人教版高三英語第二學(xué)期閱讀理解專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練單元達(dá)標(biāo)質(zhì)量專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

人教版高三英語第二學(xué)期閱讀理解專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練單元達(dá)標(biāo)質(zhì)量專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

一、高考英語閱讀理解專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

1.閱讀理解

I'mastoryteller.AndIwouldliketotellyouafewpersonalstories.

IgrewupreadingBritishandAmericanchildren'sbooks.WhenIbegantowrite,Iwroteexactly

thekindsofstoriesIwasreading:Allmycharacterswerewhiteandblue-eyed,theyateapples

andtalkedalotabouttheweather,despitethefactthatIlivedinNigeria.Weatemangoes,and

wenevertalkedabouttheweather.BecauseallIhadreadwerebooksinwhichcharacterswere

foreign,Ihadbecomeconvincedthatbooksbytheirverynaturehadtohaveforeignersinthem.

ThingschangedwhenIdiscoveredAfricanbooks.BecauseofwriterslikeChinuaAchebeand

CamaraLaye,Iwentthroughamentalshiftinmyideaofliterature.Irealizedthatpeoplelikeme,

girlswithskinthecolorofchocolate,couldalsoexistinliterature.IstartedtowriteaboutthingsI

recognized.SowhatthediscoveryofAfricanwritersdidformewasthis:Itsavedmefromhaving

asinglestoryofwhatbooksare.TheyearIturnedeight,wegotanewhouseboyFidefroma

nearbyruralvillage.Theonlythingmymothertoldusabouthimwasthathisfamilywasvery

poor.AndwhenIdidn'tfinishmydinner;mymotherwouldsay,"Finishyourfood!Don'tyou

know?PeoplelikeFide'sfamilyhavenothing,"SoIfeltenormouspityforFide'sfamily.Thenone

Saturday,wewenttohisvillagetovisit,andhismothershowedusabeautifullypatternedbasket

thathisbrotherhadmade.Iwasastonished.Ithadnotoccurredtomethatanybodyinhisfamily

couldactuallymakesomething.Theirpovertywasmysinglestoryofthem.

Yearslater,whenIleftNigeriatogotouniversityintheUnitedStates,myAmericanroommate

askedwhereIhadlearnedtospeakEnglishsowell,andwasconfusedwhenIsaidthatNigeria

happenedtohaveEnglishasitsofficiallanguage.Whatstruckmewasthis:Shehadfeltsorryfor

meevenbeforeshesawme.MyroommatehadasinglestoryofAfrica:asinglestoryof

catastrophe.

Ofcourse,Africaisacontinentfullofcatastrophes.Butthereareotherstoriesthatarenot

aboutcatastrophe,anditisveryimportant,itisjustasimportant,totalkaboutthem.The

consequenceofthesinglestoryisthis:Itrobspeopleofdignity.Itmakesourrecognitionofour

equalhumanitydifficult.Itemphasizeshowwearedifferentratherthanhowwearesimilar.

SowhatifmymotherhadtoldusthatFide'sfamilywaspoorandhardworking?Whatifwehad

anAfricantelevisionnetworkthatbroadcastdiverseAfricanstoriesallovertheworld?Whatifmy

roommateknewaboutmyNigerianpublisher,MuhtarBakare,aremarkablemanwholefthisjob

inabanktofollowhisdreamandstartapublishinghouse?Whatifmyroommateknewaboutmy

friendFunmilyanda,afearlesswomanwhohostsaTVshow,andisdeterminedtotellthestories

thatweprefertoforget?

MyNigerianpublisherandIhavejuststartedanon-profitcalledFarafinaTrust,andwehavebig

dreamsofbuildinglibrariesandprovidingbooksforstateschools,andalsooforganizinglotsof

workshopsinreadingandwriting,forallthepeoplewhoareeagertotellourmanystories.

Storiesmatter.Manystoriesmatter.Storiescanbreakthedignityofapeople,butstoriescan

alsorepairthatbrokendignity.Whenwerealizethatthereisneverasinglestoryaboutanyplace,

weregainakindofparadise.

