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2022年內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)包頭市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)測(cè)試卷(含答案)

學(xué)校:班級(jí):姓名:考號(hào):

一、LWriting(10題)

1.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay

entitledOnMood.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutline

givenbelow:

1.心情伴隨我們一生。

2.好心情使人愉快。

3.我們往往處于復(fù)雜的心情之中。

OnMood

2.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritea

compositiononthetopicMyViewonChoosingtheRightCareer.Youshould

writeatleast150wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(givenin

Chinese)below:

1.選擇適合自己的職業(yè)的重要性;

2.如何選擇適合自己的職業(yè);

3.我的看法。

3.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay

entitledAnnouncement.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingthe

outlinegivenbelow:

你們學(xué)校將開(kāi)展一次赴西部支教的活動(dòng),在校生均可參加,為期一年,

教授的課程為初中語(yǔ)文、數(shù)學(xué)、英語(yǔ)、物理和化學(xué)。請(qǐng)你以學(xué)生會(huì)名義,

起草一份本次活動(dòng)的宣傳啟事。

Announcement

4.Directions:Thefollowingtablegivesstatisticsshowingtheaspectsof

qualityoflifeinfivecountries.Writeacompositiondescribingthe

informationinthetablebelow.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

CNPperheadDailycalorieLifeexpectancyInfantmortalityrates

Country

(2005,$)suppyperheadatbirth(years)per1000livebirths

Bangladesh46219225263

Bolivia245S21076748

Egypt332329466840

Indonesia311723146531

U.S.A.1877937817911

5.1.目前很多父母在子女高中畢業(yè)前就送他們出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)

2.形成這種趨勢(shì)的原因

3.我對(duì)些的看法

OverseaStudyatanEarlyAge

6.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay

commentingonthevalueofbeauty.Youshouldwriteatleast150words

followingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.

1.近年來(lái)不少大四學(xué)生就業(yè)前突擊整容。

2.當(dāng)今社會(huì)崇尚外表的輿論導(dǎo)向是導(dǎo)致上述現(xiàn)象的主要因素。

3.我對(duì)外表美的看法。

IsBeautyanAdvantage?

7.Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthe

topicABoominContinuingEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast150words

accordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:

1.圖表所示為某城市1989、1994、1999、2004年參加成人教育(或繼續(xù)

教育)的人數(shù)情況,請(qǐng)描述其變化

2.請(qǐng)說(shuō)明產(chǎn)生這些變化的原因(可從社會(huì)發(fā)展及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力方面加以說(shuō)明)

3.請(qǐng)預(yù)測(cè)我國(guó)成人教育(或繼續(xù)教育)的前景

8.Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledA

LetterofApplication.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingthe

outlinegivenbelow:

1.你即將大學(xué)畢業(yè),申請(qǐng)出國(guó)攻讀博士學(xué)位

2.介紹個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)厲,所學(xué)專業(yè)以及專長(zhǎng)

3.公派出國(guó),費(fèi)用由中國(guó)政府提供

4.希望申請(qǐng)被接受

9.Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthe

topicWhatAreCollegeStudentsDoingontheInternet?Youshouldwriteat

least150wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:

1.據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),在網(wǎng)上聊天交友、玩網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲是目前我國(guó)大學(xué)生上網(wǎng)的主要

活動(dòng)內(nèi)容

2.專家認(rèn)為,那些沉迷于聊天和游戲的大學(xué)生,不僅耗費(fèi)了金錢、時(shí)間

和精力,還影響了正常的學(xué)業(yè)和人際交往

3.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)如何看待大學(xué)生上網(wǎng)的問(wèn)題

WhatAreCollegeStudentsDoingontheInternet?

10.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritea

compositionwiththetitleofIstheExpansionofEnrollmentaGoodThing,

givinganintroductionoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcolleges'rapid

expansionandyourownpointofview.Youshouldwriteatleast150words

followingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:

1.高校擴(kuò)招是一件好事

2.高校擴(kuò)招公帶來(lái)一些問(wèn)題

3.我的觀點(diǎn)

二、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(10題)

11.TheScienceofLastingHappiness

ThedayImeetSonjaLyubomirsky,shekeepsgettingcallsfromherToyota

Priusdealer.Whenshefinallypicksup,sheisexcitedbythenews:shecan

buythecarshewantsintwodays.Lyubomirskywondersifherenthusiasm

mightcomeacrossasmaterialism,butIunderstandthatsheisbuyingan

experienceasmuchasapossession.Twoweekslater,inlateJanuary,the40-

year-oldLyubomirsky,whosmilesoftenandseemstoapproachlifewithzest

andgoodhumor,reportsthatsheis"totallylovingthePrius."Butwillthe

feelingwearoffsoonafterthenew-carsmell,orwillitlast,makinganaturally

happypersonevenmoreso?

