblank!我想不起來把傘丟在哪兒了,一點(diǎn)印象都沒有!belief* /bI9li:f/@@n.信仰，信念；相信，信任【詞根】來自believe。類似的轉(zhuǎn)化有：relieve→relief；grieve→grief；thieve→thief【搭配】beyondbelief難以置信；haveafirmbeliefthat...堅(jiān)信…；discardoldbeliefs拋棄舊信念【聽力例句】Thisbeliefguaranteesthateachpersonwhotakespartintheprogramalsobecomesagiver.這一理念保證參與計(jì)劃的每個(gè)人都成為施贈(zèng)者。[06.6]figure* /9fIg5r/@@n.數(shù)字；名人；計(jì)算；肖像vi.計(jì)算；出現(xiàn)；有道理【諧音】“菲戈”(西班牙皇馬著名球星)→人物【搭配】agirlwithaslimfigure身材苗條的姑娘；figureexpenses計(jì)算支出【短語】figureout想出，理解【完形例句】Thelistenermusthearthesoundstofigureoutwhatthespeakermeans.聽者必須要聽懂語音并明確說話者的意思。[06.12]Text3ABriefHistoryofTimeFromthewordgoingStephenHawkins’sABriefHistoryofTimewasaneasysuccess.Withintenyearsitwastobetranslatedinto30languagesandsell6millioncopiesworldwide.Why,nobodyreallyknows.Allkindsoftheorieshavebeenputforward.Everybodyfelttheyoughttoknowabitaboutscience,andthiswastheirchancetobuy(ifnotnecessarilyread)agoodpopularbookonthesubjectbythebestmaninthebusiness.Itaddedintellectualbelieftoone’scoffeetable.ItmadeaperfectChristmas；birthday；thank-youpresentforgrandfathers；grandchildren；nephews；uncles；theapparentlyilliterategenerationwhoonlyseemedtobeinterestedinnoiseandcomputers.Itwasuser-friendly(有益于使用者的)；itwasidealforprize-giving.TherewasaneedforanewEinstein.Womengaveittomen.Womenreadit(evenifmendidn’t)...Thetheoriesabounded,andmarketresearcherswereweigheddownwithsellingit.(Theywantedtodiscoverhowtodothenextone.)Onethingeveryoneseemedtoagreeon.Peopleboughtthebook,buttheydidn’tactuallyreadit.Theyweretoobusy,tootired,hadbetterthingstodo,etc.Butthisjustisn’ttrue.Ofallthemillionsofcopiessold,afewatleasthavebeenreadfromcovertocover.Theimpactonthe(mainlyyoung)peoplewhomadeittopage182hasbeentremendous.It’snoexaggerationtosaythatthisbookhascreatedanewgenerationofscientists.FutureNobelprizewinnerswillrecall:“ThenonedayIreadABriefHistoryofTime,andIknewwhatIwantedtodo”.Thisishowsuchabookchangestheworld.Sowhataboutthebookitself?Forastart,it’sveryeasytoread.Andneedlesstosayit’swell-informed.Theconceptsareofcoursedifficult,anddifficulttosimplifywithoutrenderingthemsimplistic(過度簡樸化的).Hawkingmanagesthis.Asampleofchapterheadingsindicateswhatit’sabout:TheExpandingUniverse,BlackHoles,TheOriginandFutureoftheUniverse,TheUnification(統(tǒng)一,合一)ofPhysics.[A]exaggeration[B]indicates[C]intellectual[D]manages[E]perfect[F]rendering[G]weighed[H]worldwide[I]well-informed《時(shí)間簡史》從一開始，霍金的《時(shí)間簡史》就輕松的獲得了成功。十年來，該書被翻譯成30種語言，在世界范圍內(nèi)銷售達(dá)六百萬冊。因素是什么，無人真正知曉。各種說法都被提出過。每個(gè)人都覺得他們應(yīng)當(dāng)了解一些科學(xué)知識，而該書的出版給他們提供了機(jī)會(huì)來購買(雖然不見得都去看)該領(lǐng)域最了不起的人寫的關(guān)于該學(xué)科的暢銷書。人們的咖啡茶幾上也增添了對才智的信仰。它是一個(gè)完美的圣誕、生日或答謝禮物，可以送給祖父、孫子、外甥、叔叔以及看來只對喧鬧聲和計(jì)算機(jī)感愛好的顯然會(huì)犯文法錯(cuò)誤的這一代。