高三英語閱讀培優(yōu)訓(xùn)練：落在憤怒的上帝手中

高三英語閱讀培優(yōu)訓(xùn)練落在憤怒的上帝手中【原文】Ⅰ①Manypeoplethinkthatreligiousbeliefisinherenttohumanpsychology.②Thisdoesnotmeanthatspecificbeliefsarewired,butthatthebrainispredisposedtobelieveinsupernaturalagents.③Someproponentsofthisideaarguethatsupernaturalbeliefshavehijackedinnocentorotherwiseusefulfeaturesofthemind.④ButDominicJohnsonarguesin“GodIsWatchingYou”,beliefinGod—specifically,insupernaturalforcesthatcanpunish—isausefulevolutionaryadaptation.

Ⅱ①MrJohnsonarguesthatthereislittleharmifyouoverreacttosomethingthatturnsoutnottoexist.②Butunderestimatingarustlingintheundergrowth,whichmightconcealapredator,couldbefatal,leadingtoevolutionaryselectionofatendencytoseeagentseverywhere.③Theinstinctiseasilytriggered,eveninatheists.④Evenpicturescansetitoff:inoneexperiment,anofficehonour-systemtopayforsharedcoffeegotmorecontributionswhensomeonetapedapictureofapairofeyesonthecollectingtin.

Ⅲ①Thereisalsoatendencyinmostpeopletoputgreateremphasisonpunishmentthanonreward:losing$100isfarmorepainfulthanwinningthesameamountispleasing.②Whywouldbeliefinanangrygodbeanyuse?③Whenhumansdevelopedlanguage,theycouldspreadwordofcheating,freeridingandthelike.④Rapingyourneighbour’smatemightoncehavemadeevolutionarysense—spreadingyourowngenesatlittlecost—but“inacleverandgossipingspecies,knowledgeofselfishactionscouldspreadandcomebacktohauntus”intheformofafurioushusbandoravillagemob.⑤Sincecheatingisnowcostlier,beliefinaninvisiblemonitorhelpspeopleavoidthosecosts,andsosurvivewiththeirreputationsintact,andpassontheirgenes.

Ⅳ①MrJohnsonnotedthatsocietieswhichpunishcheatersaremorelikelytosurviveandgrow.②HequotesJohnLocke,a17thcenturyEnglishphilosopher:“ThosewhodenytheexistenceoftheDeityarenottobetoleratedatall.③Promises,covenantsandoaths,whicharethebondsofhumansociety,canhavenoholduponorsanctityforanatheist.”④Thosebondsandcovenantsallowsocietiestoco-ordinateactionandplanforthefuture.⑤MrJohnson’sownresearchinto186preindustrialculturesfoundthatmoralisingreligiousbeliefsweremoreprevalentinlargerandmorecomplexsocieties.⑥Thefactthatmoralisingreligiousbeliefsaremoreprevalentinmorecomplexsocietiesdoesnotprovethatonecausedtheother.⑦ButthestrikingnumberandvarietyofexamplesaddcredencetoMrJohnson’stheory.

Ⅴ①Thereligiousinstinctistoodeep-seated,hethinks.②Instead,criticsofsuperstitionarebestadvisedtoworkwiththegrainofhumanpsychologyratherthanagainstit,findingmorebenevolentwaystosatisfyhumanyearningforsomething“outthere”.③Whatformsuchanatheistreligionshouldtake,though,Godonlyknows.

【詞匯短語】1.wire[?wa??d]v.接通電源2.*predisposed[pri:d?s'p??zd]adj.傾向于3.*proponent[pr??p??n?nt]n.支持者4.*rustling[?r?sl??]n.沙沙聲5.honour-system無看守監(jiān)禁制6.furious[?fj??ri?s]adj.

狂怒的7.*covenant[?k?v?n?nt]n.協(xié)議8.holdupon控制力9.*sanctity[?s??kt?ti]n.神圣10.credence[?kri:dns]n.相信11.grain[gre?n]n.細(xì)粒12.*benevolent[b??nev?l?nt]adj.慈善的13.*yearning[?j?:n??]n.渴望（注：標(biāo)*的為超綱詞）【翻譯點評】Ⅰ①Manypeoplethinkthatreligiousbeliefisinherenttohumanpsychology.②Thisdoesnotmeanthatspecificbeliefsarewired,butthatthebrainispredisposedtobelieveinsupernaturalagents.③Someproponentsofthisideaarguethatsupernaturalbeliefshavehijackedinnocentorotherwiseusefulfeaturesofthemind.④ButDominicJohnsonarguesin“GodIsWatchingYou”,beliefinGod—specifically,insupernaturalforcesthatcanpunish—isausefulevolutionaryadaptation.