ThePossibilityofLastingHappiness

Anexperimentalpsychologistinvestigatingthepossibilityoflasting

happiness,Lyubomirskyunderstandsfarbetterthanmostofusthefollyof

pinningourhopesonanewcar-oronanygoodfortunethatcomesourway.

Wetendtoadapt,quicklyreturningtoourusuallevelofhappiness.Theclassic

exampleofsuch"hedonicadaptation”(享樂(lè)適應(yīng))comesfroma1970sstudy

oflotterywinners,whoayearaftertheirwindfall(意夕卜橫財(cái))endedupno

happierthannonwinners.Hedonicadaptationhelpstoexplainwhyeven

changesinmajorlifecircumstances-suchasincome,marriage,physical

healthandwherewelive-dosolittletoboostouroverallhappiness.Not

onlythat,butstudiesoftwinsandadopteeshaveshownthatabout50percent

ofeachperson'shappinessisdeterminedfrombirth.This"geneticsetpoint"

alonemakesthehappinessglasslookhalfempty,becauseanyupwardswing

inhappinessseemsdoomedtofallbacktonearyourbaseline."There'sbeen

atensioninthefield,"explainsLyubomirsky'smaincollaborator,

psychologistKennonM.SheldonoftheUniversityofMissouri-Columbia.

"Somepeoplewereassumingyoucanaffecthappinessif,forexample,you

pickedtherightgoals,buttherewasallthisliteraturethatsuggesteditwas

impossible,thatwhatgoesupmustcomedown."

TheHappinessPie

Lyubomirsky,Sheldonandanotherpsychologist,DavidA.Schkadeofthe

UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,puttheexistingfindingstogetherintoa

simplepiechartshowingwhatdetermineshappiness.Halfthepieisthe

geneticsetpoint.Thesmallestsliceiscircumstances,whichexplainonly

about10percentofpeople'sdifferencesinhappiness.Sowhatisthe

remaining40percent?"Becausenobodyhadputittogetherbefore,that's

unexplained,"Lyubomirskysays.Butshebelievesthatwhenyoutakeaway

genesandcircumstances,whatisleftbesidesen-ormustbe"intentional

activity,"mentalandbehavioralstrategiestocounteractadaptation's

downwardpull.

Lyubomirskyhasbeenstudyingtheseactivitiesinhopesoffindingout

whetherandhowpeoplecanstayabovetheirsetpoint.Intheory,thatis

possibleinmuchthesamewayregulardietandexercisecankeepathletes'

weightbelowtheirgeneticsetpoints.ButbeforeLyubomirskybegan,there

was"ahugevacuumofresearchonhowtoincreasehappiness,"shesays.The

lotterystudyinparticular"madepeopleshyawayfrominterventions,"

explainseminentUniversityofPennsylvaniapsychologistMartinE.P.

Seligman,thefatherofpositivepsychologyandamentortoLyubomirsky.

Whensciencehadscrutinized(細(xì)察)happinessatall,itwasmainlythrough

correlationalstudies,whichcannottellwhatcamefirst-thehappinessor

whatitislinkedto-letalonedeterminethecauseandeffect.Findingoutthat

individualswithstrongsocialtiesaremoresatisfiedwiththeirlivesthan

loners,forexample,begsthequestionofwhetherfriendsmakeushappieror

whetherhappypeoplearesimplylikeliertoseekandattractfriends.

Lyubomirsky'sResearch

Lyubomirskybeganstudyinghappinessasagraduatestudentin1989afteran

intriguingconversationwithheradviser,StanfordUniversitypsychologist

LeeD.Ross,

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

Surveysshowthatmiddleclasscustomerswillgivefirstprioritytothefactors

ofcomfortofstoresandselectionofcommoditiestheyofferindecidingwhere

toshopthesedays.

