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2022年內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)包頭市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)測(cè)試卷(含答案)
學(xué)校:班級(jí):姓名:考號(hào):
一、LWriting(10題)
1.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay
entitledOnMood.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutline
givenbelow:
1.心情伴隨我們一生。
2.好心情使人愉快。
3.我們往往處于復(fù)雜的心情之中。
OnMood
2.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritea
compositiononthetopicMyViewonChoosingtheRightCareer.Youshould
writeatleast150wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(givenin
Chinese)below:
1.選擇適合自己的職業(yè)的重要性;
2.如何選擇適合自己的職業(yè);
3.我的看法。
3.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay
entitledAnnouncement.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingthe
outlinegivenbelow:
你們學(xué)校將開(kāi)展一次赴西部支教的活動(dòng),在校生均可參加,為期一年,
教授的課程為初中語(yǔ)文、數(shù)學(xué)、英語(yǔ)、物理和化學(xué)。請(qǐng)你以學(xué)生會(huì)名義,
起草一份本次活動(dòng)的宣傳啟事。
Announcement
4.Directions:Thefollowingtablegivesstatisticsshowingtheaspectsof
qualityoflifeinfivecountries.Writeacompositiondescribingthe
informationinthetablebelow.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.
CNPperheadDailycalorieLifeexpectancyInfantmortalityrates
Country
(2005,$)suppyperheadatbirth(years)per1000livebirths
Bangladesh46219225263
Bolivia245S21076748
Egypt332329466840
Indonesia311723146531
U.S.A.1877937817911
5.1.目前很多父母在子女高中畢業(yè)前就送他們出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)
2.形成這種趨勢(shì)的原因
3.我對(duì)些的看法
OverseaStudyatanEarlyAge
6.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay
commentingonthevalueofbeauty.Youshouldwriteatleast150words
followingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.
1.近年來(lái)不少大四學(xué)生就業(yè)前突擊整容。
2.當(dāng)今社會(huì)崇尚外表的輿論導(dǎo)向是導(dǎo)致上述現(xiàn)象的主要因素。
3.我對(duì)外表美的看法。
IsBeautyanAdvantage?
7.Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthe
topicABoominContinuingEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast150words
accordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:
1.圖表所示為某城市1989、1994、1999、2004年參加成人教育(或繼續(xù)
教育)的人數(shù)情況,請(qǐng)描述其變化
2.請(qǐng)說(shuō)明產(chǎn)生這些變化的原因(可從社會(huì)發(fā)展及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力方面加以說(shuō)明)
3.請(qǐng)預(yù)測(cè)我國(guó)成人教育(或繼續(xù)教育)的前景
8.Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledA
LetterofApplication.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingthe
outlinegivenbelow:
1.你即將大學(xué)畢業(yè),申請(qǐng)出國(guó)攻讀博士學(xué)位
2.介紹個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)厲,所學(xué)專業(yè)以及專長(zhǎng)
3.公派出國(guó),費(fèi)用由中國(guó)政府提供
4.希望申請(qǐng)被接受
9.Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthe
topicWhatAreCollegeStudentsDoingontheInternet?Youshouldwriteat
least150wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:
1.據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),在網(wǎng)上聊天交友、玩網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲是目前我國(guó)大學(xué)生上網(wǎng)的主要
活動(dòng)內(nèi)容
2.專家認(rèn)為,那些沉迷于聊天和游戲的大學(xué)生,不僅耗費(fèi)了金錢、時(shí)間
和精力,還影響了正常的學(xué)業(yè)和人際交往
3.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)如何看待大學(xué)生上網(wǎng)的問(wèn)題
WhatAreCollegeStudentsDoingontheInternet?
10.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritea
compositionwiththetitleofIstheExpansionofEnrollmentaGoodThing,
givinganintroductionoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcolleges'rapid
expansionandyourownpointofview.Youshouldwriteatleast150words
followingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:
1.高校擴(kuò)招是一件好事
2.高校擴(kuò)招公帶來(lái)一些問(wèn)題
3.我的觀點(diǎn)
二、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(10題)
11.TheScienceofLastingHappiness
ThedayImeetSonjaLyubomirsky,shekeepsgettingcallsfromherToyota
Priusdealer.Whenshefinallypicksup,sheisexcitedbythenews:shecan
buythecarshewantsintwodays.Lyubomirskywondersifherenthusiasm
mightcomeacrossasmaterialism,butIunderstandthatsheisbuyingan
experienceasmuchasapossession.Twoweekslater,inlateJanuary,the40-
year-oldLyubomirsky,whosmilesoftenandseemstoapproachlifewithzest
andgoodhumor,reportsthatsheis"totallylovingthePrius."Butwillthe
feelingwearoffsoonafterthenew-carsmell,orwillitlast,makinganaturally
happypersonevenmoreso?