翻譯：很多人認(rèn)為，宗教信仰是人類心理固有的。這并非意味著已經(jīng)接通了特定的信仰，而是大腦傾向于相信超自然動因的存在。一些支持這種觀點的人說，超自然信仰劫持了大腦的純潔或者其他有用的功能。但是多米尼克·約翰遜在《上帝正在看著你》中認(rèn)為，相信上帝的存在——特別是相信能夠懲罰你的超自然力量的存在——是一種有用的進(jìn)化性適應(yīng)。Ⅱ①MrJohnsonarguesthatthereislittleharmifyouoverreacttosomethingthatturnsoutnottoexist.②Butunderestimatingarustlingintheundergrowth,whichmightconcealapredator,couldbefatal,leadingtoevolutionaryselectionofatendencytoseeagentseverywhere.③Theinstinctiseasilytriggered,eveninatheists.④Evenpicturescansetitoff:inoneexperiment,anofficehonour-systemtopayforsharedcoffeegotmorecontributionswhensomeonetapedapictureofapairofeyesonthecollectingtin.

翻譯：約翰遜先生說，如果你對某種最后發(fā)現(xiàn)并不存在的事物反應(yīng)過度，這沒有什么危害。但是低估藏著捕食者的灌木叢中的窸窣聲可能是致命的，因此導(dǎo)致一種進(jìn)化選擇趨勢，認(rèn)為監(jiān)視的眼睛無處不在。這種本能很容易被觸發(fā)，甚至是無神論者。即使是圖片也能觸發(fā)這種本能：在某項實驗中，辦公室提供完全依靠自覺付款的咖啡，當(dāng)有人在錢盒上貼上一雙眼睛的圖片，錢盒子收到了更多的錢。Ⅲ①Thereisalsoatendencyinmostpeopletoputgreateremphasisonpunishmentthanonreward:losing$100isfarmorepainfulthanwinningthesameamountispleasing.②Whywouldbeliefinanangrygodbeanyuse?③Whenhumansdevelopedlanguage,theycouldspreadwordofcheating,freeridingandthelike.④Rapingyourneighbour’smatemightoncehavemadeevolutionarysense—spreadingyourowngenesatlittlecost—but“inacleverandgossipingspecies,knowledgeofselfishactionscouldspreadandcomebacktohauntus”intheformofafurioushusbandoravillagemob.⑤Sincecheatingisnowcostlier,beliefinaninvisiblemonitorhelpspeopleavoidthosecosts,andsosurvivewiththeirreputationsintact,andpassontheirgenes.

翻譯：并且大部分人具有相比獎賞，更看重懲罰的傾向：失去100美元的痛苦遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過獲得100美元的快樂。為什么相信憤怒上帝有什么作用呢？當(dāng)人類有了語言，他們可以談?wù)撈垓_，搭便車或者類似的行為。強奸鄰居的妻子也許馬上能夠獲得進(jìn)化意義——用很少的成本就傳播了自己的基因——但是“在聰明而且八卦的種族中，自私行為的消息會傳播出去，并且返回來困擾你”，會有暴怒的丈夫或者村民暴徒找上門來?，F(xiàn)在因為欺騙的代價更高了，相信隱形監(jiān)視器的存在幫助人們避免這種代價，可以保住小命和名譽，從而可以把他們的基因傳遞下去。Ⅳ①MrJohnsonnotedthatsocietieswhichpunishcheatersaremorelikelytosurviveandgrow.②HequotesJohnLocke,a17thcenturyEnglishphilosopher:“ThosewhodenytheexistenceoftheDeityarenottobetoleratedatall.③Promises,covenantsandoaths,whicharethebondsofhumansociety,canhavenoholduponorsanctityforanatheist.”④Thosebondsandcovenantsallowsocietiestoco-ordinateactionandplanforthefuture.⑤MrJohnson’sownresearchinto186preindustrialculturesfoundthatmoralisingreligiousbeliefsweremoreprevalentinlargerandmorecomplexsocieties.⑥Thefactthatmoralisingreligiousbeliefsaremoreprevalentinmorecomplexsocietiesdoesnotprovethatonecausedtheother.⑦Butthestrikingnumberandvarietyofexam