A.YB.NC.NG

13.SportsandEducation

SportsAreaKindofEducation

Formanyyoungpeopleinmypartoftheworld(suburbanAmerica),thefirst

brushwithorganizedathleticscomesonaSaturdaymorninginearlyspring.

Theweatherisgettingwarmerandtheschoolyear'sendisimminent,and

moms,sensingtheapproachofsummervacationandtoomuchfreetime,pile

usintothebacksofminivansanddriveustoourtown'slocalsportsand

recreationcenter.Inmyhometown,EggHarborTownship,NewJersey,kids

convergeeachyearontheEHTYouthOrganBuilding,acinderblockshack

inthemiddleofahandfulofbaseballandfootballfields.Therelinesare

waitedin,formafilledout,birthcertificatesexaminedandphotocopied,

healthinsurancewaiversfurnishedandsigned.Attheendofthemorning,

kidsaresignedupforlittle-leaguebaseballandaninstantsummerofactivities

hasbeencreated.Thenit'stimetogotoBurgerKing.

Forparentsseekingproductivewaystooccupytheirchildren'stime,summer

sportsleaguesofferaconvenientandtimetestedoutletforoverabundant

energy.Inmycasethatmeantbaseball.America'spastime:nineweeksof

pitchedfastballsandsoreelbows,groundersupthe,middle,diggingitoutto

firstbase.Shaggingfliesintheoutfieldandswattingmosquitoesintheinfield.

Then,aftersixinnings,backtoBurgerKing.

Acoupleofweeksafterthesignupsatthecinderblockshack,wekidswould

beroundedupintoteamsandcoachedinthefundamentalsofpitching,

catching,hitting,andrunningbases.We'dbesuppliedwithcolor-coded

jerseysandmeshbaseballcaps,andthenwewouldplayaseason'sworthof

gamesagainstoneanother.Playoffswouldbeheldandchampionscrowned.

Attheendoftheseasonanail-starteamoftheleague'sbestplayerswouldbe

assembledtoplayagainstthebestteamsfromneighboringtowns.

Backandforthacrossthecountrythissystemrepeatsitselffromtowntotown

andsporttosportwithlittlevariation.Someleagueshavestoriedpasts:

baseball'sLittleLeagueorfootball'sPopWarnerLeague.Somearenewer.In

citiesitisoftenthePolicemen'sBenevolentAssociationortheYMCAthat

assumesthesponsorshiprole.Always,though,thereistheunderlyingidea

thatorganizedsportisavaluableandproductiveuseofayoungperson'stime.

Sports,inshort,areakindofeducation,teachingimportantlife.skillsthat

can'tbelearnedinschool.

Ideasabouttheeducationalvalueofsportsvarywidely.Forsome,sports

fosterthesocialdevelopmentofyoungpeople,teachingkidshowtointeract

withtheirpeersoutsidetheclassroom.Sportsteachkidswhatitmeansto

compote-howtocopewithlosing,howtorespondgracefullytosuccess.

Sportsareaboutteamwork,howtoworktogethertowardacommongoal.

Sometimesthey'reaboutdevelopingasenseofself-esteem.Sometimes

they'resimplyaboutfindingahealthywaytotirehyperactivekidsoutso

they'llsitstillinclassorgettobedatareasonablehour.Somebolder

advocatesclaimthattheirgamesbuildcharacter.

Giventheprevailingeducationalundercurrent,it'snosurprisethatmanykids'

secondbrushwithorganizedathleticstakesplaceinaschool.Juniorhighs

andhighsschoolssponsortheirownsportsprogramsandfieldteamsof

football,basketball,soccerandtennisplayers.Theretheeducationalthemeis

givenamoredirectandtangibleform,assquadsofstudent-athletestravel

aroundthestaterepresentingtheirschoolsonthefield,courtordiamond.Yet

here,strangelyenough,iswhereabitoftheeducationalcomponentbeginsto

niter.Highschoolteamsarenecessarilymoreselectivethantheiryouthleague

predecessors.Tryoutsareheldandlesspromisingplayersarecut.Coaches

receivesalaries,andthereisanexpectationthattheteamstheyshapewillwin.

Insum,thereisaslightchangeinem

A.YB.NC.NG

14.

Tograde-grubbers,theyhavemorefearoffailingthan.

15.

Welearnfromthepassagethatconditionsfortheearlywhitestravelingto

Americabyshipsweremuchbetterthan.