ThePossibilityofLastingHappiness
Anexperimentalpsychologistinvestigatingthepossibilityoflasting
happiness,Lyubomirskyunderstandsfarbetterthanmostofusthefollyof
pinningourhopesonanewcar-oronanygoodfortunethatcomesourway.
Wetendtoadapt,quicklyreturningtoourusuallevelofhappiness.Theclassic
exampleofsuch"hedonicadaptation”(享樂(lè)適應(yīng))comesfroma1970sstudy
oflotterywinners,whoayearaftertheirwindfall(意夕卜橫財(cái))endedupno
happierthannonwinners.Hedonicadaptationhelpstoexplainwhyeven
changesinmajorlifecircumstances-suchasincome,marriage,physical
healthandwherewelive-dosolittletoboostouroverallhappiness.Not
onlythat,butstudiesoftwinsandadopteeshaveshownthatabout50percent
ofeachperson'shappinessisdeterminedfrombirth.This"geneticsetpoint"
alonemakesthehappinessglasslookhalfempty,becauseanyupwardswing
inhappinessseemsdoomedtofallbacktonearyourbaseline."There'sbeen
atensioninthefield,"explainsLyubomirsky'smaincollaborator,
psychologistKennonM.SheldonoftheUniversityofMissouri-Columbia.
"Somepeoplewereassumingyoucanaffecthappinessif,forexample,you
pickedtherightgoals,buttherewasallthisliteraturethatsuggesteditwas
impossible,thatwhatgoesupmustcomedown."
TheHappinessPie
Lyubomirsky,Sheldonandanotherpsychologist,DavidA.Schkadeofthe
UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,puttheexistingfindingstogetherintoa
simplepiechartshowingwhatdetermineshappiness.Halfthepieisthe
geneticsetpoint.Thesmallestsliceiscircumstances,whichexplainonly
about10percentofpeople'sdifferencesinhappiness.Sowhatisthe
remaining40percent?"Becausenobodyhadputittogetherbefore,that's
unexplained,"Lyubomirskysays.Butshebelievesthatwhenyoutakeaway
genesandcircumstances,whatisleftbesidesen-ormustbe"intentional
activity,"mentalandbehavioralstrategiestocounteractadaptation's
downwardpull.
Lyubomirskyhasbeenstudyingtheseactivitiesinhopesoffindingout
whetherandhowpeoplecanstayabovetheirsetpoint.Intheory,thatis
possibleinmuchthesamewayregulardietandexercisecankeepathletes'
weightbelowtheirgeneticsetpoints.ButbeforeLyubomirskybegan,there
was"ahugevacuumofresearchonhowtoincreasehappiness,"shesays.The
lotterystudyinparticular"madepeopleshyawayfrominterventions,"
explainseminentUniversityofPennsylvaniapsychologistMartinE.P.
Seligman,thefatherofpositivepsychologyandamentortoLyubomirsky.
Whensciencehadscrutinized(細(xì)察)happinessatall,itwasmainlythrough
correlationalstudies,whichcannottellwhatcamefirst-thehappinessor
whatitislinkedto-letalonedeterminethecauseandeffect.Findingoutthat
individualswithstrongsocialtiesaremoresatisfiedwiththeirlivesthan
loners,forexample,begsthequestionofwhetherfriendsmakeushappieror
whetherhappypeoplearesimplylikeliertoseekandattractfriends.
Lyubomirsky'sResearch
Lyubomirskybeganstudyinghappinessasagraduatestudentin1989afteran
intriguingconversationwithheradviser,StanfordUniversitypsychologist
LeeD.Ross,
A.YB.NC.NG
12.
Surveysshowthatmiddleclasscustomerswillgivefirstprioritytothefactors
ofcomfortofstoresandselectionofcommoditiestheyofferindecidingwhere
toshopthesedays.