(1)Whatisprobablypeople'sfirstimpressionofthewriterwhenitcomestohernationality?

A.Shemainlyeatsapplesandmangoes.

B.ShemaynotspeakfluentEnglish.

C.Shecomesfromaplacefreeofcatastrophes.

D.Sheprefersstoriesbasedonforeigncharacters.

(2)Theunderlinedphrase"amentalshift"inParagraph2referstothewriter's.

A.discoveryofAfricanbookswithcharactersofherskincolor

B.acquaintancewithlocalAfricanwriterslikeChinuaAchebe

C.realizationthatnotonlyforeigncharactersexistinliterature

D.changethatshestartedtowriteaboutthingssherecognized

(3)Howmanypersonalstorieshasthewritermentionedinthepassage?

A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.

(4)Thewriterusesseveralsinglestoriesinthepassagetoillustratethatthesinglestory.

A.mattersinkeepinglistenerswellinformed

B.tendstoconveyaprejudicedideatolisteners

C.getsincreasinglypopularamongstorytellers

D.failstoproducealastingeffectonlisteners

(5)Thewriterlistsmany"whatifs"inParagraph6to.

A.emphasizeourdifferencesratherthansimilarities

B.indicatethewaythatstoriesareusedtobreakdignity

C.showthehardshipofrecognizingourequalhumanity

D.stresstheimportanceoftellingdiverse,balancedstories

(6)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.ThedangerofthesinglestoryB.Theimportanceoftellingstories

C.ThesinglestoriesthatmatterD.Storiesthatcanrepairbrokendignity

【答案】(1)B

(2)C

(3)B

(4)B

(5)D

(6)A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇記敘文，作者講了幾個關(guān)于個人的故事，通過故事告誡我

們：如果我們只去聆聽關(guān)于一個人、一個國家的單一故事，將會導(dǎo)致非常嚴(yán)重的誤解。

(1)考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段可知，作者實(shí)際上來自尼日利亞，經(jīng)常吃芒果，不討論

天氣，有著巧克力膚色。可知至少不是說英語的歐洲人：再根據(jù)第四段，作者的美國舍友

對她能說一口流利英語表示疑惑可知，因此可以推斷出人們對尼日利亞的人第一印象可能

是認(rèn)為他們不會說流利的英語。故選Bo

(2)考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第二段中的"Irealizedthatpeoplelikeme,girlswithskinthecolor

ofchocolate,couldalsoexistinliterature.”可知作者的思想轉(zhuǎn)變是她意識到像她這樣有著巧克

力膚色的女生也是可以在文學(xué)作品中有一席之地的。即不僅僅外國人物才存在文學(xué)作品

中。故選c。

（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。第二段、第三段、第四段分別講了作者自己意識到文學(xué)作品中人物

不限英美，作者發(fā)現(xiàn)Fide一家貧窮卻努力，作者的室友對尼日利亞的刻板印象。即一共三

個她的個人經(jīng)歷。故選B。

（4）考查推理判斷。縱觀全文可知，不論是作者、作者媽媽、作者的室友，不同的人們

有著不同的singlestory,實(shí)際上可以理解為"一面之詞""刻板印象"，但其實(shí)又不符合事實(shí)，

即會給聽眾傳達(dá)有偏見的想法，故選B。

（5）考查推理判斷。作者的一系列假設(shè)，其實(shí)是更好的做法。兼聽則明偏信則暗。我們

不應(yīng)該聽信一面之詞，應(yīng)該去多角度的均衡的了解。故選D。

（6）考查主旨大意。全文講述了作者、作者媽媽、作者的室友的偏見，以及作者對此的

看法。認(rèn)為一面之詞實(shí)際上是很不好的。在并沒有親自去觀察探索也沒有去多方面了解之

前，人們就接受了singlestoryo但其實(shí)往往并不符合事實(shí)。因此最好的標(biāo)題是一面之詞的

危險(xiǎn)。故選A。

【點(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測，推理判斷和主旨大意四個題型的考查，是一

篇故事類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行

分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。

2.閱讀理解

BritishMuseumVisitorRegulations

Openinghours

WeopentheMuseum'sgalleriesdailyfrom10：00amuntil17：30pm.Wekeepselected

galleriesopenuntil20：30pmonFridays.