16.

Ifyouwanttohavethesamekindoflivingasaretiree,youmayspend20%

lessmonthlythanyoudonowbecause.

A.olderpeopletendtobemorefrugal

B.expensesinvolvedinworkaresaved

C.publictransportationwillbecheaperthen

D.olderpeoplecandotheirowncleaningthen

17.

Newton'ssecondlawofmotionsaysforceequals,multipliedbythe

changeinspeeditproducesinanobject.

18.TheMostImportantSecretAboutTrust

WhatIsTrust?

Youknowwhenyouhavetrust;youknowwhenyoudon'thavetrust.Yet,

whatistrustandhowistrustusefullydefinedfortheworkplace?Canyou

buildtrustwhenitdoesn'texist?Howdoyoumaintainandbuilduponthe

trustyoumaycurrentlyhaveinyourworkplace?Theseareimportant

questionsfortoday'srapidlychangingworld.

Trustformsthefoundationforeffectivecommunication,employeeretention,

andemployeemotivationandcontributionofdiscretionary(自由決定的)

energy,theextraeffortthatpeoplevoluntarilyinvestinwork.Whentrust

existsinanorganizationorinarelationship,almosteverythingiseasierto

achieve.

AccordingtoDr.DuaneC.Tway,Jr.inhis1993dissertation,AConstructof

Trust,"Thereexiststoday,nopracticalconstructofTrustthatallowsusto

designandimplementorganizationalinterventionstosignificantlyincrease

trustlevelsbetweenpeople.WeallthinkweknowwhatTrustisfromourown

experience,butwedon'tknowmuchabouthowtoimproveit.Why?Ibelieve

itisbecausewehavebeentaughttolookatTrustasifitwereasingleentity."

TheThreeConstructsofTrust

Twaydefinestrustas"thestateofreadinessforunguardedinteractionwith

someoneorsomething".Hedevelopedamodeloftrustthatincludesthree

components.Hecallstrustaconstructbecauseitis"constructed"ofthese

threecomponents:thecapacityfortrusting,theperceptionofcompetence,

andtheperceptionofintentions.Thinkingabouttrustasmadeupofthe

interactionandexistenceofthesethreecomponentsmakes"trust"easierto

understand.Thecapacityfortrustingmeansthatyourlifeexperienceshave

developedyourcurrentcapacityandwillingnesstorisktrustingothers.The

perceptionofcompetenceismadeupofyourperceptionofyourabilityand

theabilityofotherswithwhomyouworkinyourcurrentsituation.The

perceptionofintentions,asdefinedbyTway,isyourperceptionthatthe

actions,words,missions,ordecisionsaremotivatedbymutually-serving

ratherthanself-servingmotives.

WhyTrustIsCriticalinaHealthyOrganization?

Howimportantisbuildingatrustingworkenvironment?AccordingtoTway,

peoplehavebeeninterestedintrustsinceAristotle.Twaystates,"Aristotle

(384BC-322BC),writingintheRhetoric,suggestedthatEthos,theTrustofa

speakerbythelistener,wasbasedonthelistener'sperceptionofthree

characteristicsofthespeaker.Aristotlebelievedthesethreecharacteristicsto

betheintelligenceofthespeaker(correctnessofopinions,orcompeten'ce),

thecharacterofthespeaker(reliability—acompetencefactor,andhonest-

measureofintentions),andthegoodwillofthespeaker(favorableintentions

towardthelistener).Idon'tthinkthishaschangedmucheventoday."

AdditionalresearchbyTwayandothersshowsthattrustisthebasisformuch

oftheenvironmentyouwanttocreateinyourworkplace.Trustisthe

necessaryprecursor(先兆)for:

?feelingabletorelyuponaperson,

?cooperatingwithandexperiencingteamworkwithagroup,

?takingthoughtfulrisks,and

?experiencingbelievablecommunication.

HowtoMaintainTrust?

Thebestwaytomaintainatrustingworkenvironmentistokeepfrominjuring

trustinthefirstplace.Theintegrityoftheleadershipoftheorganizationis

critical.Thetruthfulnessandtransparencyofthecommunicationwithstaffis

alsoacriticalfactor.Thepresenceofastrong,unifyingmissionandvision

canalsopromoteatrustingenvironment.