A.YB.NC.NG
13.SportsandEducation
SportsAreaKindofEducation
Formanyyoungpeopleinmypartoftheworld(suburbanAmerica),thefirst
brushwithorganizedathleticscomesonaSaturdaymorninginearlyspring.
Theweatherisgettingwarmerandtheschoolyear'sendisimminent,and
moms,sensingtheapproachofsummervacationandtoomuchfreetime,pile
usintothebacksofminivansanddriveustoourtown'slocalsportsand
recreationcenter.Inmyhometown,EggHarborTownship,NewJersey,kids
convergeeachyearontheEHTYouthOrganBuilding,acinderblockshack
inthemiddleofahandfulofbaseballandfootballfields.Therelinesare
waitedin,formafilledout,birthcertificatesexaminedandphotocopied,
healthinsurancewaiversfurnishedandsigned.Attheendofthemorning,
kidsaresignedupforlittle-leaguebaseballandaninstantsummerofactivities
hasbeencreated.Thenit'stimetogotoBurgerKing.
Forparentsseekingproductivewaystooccupytheirchildren'stime,summer
sportsleaguesofferaconvenientandtimetestedoutletforoverabundant
energy.Inmycasethatmeantbaseball.America'spastime:nineweeksof
pitchedfastballsandsoreelbows,groundersupthe,middle,diggingitoutto
firstbase.Shaggingfliesintheoutfieldandswattingmosquitoesintheinfield.
Then,aftersixinnings,backtoBurgerKing.
Acoupleofweeksafterthesignupsatthecinderblockshack,wekidswould
beroundedupintoteamsandcoachedinthefundamentalsofpitching,
catching,hitting,andrunningbases.We'dbesuppliedwithcolor-coded
jerseysandmeshbaseballcaps,andthenwewouldplayaseason'sworthof
gamesagainstoneanother.Playoffswouldbeheldandchampionscrowned.
Attheendoftheseasonanail-starteamoftheleague'sbestplayerswouldbe
assembledtoplayagainstthebestteamsfromneighboringtowns.
Backandforthacrossthecountrythissystemrepeatsitselffromtowntotown
andsporttosportwithlittlevariation.Someleagueshavestoriedpasts:
baseball'sLittleLeagueorfootball'sPopWarnerLeague.Somearenewer.In
citiesitisoftenthePolicemen'sBenevolentAssociationortheYMCAthat
assumesthesponsorshiprole.Always,though,thereistheunderlyingidea
thatorganizedsportisavaluableandproductiveuseofayoungperson'stime.
Sports,inshort,areakindofeducation,teachingimportantlife.skillsthat
can'tbelearnedinschool.
Ideasabouttheeducationalvalueofsportsvarywidely.Forsome,sports
fosterthesocialdevelopmentofyoungpeople,teachingkidshowtointeract
withtheirpeersoutsidetheclassroom.Sportsteachkidswhatitmeansto
compote-howtocopewithlosing,howtorespondgracefullytosuccess.
Sportsareaboutteamwork,howtoworktogethertowardacommongoal.
Sometimesthey'reaboutdevelopingasenseofself-esteem.Sometimes
they'resimplyaboutfindingahealthywaytotirehyperactivekidsoutso
they'llsitstillinclassorgettobedatareasonablehour.Somebolder
advocatesclaimthattheirgamesbuildcharacter.
Giventheprevailingeducationalundercurrent,it'snosurprisethatmanykids'
secondbrushwithorganizedathleticstakesplaceinaschool.Juniorhighs
andhighsschoolssponsortheirownsportsprogramsandfieldteamsof
football,basketball,soccerandtennisplayers.Theretheeducationalthemeis
givenamoredirectandtangibleform,assquadsofstudent-athletestravel
aroundthestaterepresentingtheirschoolsonthefield,courtordiamond.Yet
here,strangelyenough,iswhereabitoftheeducationalcomponentbeginsto
niter.Highschoolteamsarenecessarilymoreselectivethantheiryouthleague
predecessors.Tryoutsareheldandlesspromisingplayersarecut.Coaches
receivesalaries,andthereisanexpectationthattheteamstheyshapewillwin.
Insum,thereisaslightchangeinem
A.YB.NC.NG
14.
Tograde-grubbers,theyhavemorefearoffailingthan.
15.
Welearnfromthepassagethatconditionsfortheearlywhitestravelingto
Americabyshipsweremuchbetterthan.