它是使用者滿意的書。它是抱負(fù)的獎(jiǎng)品。世界需要有新的愛因斯坦。女人把它送給男人。(即便男人不閱讀)女人閱讀該書…。說法非常之多，而市場研究者們承受著銷售該書的壓力。(他們想發(fā)現(xiàn)如何做下一個(gè)圖書項(xiàng)目。)有一點(diǎn)似乎所有人都批準(zhǔn)。人們買書，但他們事實(shí)上并不閱讀。他們太忙了，太累了，有著更好的事情要做，或者有一些其他的因素。但是對于該書這恰恰不是事實(shí)。在售出的所有幾百萬冊書中，至少有一些被從頭到尾讀完了。對讀到第182頁的人(重要是年輕人)的沖擊是巨大的。毫不夸張地說：這本書發(fā)明了新一代的科學(xué)家。未來的諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者將會(huì)回憶到：“然后有一天，我讀了《時(shí)間簡史》，于是我知道我想做什么了?！边@就是該書如何改變世界的。那么該書自身到底如何呢?一方面，它很容易閱讀。并且毋庸諱言它具有豐富的信息。書里的概念當(dāng)然很深，假如不把它們以極其簡樸的方法表述出來，就很難使其簡化。但霍金做到了。抽一些章節(jié)標(biāo)題就能看出該書講了寫什么：宇宙膨脹、黑洞、宇宙的起源和未來、物理學(xué)的統(tǒng)一。難句解析1.ItmadeaperfectChristmas；birthday；thank-youpresentforgrandfathers；grandchildren；nephews；uncles；theapparentlyilliterategenerationwhoonlyseemedtobeinterestedinnoiseandcomputers.【分析】復(fù)合句。重要結(jié)構(gòu)是itmadeaperfect...presentfor...,who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾theapparentlyilliterategeneration。2.Ofallthemillionsofcopiessold,afewatleasthavebeenreadfromcovertocover.【分析】簡樸句。of短語中sold為過去分詞,作后置定語修飾copies,cover為封面的意思,fromcovertocover意思是“從頭至尾”的意思。3.Theimpactonthe(mainlyyoung)peoplewhomadeittopage182hasbeentremendous.【分析】復(fù)合句。who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾people,將主謂語分開。impacton為固定搭配,表達(dá)“對…的影響”。下面我們學(xué)習(xí)文中標(biāo)紅的高頻詞#09#09高頻詞匯worldwide /8w((ae)):ld9waId/@@a.世界范圍的【構(gòu)詞】world(世界)＋wide(廣泛的)→世界范圍的【活用例句】Thismovemadeheadlinesworldwidelastyear.這一舉動(dòng)在去年成為全球性的頭條新聞。intellectual /8IntI9lektjU5l,-tSU-/@@a.有智力的，顯示智力的n.知識分子【詞根】intel(中間)＋lect(選擇)＋ual(…的)→能從中選擇的→善于思維的【搭配】theintellectualfaculties智力，智能【引申】〈同根〉intelligencen.智力｜intelligenta.聰明的【活用例句】Chessisahighlyintellectualgame.象棋是需用高度智力的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目。perfect /9p((ae)):fIkt/@@adj.完美的，全然的，抱負(fù)的v.使…完美，使…完善，使…純熟【聯(lián)想】這種香水(perfume)的香味太完美(perfect)了【搭配】perfectacting爐火純青的演技；aperfectsociety抱負(fù)的社會(huì)【活用例句】Thefifthgenerationcomputers,withartificialintelligence,arebeingdevelopedandperfectednow.具有人工智能的第五代電腦正在開發(fā)與完善中。weigh* /weI/@@vi.稱得重量vt.稱，稱…的重量；認(rèn)真考慮，權(quán)衡【搭配】weighthestoneinone’shand用手掂石頭的重量【短語】weighup衡量，認(rèn)真考慮某事；weighdown承擔(dān)，受壓，重于【活用例句】Aballofleadwillweighdownanequalbulkoffeathers.一個(gè)鉛球要比同樣大小的羽毛團(tuán)重。exaggeration /Ig8z{dZ59reISFn/@@n.夸張，夸大；夸張的手法；夸張的言語【搭配】It’snoexaggerationtosay毫不夸張地說，再怎么夸大也不為過【引申】〈同根〉exaggeratev.夸大，夸張【活用例句】Allowingforslightexaggeration,that’stheessenceofourproblem.除去有一點(diǎn)夸張外，這就是我們的問題的實(shí)質(zhì)。well-informed a.消息靈通的；熟悉的；博識的，見聞廣博的【引申】〈反義〉ill-informeda.消息不靈通的，閉塞的【寫作例句】Whenseekingjobs,applicantsshouldbewell-informedofthesituationsinthejobmarket.在找工作時(shí)，應(yīng)聘者應(yīng)熟悉職業(yè)市場的情況。render* /9rend5(r)/@@vt.