Providinginformationabouttherationale,background,andthoughtprocesses

behinddecisionsisalsoanimportantaspectofmaintainingtrust.Anotheris

organizationalsuccess;peo

A.YB.NC.NG

19.

Becauseof,travelingismuchmoreconvenientnow.

20.WhatmaybethereasonwhysomeHispanicshavejobsbutuninsured?

A.Theyarenotinterestedinhealthinsurance.

B.Theydonotbelieveintheinsurancesystem.

C.Theiremployersrefusetoenrolltheminthewelfaresystem.

D.Theirincomeisnotenoughfortheirshareofthepremium.

三、3.ListeningComprehension(10題)

21.聽(tīng)力原文:M:Alice,doyouwanttogoshoppingwithmetoday?

W:Sure,butIcan'tleaveyet.I'velostmyroomkeyandIhavetowaitforthe

securityguardtoletmebackintomyroom?

Q:WhatisAliceproblem?

(13)

A.She'slockedoutofherroom.

B.Shelostherkeyintheshop.

C.Sheleftherkeyintheroom.

D.Shewon'tgoshoppingwithoutasecurityguard.

22.(39)

23.聽(tīng)力原文:Mr.Bascombwasupset.Attimeslikethishewishedhehad

neverbecomeacandidateformayor.Everythinghadgonewrongthat

morning.Evenbeforeleavingthehouse,hewouldreceivedatelephonecall

fromhiselectioncampaignmanageraskingformoney.Thismadehimangry

andheleftthehouseinabadmood.WhenMr.Bascombarrivedattheoffice,

hecouldfeelhisheadswimming.Hereachedforthemedicinebuttheboule

wasempty.Hehadforgottentopickupsomemedicineatthedrugstore.Mr.

Bascomblookedathiswatch.Hewastodeliveracampaignspeechbeforea

groupofbusinessmenattheclubat11o'dock.Hehadgivenaroughdraftof

hisspeechtoBarbarathedaybeforeandaskedhertotypeitoutforhimJust

then,thetelephonerang.ItwasBarbara.Sheexplainedthathercarhadbroken

downandshecouldn'tbeatworkuntil12o'clockMr.Bascombwasdesperate.

Hedidn'tknowwhettodo.Hewasverynervouswhenhearrivedattheclub.

Hecouldn'trememberanythinghehadplannedtosaytotheaudience.He

startedtalkingabouthimselfandhisproblemsinsteadoftalkingaboutthe

problemsofthecity.Mostofthepeopleintheaudiencewerebored.Bythe

timeMr.Baseombfinishedhisspeech,almosteveryonehadfallenasleepor

lefttheroom.

(30)

A.Instructions.

B.Medicine.

C.Money.

D.Thedraftofhisspeech.

24.(31)

A.Clever.B.Rich.C.Good.D.A11theabove.

25.(21)

A.Itbillsthecustomeronceamonth.

B.It'sakindofATMcards.

C.It'sakindofcreditcards.

D.Ittakesoutthemoneyfromthecustomer'sbankaccount.

26.(35)

A.Refinetheirinterviewingtechniques.

B.Arrangetheirworkschedules.

C.Selectappropriatecourses.

D.Writecoverletters.

27.(24)

A.Freshfruit.

B.Agiftcertificate.

C.Homemadecandy.

D.Aweddingpresent.

28.聽(tīng)力原文:W:Congratulations!You'retobeappointedasSalesManager!

M:Incredible.It'stoogoodtobetrue.Youmustbekidding.I'veonlybeen

workingfortwomonthsinthisdepartment,andthisistotallyahugesurprise!

Q:Howdoesthemanreacttothenews?

(16)

A.Hefounditunbelievable.

B.Hewasnotsurprisedaboutit.

C.Hefoundthetruthunacceptable.

D.Hewasarrogantaboutit.

29.(25)

A.It'srunbythegovernment.

B.itappealstomostpeople.

C.Itoffersmuchchoice

D.It'samonopoly.

30.聽(tīng)力原文:W:Hey,M汰e!Whereareyouoffto?

M:I'mheadingforthePriceChopper.Idoalotofthefamilyshoppingsince

mymomgotapart-timejob.

W:Canyougivemearide?Iwanttogetsomedrinks.

M:Sure!Let'sgo!

W:Doyouenjoyshopping?