16.
Ifyouwanttohavethesamekindoflivingasaretiree,youmayspend20%
lessmonthlythanyoudonowbecause.
A.olderpeopletendtobemorefrugal
B.expensesinvolvedinworkaresaved
C.publictransportationwillbecheaperthen
D.olderpeoplecandotheirowncleaningthen
17.
Newton'ssecondlawofmotionsaysforceequals,multipliedbythe
changeinspeeditproducesinanobject.
18.TheMostImportantSecretAboutTrust
WhatIsTrust?
Youknowwhenyouhavetrust;youknowwhenyoudon'thavetrust.Yet,
whatistrustandhowistrustusefullydefinedfortheworkplace?Canyou
buildtrustwhenitdoesn'texist?Howdoyoumaintainandbuilduponthe
trustyoumaycurrentlyhaveinyourworkplace?Theseareimportant
questionsfortoday'srapidlychangingworld.
Trustformsthefoundationforeffectivecommunication,employeeretention,
andemployeemotivationandcontributionofdiscretionary(自由決定的)
energy,theextraeffortthatpeoplevoluntarilyinvestinwork.Whentrust
existsinanorganizationorinarelationship,almosteverythingiseasierto
achieve.
AccordingtoDr.DuaneC.Tway,Jr.inhis1993dissertation,AConstructof
Trust,"Thereexiststoday,nopracticalconstructofTrustthatallowsusto
designandimplementorganizationalinterventionstosignificantlyincrease
trustlevelsbetweenpeople.WeallthinkweknowwhatTrustisfromourown
experience,butwedon'tknowmuchabouthowtoimproveit.Why?Ibelieve
itisbecausewehavebeentaughttolookatTrustasifitwereasingleentity."
TheThreeConstructsofTrust
Twaydefinestrustas"thestateofreadinessforunguardedinteractionwith
someoneorsomething".Hedevelopedamodeloftrustthatincludesthree
components.Hecallstrustaconstructbecauseitis"constructed"ofthese
threecomponents:thecapacityfortrusting,theperceptionofcompetence,
andtheperceptionofintentions.Thinkingabouttrustasmadeupofthe
interactionandexistenceofthesethreecomponentsmakes"trust"easierto
understand.Thecapacityfortrustingmeansthatyourlifeexperienceshave
developedyourcurrentcapacityandwillingnesstorisktrustingothers.The
perceptionofcompetenceismadeupofyourperceptionofyourabilityand
theabilityofotherswithwhomyouworkinyourcurrentsituation.The
perceptionofintentions,asdefinedbyTway,isyourperceptionthatthe
actions,words,missions,ordecisionsaremotivatedbymutually-serving
ratherthanself-servingmotives.
WhyTrustIsCriticalinaHealthyOrganization?
Howimportantisbuildingatrustingworkenvironment?AccordingtoTway,
peoplehavebeeninterestedintrustsinceAristotle.Twaystates,"Aristotle
(384BC-322BC),writingintheRhetoric,suggestedthatEthos,theTrustofa
speakerbythelistener,wasbasedonthelistener'sperceptionofthree
characteristicsofthespeaker.Aristotlebelievedthesethreecharacteristicsto
betheintelligenceofthespeaker(correctnessofopinions,orcompeten'ce),
thecharacterofthespeaker(reliability—acompetencefactor,andhonest-
measureofintentions),andthegoodwillofthespeaker(favorableintentions
towardthelistener).Idon'tthinkthishaschangedmucheventoday."
AdditionalresearchbyTwayandothersshowsthattrustisthebasisformuch
oftheenvironmentyouwanttocreateinyourworkplace.Trustisthe
necessaryprecursor(先兆)for:
?feelingabletorelyuponaperson,
?cooperatingwithandexperiencingteamworkwithagroup,
?takingthoughtfulrisks,and
?experiencingbelievablecommunication.
HowtoMaintainTrust?
Thebestwaytomaintainatrustingworkenvironmentistokeepfrominjuring
trustinthefirstplace.Theintegrityoftheleadershipoftheorganizationis
critical.Thetruthfulnessandtransparencyofthecommunicationwithstaffis
alsoacriticalfactor.Thepresenceofastrong,unifyingmissionandvision
canalsopromoteatrustingenvironment.