使得，致使；給予，提供；翻譯【聯(lián)想】給予(render)后自然成為出借人(lender)【搭配】renderitimpossibletodo使得做某事不也許；rendersbunabletodosth使某人不能做某事；renderthepoetintoEnglish把這首詩翻譯成英語【引申】〈同義〉causevt.引起；使遭受，給…帶來｜makevt.使得，迫使【活用例句】Theblowtohisheadwasstrongenoughtorenderhimunconscious.他頭上的那一擊太重了，使得他昏迷過去。manage* /9m{nIdZ/@@vt.設(shè)法；管理，控制vi.解決，設(shè)法對付【聯(lián)想】man(男人)＋age(年紀(jì))→那個(gè)時(shí)代的男人不好對付→對付，管理【搭配】managetoavoidanaccident設(shè)法避免事故；managetoreachthereintime奮力準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)那里【引申】〈同義〉handlevt.解決，對付【閱讀例句】Thekeytoasuccessfulonlinejobsearchislearningtomanagetherisks.網(wǎng)上求職成功的關(guān)鍵在于學(xué)會(huì)應(yīng)付風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。[07.6]indicate* /9IndIkeIt/@@vt.標(biāo)示，指出；表白，示意【詞根】in＋dic(say說)＋ate→說出→指示 CS【引申】〈同根〉indication n.指示，表達(dá)；象征，跡象〈同義〉demonstratevt.顯示，表露｜hintv.暗示｜implyvt.暗示｜revealvt.展現(xiàn)，顯示｜showvt.表白；顯示【活用例句】Ifyouarejealousofothers’competence,itjustindicatesyourincompetence.妒忌別人的才干，也許正好說明自己的無能。下面我們學(xué)習(xí)文中標(biāo)黑的常用詞#09#09常用詞匯business* /9bIznIs/@@n.交易，營業(yè)(額)；工商公司，商店；職業(yè)，任務(wù)【搭配】inthebusinessof...從事…；outofbusiness停業(yè)【引申】〈同義〉traden.貿(mào)易，商業(yè)｜bargainn.交易；便宜的商品v.討價(jià)還價(jià)｜transactionn.交易，業(yè)務(wù)【活用例句】Thebusinessshipsitsproductsoverseastoforeigncountries.那家公司把它的產(chǎn)品運(yùn)到外國去銷售。prize-giving n.頒獎(jiǎng)【引申】〈同義〉awardn.獎(jiǎng)，獎(jiǎng)品｜prizen.獎(jiǎng)賞，獎(jiǎng)金，獎(jiǎng)品【活用例句】Hemadeaspeechontheprize-givingceremony.他在授獎(jiǎng)典禮上講了話。同義↓award /59wO:d/@@vt.授予，給予；判給，裁定n.獎(jiǎng)，獎(jiǎng)品，獎(jiǎng)金，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)【聯(lián)想】a(一)＋ward(看作word話)→這一句話是給你的最佳獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)→獎(jiǎng)品【活用例句】MartinLutherKingwasawardedtheNobelPeacePrizeof1964foradvocatingnonviolenceinthemovementforcivilrights.馬丁·路德·金由于主張?jiān)诿駲?quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)中采用非暴力政策而被授予1964年諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)。market /9mA:kIt/@@n.市場，股市；行情，銷路vt.銷售，出售【搭配】marketshare市場份額；futuresmarket期貨市場【活用例句】Thefirmmarketsvariouskindsofhouseholdappliances.這家公司銷售各種家用器具。cover* /9k((f6))v5(r)/@@vt.范圍為，占；蓋，覆蓋；涉及，涉及【搭配】readfromcovertocover從頭看(讀)到底，一頁不漏地讀完【引申】〈同義〉holdvt.容納，裝｜occupyvt.占，占用｜extendover延伸，遍及【活用例句】Thehutwasmadeofpolescoveredwithgrassmats.茅屋用木桿搭成，上面用草席覆蓋。needless /9ni:dlIs/@@a.不需要的【短語】(Itis)needlesstosay[常作插入語]不用說【引申】〈同綴〉共享-less→blamelessa.無可責(zé)備的｜c(diǎn)auselessa.無顯著因素的，偶爾的｜harmlessa.無害的｜heirlessa.無繼承人的｜valuelessa.局限性道的｜uselessa.無用的，無益的｜worthlessa.無價(jià)值的，無益的｜faultlessa.無錯(cuò)誤的，無缺陷的【寫作例句】Asyoucansurelysurmise,itisneedlesstosaythatbesidespositiveaspectsoftheInternetasalearningmedium,therearealsomanynegativeaspects.