M:Enjoy?Idon'tmindadmittingIhateshoppingalmostasmuchasIhate

algebra.Correction!IhateshoppingevenmorethanIhatealgebra.

W:Yipe!Alooseshoppingcart!

M:TodayI'mproudofmyself.Irememberedtobringalongmyshoppinglist.

W:You'rebecominganexperiencedshopper)

M:Gosh!Wrongshoppinglist!

W:I'msorrytohearthat.

M:Butit'sokay!I'msureIcanremembermostofthesixorsevenitemsthat

mymomwantedmetopickup.

W:Watchoutforthecart,Mike!

M:Thanks!Youknow,asIscamperthroughtheaislesIcanalways

successfullyavoidtheflyingcartsofmyfellowshoppers.

W:Whew!Thatwasclose!

M:Yousee!ImanagetopickupwhatIwantinrecordtime!

W:Great!Let'sheadfortheexpressline.Everyoneknowsexpresslinesmove

muchfasterthanregularlines.

M:Allright!Oh,unfortunately,thisexpresslinedoesn'tmoveatall!

W:Thenextlinehasoneshopper.Let'sswitchlines!

(20)

A.It'samarket.

B.It'sarecreationcanter.

C.It'sanalgebraschool.

D.It'sthenameofapart4imejob.

四、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(3題)

31.Physicalfatigueisusuallycausedby.

A.transmittablediseases

B.toomanystimulants

C.lackofphysicalexercise

D.excesswastesinthebloodstream

32.

TheJapanesestaffcomplainedtotheAmericanmanagerbecause.

A.theAmericanmanagerhadliedtothem

B.thesalaiyincreaseswereinsufficient

C.moststaffhadnotreceivedsalaryincreases

D.therewasamisunderstandingoftheword"fair"

33.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedby

somequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefour

choicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Notsolongago,predictionmarkets(市場(chǎng)預(yù)測(cè))werebeingconsideredasa

fantasticnewwaytoforecasteverythingfromthecompletiondateofavital

projecttoafirm'sannualsales.Butalthoughtheyhavespreadbeyondearly-

adoptingcompaniesinthetechnologyindustry,theyhavestillnotbecome

mainstreammanagementtools.Evencrazyadvocatesadmitmuchremainsto

bedonetoconvincedoubtfulmanagersoftheirvalue."It'sstillapretty

blessingbusiness,"saysLeslieFineofCrowdCast,oneofthefirmsthat

providetradingplatformsforcompanieskeentopoolthecollectivewisdom

oftheiremployees.

Predictionmarketsworkbygivingpeoplevirtualtradingaccountsthatallow

themtobuyandsell"shares"thatcorrespondtoaparticularoutcome.Shares

inanoutcomethatisconsideredmorelikelytooccurthentradeatahigher

pricethanthosethatrepresentalesslikelyoutcome.Thisprovidesawayto

approachthetacit(默許的)knowledgethatexistsincompanies,especially

onesthathavemanydifferentdivisionsoroffices.

KochIndustries,anAmericancompanyinarangeofbusinessesincluding

chemicals,fertilizersandcommoditytrading,hasbeenrunningprediction

marketsforthepastninemonthsinvolvingabout200ofitsstafffromdifferent

areas.Thegroup,whichhasrevenuesofsome$100billion,haslaunched

contractson,amongotherthings,thefuturepricesofrawmaterialsusedinits

chemicalsdivisionandthelikelihoodofbanknationalizations.Kochsaysthe

resultssofarhavebeenprettyaccuratecomparedtoactualoutcomes,but

stressesthatmarketsarecomplementarytootherforecastingtechniques,not

asubstituteforthem.

Abigobstaclefacingmanagersusingpredictionmarketsisgettingenough

peopletokeeptradingafterthenoveltyhaswornoff.Manyfirmsusegaming-

style.leaderboardstoencourageinternalcompetition,oroffermodestprizes

tothemostsuccessfultraders.LloydsTSB,abank,launchedamarketin

whichparticipantsidentifythebestnewideasbytradinginacurrencycalled

BankBeanz,whichcanthenbeexchangedforcash-aschemethebank'shead

ofinnovationcalls"anexceptionalmotivator".