Providinginformationabouttherationale,background,andthoughtprocesses
behinddecisionsisalsoanimportantaspectofmaintainingtrust.Anotheris
organizationalsuccess;peo
A.YB.NC.NG
19.
Becauseof,travelingismuchmoreconvenientnow.
20.WhatmaybethereasonwhysomeHispanicshavejobsbutuninsured?
A.Theyarenotinterestedinhealthinsurance.
B.Theydonotbelieveintheinsurancesystem.
C.Theiremployersrefusetoenrolltheminthewelfaresystem.
D.Theirincomeisnotenoughfortheirshareofthepremium.
三、3.ListeningComprehension(10題)
21.聽(tīng)力原文:M:Alice,doyouwanttogoshoppingwithmetoday?
W:Sure,butIcan'tleaveyet.I'velostmyroomkeyandIhavetowaitforthe
securityguardtoletmebackintomyroom?
Q:WhatisAliceproblem?
(13)
A.She'slockedoutofherroom.
B.Shelostherkeyintheshop.
C.Sheleftherkeyintheroom.
D.Shewon'tgoshoppingwithoutasecurityguard.
22.(39)
23.聽(tīng)力原文:Mr.Bascombwasupset.Attimeslikethishewishedhehad
neverbecomeacandidateformayor.Everythinghadgonewrongthat
morning.Evenbeforeleavingthehouse,hewouldreceivedatelephonecall
fromhiselectioncampaignmanageraskingformoney.Thismadehimangry
andheleftthehouseinabadmood.WhenMr.Bascombarrivedattheoffice,
hecouldfeelhisheadswimming.Hereachedforthemedicinebuttheboule
wasempty.Hehadforgottentopickupsomemedicineatthedrugstore.Mr.
Bascomblookedathiswatch.Hewastodeliveracampaignspeechbeforea
groupofbusinessmenattheclubat11o'dock.Hehadgivenaroughdraftof
hisspeechtoBarbarathedaybeforeandaskedhertotypeitoutforhimJust
then,thetelephonerang.ItwasBarbara.Sheexplainedthathercarhadbroken
downandshecouldn'tbeatworkuntil12o'clockMr.Bascombwasdesperate.
Hedidn'tknowwhettodo.Hewasverynervouswhenhearrivedattheclub.
Hecouldn'trememberanythinghehadplannedtosaytotheaudience.He
startedtalkingabouthimselfandhisproblemsinsteadoftalkingaboutthe
problemsofthecity.Mostofthepeopleintheaudiencewerebored.Bythe
timeMr.Baseombfinishedhisspeech,almosteveryonehadfallenasleepor
lefttheroom.
(30)
A.Instructions.
B.Medicine.
C.Money.
D.Thedraftofhisspeech.
24.(31)
A.Clever.B.Rich.C.Good.D.A11theabove.
25.(21)
A.Itbillsthecustomeronceamonth.
B.It'sakindofATMcards.
C.It'sakindofcreditcards.
D.Ittakesoutthemoneyfromthecustomer'sbankaccount.
26.(35)
A.Refinetheirinterviewingtechniques.
B.Arrangetheirworkschedules.
C.Selectappropriatecourses.
D.Writecoverletters.
27.(24)
A.Freshfruit.
B.Agiftcertificate.
C.Homemadecandy.
D.Aweddingpresent.
28.聽(tīng)力原文:W:Congratulations!You'retobeappointedasSalesManager!
M:Incredible.It'stoogoodtobetrue.Youmustbekidding.I'veonlybeen
workingfortwomonthsinthisdepartment,andthisistotallyahugesurprise!
Q:Howdoesthemanreacttothenews?
(16)
A.Hefounditunbelievable.
B.Hewasnotsurprisedaboutit.
C.Hefoundthetruthunacceptable.
D.Hewasarrogantaboutit.
29.(25)
A.It'srunbythegovernment.
B.itappealstomostpeople.
C.Itoffersmuchchoice
D.It'samonopoly.
30.聽(tīng)力原文:W:Hey,M汰e!Whereareyouoffto?
M:I'mheadingforthePriceChopper.Idoalotofthefamilyshoppingsince
mymomgotapart-timejob.
W:Canyougivemearide?Iwanttogetsomedrinks.
M:Sure!Let'sgo!
W:Doyouenjoyshopping?