TheMuseum'sGreatCourtisopenfrom9:00amuntil18:00pm;exceptonFridayswhenit

remainsopenuntil20:30pm.

Youmaybeaskedbyyourstafftobeginleavinguptotenminutesbeforeclosingtime.

TheMuseumisclosed24-26Decemberand1January.

Admission

WewarmlywelcomeyouonyourvisittotheMuseum.Intheinterestsofthesecurityofallof

ourvisitorswerequireyoufollowtheseregulations.

AdmissiontotheMuseumisfree,butwemaychargeforentrytosometemporaryexhibitions

andevents.

Foodanddrink

Youaren'tallowedtoconsumefoodanddrinkinsidetheMuseum,exceptinplacessuchasthe

restaurantandcafesortheforecourt.FamilieswithchildrenmayusetheFordCentreforyoung

visitorsinthebasementoftheMuseum'sGreatCourtatweekendsandduringschoolholidays.

Animals

Ifyouhaveadisability,youmaybeaccompaniedintheMuseumbyyourguide,assistantor

companionanimal.Youaren'tallowedtobringanimalsintotheMuseumunderanyother

circumstance.

Film,photographyandaudiorecording

Excepttheplacethatareindicatedbynotices,you'repermittedtousehand-heldcameras

(includingmobilephones)withflashbulbsorflashunits,andaudioandfilmrecordingequipment

notrequiringastand.Youmayuseyourphotographs,filmandaudiorecordingsonlyforyour

ownprivateandnon-commercialpurposes.

(1)WhencanvisitorsvisittheMuseum?

A.At18:30pmonweekends.B.At14:00amonChristmasDay.

C.At19:00pmonFridays.D.At11:00amonNewYear'sDay.

(2)Whoaretheregulationsmainlyintendedfor?

A.Thevisitors.B.Thestaff.C.Theparents.D.Thechildren.

(3)WhatcanvisitorsdointheMuseum?

A.Eatanddrinkastheylike.B.Takealongtheirpetdogs.

C.Recordfilmsforsale.D.Takephotosforpersonalpurpose.

【答案】(1)C

(2)A

(3)D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，介紹了大英博物館的游客守則。

(1)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)Openinghours部分中的“TheMuseum'sGreatCourtisopenfrom

9:00amuntil18:00pm;exceptonFridayswhenitremainsopenuntil20:30pm."及"The

Museumisclosed24-26Decemberand1January.”可知,大英博物館從上午9點(diǎn)開放到下午

18點(diǎn)，周五開放到晚上20:30,12月24日至26日圣誕節(jié)期間和1月1日新年是閉館的，

由此可知，你可以在星期五晚上19:00去參觀，故選C。

(2)考查推理判斷。縱觀全文，以及標(biāo)題"BritishMuseumVisitorRegulations"可知，本文

介紹的是大英博物館的游客守則，自然是針對游客的，故選A。

(3)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)Film,photographyandaudiorecording部分中的“Youmayuse

yourphotographs,filmandaudiorecordingsonlyforyourownprivateandnon-commercial

purposes."可知，大英博物館里允許游客出于個人目的或非商業(yè)目的拍照，故選D。

【點(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個題型的考查，是一篇介紹類閱讀，考生需

要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。

3.閱讀理解

Theideathatcomputershavesomeamountof"intelligence"isnotnew,saysRalphHauptei;

thepresidentofMicrosoftAsia,pointingasfarbackas1950whencomputerpioneerAlanTuring

askedwhethermachinescanthink."Soithastakennearly70yearsfortherightcombinationof

factorstocometogethertomoveAlfromconcepttoreality,"saysHaupter.

Itispredictedthatthedevelopmentofartificialintelligencewillbethestoryofthecoming

generations,notjustthecomingyear,butas2019getsunderway,you'llfindAlwillbeginto

touchyourlifeinmanywaysaccordingtosomeresearchers.