就像你確信的同樣，毫無疑問，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)除了具有作為學(xué)習(xí)媒介的正面作用，尚有許多負(fù)面作用。simplify /9sImplIfaI/@@vt.簡化，使簡明【詞根】來自simpl(e)(簡樸的)＋ify(使)【搭配】simplifythevastnetworkofgovernment精簡龐大的政府機(jī)構(gòu)【引申】〈同根〉simplea.遲鈍的；樸素的｜simplicityn.簡樸；樸素｜simplyad.完全；僅僅〈反義〉complicatevt.(使)變復(fù)雜【活用例句】Let’ssimplifythejobbydividingitintosmallertasks.讓我們把這個(gè)工作分為多個(gè)任務(wù)來簡化它。sample* /9sA:mpl/@@n.樣品，試樣，樣本vt.從…抽樣(實(shí)驗(yàn)或調(diào)查)；品嘗；體驗(yàn)【聯(lián)想】簡樸的(simple)樣品(sample)【搭配】illuminateasubjectwithsamples用事例闡明主題；samplethedelightsofChinesefood品嘗中國美食【閱讀例句】Thechildrensampledspentaquarteroftheirrapidlydecreasing“freetime”watchingtelevision.抽樣調(diào)查顯示，孩子們把已經(jīng)急劇減少的“自由時(shí)間”的四分之一用于看電視。[03.6]Text4JapaneseAestheticSenseTheJapanesehaveastrongaesthetic(審美)sense:theybeautify,adornanddecorateeverythingtheytouch.AsandwichinJapanisnotjustasandwich；itisaworkofart.Itiscutintoanartisticshape—itcanbecircular,octagonal(八邊形的)orstar-shapedandgivenacolourschemewithcarefullyplacedbitsoftomato.Thereis,asarule,aflagorsomeotherdecorationhoistedontop.Everydishisaimedattheeyeaswellasthetaste.Everytinyparcel,fromthehumblestlittleshop,radiates(流露)someoriginalcharmoratleasttriesto,andreflectspride:lookhowwelldoneitis!Everytaxi-driverhasasmallvaseinfrontofhim,withabeautiful,fresh,dark-redorsnow-whiteflowerinit.OnceIwatchedamanatthecounterinafish-restaurant.Sashimi(生魚片)—thefamousrawfishofJapan—comesinmanyformsandcuts,andittakesabouttenyearsforamantoreachthecountersofafirst-classestablishment.ThemanIwatchedwasnotboredwithhissomewhatmonotonousjob:heenjoyedeveryminuteofittothefull,tookimmenseprideinit.MichelangelocouldnothavesetafreshlycarvedMadonnabeforeyouwithmoreprideandsatisfactionthanthiscookfeltwhenheputafreshlycarvedpieceofrawfishonyourplate.TheJapaneseareunabletotouchanythingwithoutbeautifyingit,shapingitintosomethingprettyandpleasingtotheeye.OneeveningIwaswalkinginoneoftheslummy(貧窮的)suburbsofTokyoandsawaheapofrubbishoutsidethebackyardofafactory.Itwasanimmensemountainsideofrubbish,butitwasnotjustthrownoutasitcame:alltheboxeswerepiledintoagracefulifsomewhatpyramid,whilethelooserubbishwasplacedontopasartisticandpicturesquedecoration.Someonemusthavespentconsiderabletimeinconvertingthatheapofrubbishintoathingofbeauty.[A]charm[B]circular[C]converting[D]counter[E]decorate[F]establishment[G]graceful[H]heap[I]humblest[J]immense[K]scheme日本人的審美觀日本人有很強(qiáng)的審美感：他們美化、裝飾和點(diǎn)綴他們所接觸的每件事物。在日本，一個(gè)三明治不僅僅是三明治；它是一件工藝品。它被切成精美的形狀——也許是圓形、八邊形或者星形，并精心放置一些西紅柿來調(diào)配顏色。通常，在頂部會(huì)吊一面旗或者是其他的裝飾品。每一盤菜不僅旨在讓人飽口福，還要飽眼福。從最簡陋的小商店打包出來的每個(gè)小包裹都會(huì)顯出一些獨(dú)創(chuàng)的吸引力，或者最起碼也盡力這么做，并反映出他們的自豪：看，這做得多好啊!每個(gè)出租車司機(jī)面前都放著一個(gè)小花瓶，里面插著一支美麗而新鮮的深紅色的或潔白的花。有一次，我在魚肉館里注視著柜臺(tái)前的一個(gè)人。日本著名的生魚肉——生魚