M:Enjoy?Idon'tmindadmittingIhateshoppingalmostasmuchasIhate
algebra.Correction!IhateshoppingevenmorethanIhatealgebra.
W:Yipe!Alooseshoppingcart!
M:TodayI'mproudofmyself.Irememberedtobringalongmyshoppinglist.
W:You'rebecominganexperiencedshopper)
M:Gosh!Wrongshoppinglist!
W:I'msorrytohearthat.
M:Butit'sokay!I'msureIcanremembermostofthesixorsevenitemsthat
mymomwantedmetopickup.
W:Watchoutforthecart,Mike!
M:Thanks!Youknow,asIscamperthroughtheaislesIcanalways
successfullyavoidtheflyingcartsofmyfellowshoppers.
W:Whew!Thatwasclose!
M:Yousee!ImanagetopickupwhatIwantinrecordtime!
W:Great!Let'sheadfortheexpressline.Everyoneknowsexpresslinesmove
muchfasterthanregularlines.
M:Allright!Oh,unfortunately,thisexpresslinedoesn'tmoveatall!
W:Thenextlinehasoneshopper.Let'sswitchlines!
(20)
A.It'samarket.
B.It'sarecreationcanter.
C.It'sanalgebraschool.
D.It'sthenameofapart4imejob.
四、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(3題)
31.Physicalfatigueisusuallycausedby.
A.transmittablediseases
B.toomanystimulants
C.lackofphysicalexercise
D.excesswastesinthebloodstream
32.
TheJapanesestaffcomplainedtotheAmericanmanagerbecause.
A.theAmericanmanagerhadliedtothem
B.thesalaiyincreaseswereinsufficient
C.moststaffhadnotreceivedsalaryincreases
D.therewasamisunderstandingoftheword"fair"
33.SectionB
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedby
somequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefour
choicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.
Notsolongago,predictionmarkets(市場(chǎng)預(yù)測(cè))werebeingconsideredasa
fantasticnewwaytoforecasteverythingfromthecompletiondateofavital
projecttoafirm'sannualsales.Butalthoughtheyhavespreadbeyondearly-
adoptingcompaniesinthetechnologyindustry,theyhavestillnotbecome
mainstreammanagementtools.Evencrazyadvocatesadmitmuchremainsto
bedonetoconvincedoubtfulmanagersoftheirvalue."It'sstillapretty
blessingbusiness,"saysLeslieFineofCrowdCast,oneofthefirmsthat
providetradingplatformsforcompanieskeentopoolthecollectivewisdom
oftheiremployees.
Predictionmarketsworkbygivingpeoplevirtualtradingaccountsthatallow
themtobuyandsell"shares"thatcorrespondtoaparticularoutcome.Shares
inanoutcomethatisconsideredmorelikelytooccurthentradeatahigher
pricethanthosethatrepresentalesslikelyoutcome.Thisprovidesawayto
approachthetacit(默許的)knowledgethatexistsincompanies,especially
onesthathavemanydifferentdivisionsoroffices.
KochIndustries,anAmericancompanyinarangeofbusinessesincluding
chemicals,fertilizersandcommoditytrading,hasbeenrunningprediction
marketsforthepastninemonthsinvolvingabout200ofitsstafffromdifferent
areas.Thegroup,whichhasrevenuesofsome$100billion,haslaunched
contractson,amongotherthings,thefuturepricesofrawmaterialsusedinits
chemicalsdivisionandthelikelihoodofbanknationalizations.Kochsaysthe
resultssofarhavebeenprettyaccuratecomparedtoactualoutcomes,but
stressesthatmarketsarecomplementarytootherforecastingtechniques,not
asubstituteforthem.
Abigobstaclefacingmanagersusingpredictionmarketsisgettingenough
peopletokeeptradingafterthenoveltyhaswornoff.Manyfirmsusegaming-
style.leaderboardstoencourageinternalcompetition,oroffermodestprizes
tothemostsuccessfultraders.LloydsTSB,abank,launchedamarketin
whichparticipantsidentifythebestnewideasbytradinginacurrencycalled
BankBeanz,whichcanthenbeexchangedforcash-aschemethebank'shead
ofinnovationcalls"anexceptionalmotivator".