Anotherreasonpredictionmarketsfailedisthatemployeescannotseehow

theresultsareused,sotheyloseinterest.WellsFargo,abigbankthathasbeen

runninginternalmarketsforoverayeartoidentifywaystoimproveservice

tosomecoiporatecustomers,saysitsmosteffectiveteststookplaceinareas

wheremanagerscoulddosomethingwiththeirfindings,makingstafffeelthat

tradingwasworthwhile.

Bossesmayalsobewaryofrelyingonthejudgmentsofnon-experts.Yet

manypilotprojectsrunsofarhaveshownthatjuniorstaffcanoftenbe

surprisinglygoodforecasters.Perhapsthebestwaytofindoutwhen

predictionmarketswillfinallytakeoffistoaskyouremployees—usinga

predictionmarket.

Whatdoestheauthortellusaboutthepredictionmarketinthepassage?

A.Itnowhasbecomeamajormanagementwayformostcompanies.

B.Theadvocatesaretoooptimisticaboutpredictionmarket.

C.Itisawaytoknowfirms'owncovertknowledge.

D.Itworksbygivingtradersanactualtradingaccounts.

五、5.ErrorCorrection。題)

34.

[S7]

35.Povertyexistsbecauseoursocietyisanunequalone,andthereare

powerful

politicalpressurestokeepitthatway.Anyattempttoredistributingwealth

and[SI]

incomeintheUnitedStateswillinevitablybeopposedbypowerfulmiddle

and

upperclassinterests.Peoplecanberelativelyrichonlyifyouarerelatively

poor,[S2]

andaspowerismainlyinthehandsoftherich,publicpoliciesreflecttheir

intereststhanthoseofthepoor.AsMr.HerbertHanshaspointedout,poverty

is[S3]

actuallyfunctionalfromthepointofviewofthenon-poor.Povertyensures

that

dirtyworkgetsdoing.Iftherewerenopoorpeopletoscrubfloorsandempty

[S4]

bedpans,thesejobswillhavetoberewardedwithhighincomesbeforeanyone

[S5]______

wouldtouchthem.Povertycreatesjobsormanyofthenon-poor,suchas

police

officers,welfareworkers,andgovernmentbureaucrats.Povertymakeslife

easier

fortherichbyprovidingthemwithcookers,gardeners,andotherworkersto

[S6]

perform,basicchoreswhentheiremployersenjoymorepleasurableactivities.

[S7]______

Povertyprovidesamarketformoreinferiorgoodsandservice,suchasday-

old[S8]

bread,rundownautomobiles,ortheadviceofcompetentphysiciansand

lawyers.[S9]

Povertyalsoprovidesagroupthatcanbemadetoabsorbthecostsofchange.

Itis

justthatpovertyisaninevitableoutcomeoftheAmericaneconomicsystem,

in[S10]

whichthepoorarepoliticallypowerlesstoinfluenceorchange.

[SI]

36.

[S5]

六、6.ErrorCorrection(3題)

37.

[S10]

38.

[S3]

39.

[S5]

參考答案

l.OnMoodWhataccompaniesyouallyourlifeisnotfortuneandfameor

youthandappearancebutyourmoodorthestateofmindwhichcontrolsyour

life.Asmaninthemodemageourmoodsareaschangeableasthecarsgoing

andcomingonthesuperhighway.Afavorfromaneighborakissofachild

andapraisefromothersarelikewarmsunshinethatmakeuscomfortable.

Butaroughwordfromastrangeafalseproductborughtfromthestoreoran

insultingremarkinfunwouldputyouinbadmoodandmakeyourheartsink.

Abadmoodisbadenoughtocauseyoutoloseself-confidenceandleaveyou

helplesswithallyourworriesandtroublesinmind.Onthecontraryagood

moodmakesonehappyenergeticandcreative.Iwasonceshutinanelevator

foroneandahalfhours.Ihadtophoneforhelp.EventuallyIwasreleased.It

wasfunbecauseIwasinahappymood.OtherwiseIwouldhavefelt

miserable.Agoodmoodwillsurelyaccompanyyouonyourwaytotheplace

ofsuccesstothechamberofloveandtopleasureandharmonyinlife.Witha

happymoodwecanliveamoresubstantiallifeonethatismoreinteresting

andmeaningful.Butmoreoftenthannotweareinamixedmood.Sometimes

wealehappyandhigh-spirited.Andsometimesweareinlowspirits.Atthis

timewehavetotakecourageandhaveachangeofmood.OnMoodWhat

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