Anotherreasonpredictionmarketsfailedisthatemployeescannotseehow
theresultsareused,sotheyloseinterest.WellsFargo,abigbankthathasbeen
runninginternalmarketsforoverayeartoidentifywaystoimproveservice
tosomecoiporatecustomers,saysitsmosteffectiveteststookplaceinareas
wheremanagerscoulddosomethingwiththeirfindings,makingstafffeelthat
tradingwasworthwhile.
Bossesmayalsobewaryofrelyingonthejudgmentsofnon-experts.Yet
manypilotprojectsrunsofarhaveshownthatjuniorstaffcanoftenbe
surprisinglygoodforecasters.Perhapsthebestwaytofindoutwhen
predictionmarketswillfinallytakeoffistoaskyouremployees—usinga
predictionmarket.
Whatdoestheauthortellusaboutthepredictionmarketinthepassage?
A.Itnowhasbecomeamajormanagementwayformostcompanies.
B.Theadvocatesaretoooptimisticaboutpredictionmarket.
C.Itisawaytoknowfirms'owncovertknowledge.
D.Itworksbygivingtradersanactualtradingaccounts.
五、5.ErrorCorrection。題)
34.
[S7]
35.Povertyexistsbecauseoursocietyisanunequalone,andthereare
powerful
politicalpressurestokeepitthatway.Anyattempttoredistributingwealth
and[SI]
incomeintheUnitedStateswillinevitablybeopposedbypowerfulmiddle
and
upperclassinterests.Peoplecanberelativelyrichonlyifyouarerelatively
poor,[S2]
andaspowerismainlyinthehandsoftherich,publicpoliciesreflecttheir
intereststhanthoseofthepoor.AsMr.HerbertHanshaspointedout,poverty
is[S3]
actuallyfunctionalfromthepointofviewofthenon-poor.Povertyensures
that
dirtyworkgetsdoing.Iftherewerenopoorpeopletoscrubfloorsandempty
[S4]
bedpans,thesejobswillhavetoberewardedwithhighincomesbeforeanyone
[S5]______
wouldtouchthem.Povertycreatesjobsormanyofthenon-poor,suchas
police
officers,welfareworkers,andgovernmentbureaucrats.Povertymakeslife
easier
fortherichbyprovidingthemwithcookers,gardeners,andotherworkersto
[S6]
perform,basicchoreswhentheiremployersenjoymorepleasurableactivities.
[S7]______
Povertyprovidesamarketformoreinferiorgoodsandservice,suchasday-
old[S8]
bread,rundownautomobiles,ortheadviceofcompetentphysiciansand
lawyers.[S9]
Povertyalsoprovidesagroupthatcanbemadetoabsorbthecostsofchange.
Itis
justthatpovertyisaninevitableoutcomeoftheAmericaneconomicsystem,
in[S10]
whichthepoorarepoliticallypowerlesstoinfluenceorchange.
[SI]
36.
[S5]
六、6.ErrorCorrection(3題)
37.
[S10]
38.
[S3]
39.
[S5]
參考答案
l.OnMoodWhataccompaniesyouallyourlifeisnotfortuneandfameor
youthandappearancebutyourmoodorthestateofmindwhichcontrolsyour
life.Asmaninthemodemageourmoodsareaschangeableasthecarsgoing
andcomingonthesuperhighway.Afavorfromaneighborakissofachild
andapraisefromothersarelikewarmsunshinethatmakeuscomfortable.
Butaroughwordfromastrangeafalseproductborughtfromthestoreoran
insultingremarkinfunwouldputyouinbadmoodandmakeyourheartsink.
Abadmoodisbadenoughtocauseyoutoloseself-confidenceandleaveyou
helplesswithallyourworriesandtroublesinmind.Onthecontraryagood
moodmakesonehappyenergeticandcreative.Iwasonceshutinanelevator
foroneandahalfhours.Ihadtophoneforhelp.EventuallyIwasreleased.It
wasfunbecauseIwasinahappymood.OtherwiseIwouldhavefelt
miserable.Agoodmoodwillsurelyaccompanyyouonyourwaytotheplace
ofsuccesstothechamberofloveandtopleasureandharmonyinlife.Witha
happymoodwecanliveamoresubstantiallifeonethatismoreinteresting
andmeaningful.Butmoreoftenthannotweareinamixedmood.Sometimes
wealehappyandhigh-spirited.Andsometimesweareinlowspirits.Atthis
timewehavetotakecourageandhaveachangeofmood.OnMoodWhat
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