"PersonalassistantAiswillkeepgettingsmarter.Asourpersonalassistantslearnmoreabout

ourdailyroutines,IcanimaginethedayIneednottoworryaboutpreparingdinner.MyAlknows

whatIliketoeat,whichdaysoftheweekIliketocookathome,andmakessurethatwhenIget

backfromworkallmygroceriesarewaitingatmydoorstep,readyformetopreparethat

deliciousmealIhadbeenlongingfor."-AlecjandroTroccoli,seniorresearchscientist,NVIDIA.

"ThankstoAl,thefacewillbethenewcreditcard,thenewdriver'slicenseandthenew

barcode(條形碼).Facialrecognitionisalreadycompletelytransformingsecuritywithbiometric

capabilitiesbeingadopted,andseeinghowtechnologyandbusinessareconnected,likeAmazon

iswithWholeFoods,Icanseeanearfuturewherepeoplewillnolongerneedtostandinlineat

thestore,"-GeorgesNahon,president,OrangeInstitute,aglobalresearchlaboratory.

"2019willbetheyearAlbecomesrealformedicine.Bytheendoftheyearwe'reseeing

solutionsforpopulationhealth,hospitaloperationsandabroadsetofclinicalspecialtiesquickly

followbehind."—MarkMichalski,executivedirector,MassachusettsGeneralHospital.

(1)WhatcanweknowaboutAlfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?

A.Peopledidn'texpectAltodevelopsorapidly.

B.TheideaofAljustcameuprecently.

C.TheconceptofAlwasputforwardbyRalphHaupter.

D.Ittookmorethan70yearstoturntheconceptintoreality.

(2)WhoseesthefutureofAldoinghouseworkinsteadofhumanbeing?

A.AlanTuring.B.GeorgesNahon.C.MarkMichalski.D.AlejandroTroccoli.

(3)WhatisGeorgesNahon'sjob?

A.ExecutivecHrectorofahospital.B.Presidentofaresearchlaboratory.

C.Chairmanofanenergycorporation.D.Chiefoperatingofficerofanewspaper.

(4)Howisthepassagedeveloped?

A.Byexplainingcauseandeffect.B.Bypresentingresearchresults.

C.Bylistingsomepredictions.D.Bydescribingpersonalexperiences.

【答案】(1)A

(2)D

(3)B

(4)C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，通過AlecjandroTroccoli,GeorgesNahon以及Mark

Michalski對人工智能未來將應(yīng)用于的領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行預(yù)測和說明。

(1)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的"Itispredictedthatthedevelopmentofartificial

intelligencewillbethestoryofthecominggenerations,notjustthecomingyear,butas2019

getsunderway,you'llfindAlwillbegintotouchyourlifeinmanywaysaccordingtosome

researchers.〃據(jù)預(yù)測，人工智能的發(fā)展將成為未來幾代人的故事，而不僅僅是未來的一年，

但隨著2019年的到來，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)人工智能將開始在許多方面影響你的生活。可知從前兩段

我們可以了解到人們沒想到人工智能會發(fā)展得這么快。故選Ao

(2)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的〃MyAlknowswhatIliketoeat,whichdaysoftheweek

Iliketocookathome,andmakessurethatwhenIgetbackfromworkallmygroceriesare

waitingatmydoorstep,readyformetopreparethatdeliciousmealIhadbeenlongingfor."■一

AlecjandroTroccoli,seniorresearchscientist,NVIDIA."我的人工智能知道我喜歡吃什么，一周

中的哪幾天我喜歡在家做飯，并確保當(dāng)我下班回家時，所有的雜貨都在門口等著我，為我

準(zhǔn)備好我一直渴望的美味佳肴。---AlecjandroTroccoli,NVIDIA的高級研究科學(xué)家?？芍?/p>

AlecjandroTroccoli能預(yù)見人工智能代替人類做家務(wù)的未來。故選D。

（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的"GeorgesNahon,president,OrangeInstitute,a

globalresearchlaboratory."GeorgesNahon,全球研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室奧蘭治研究所主任?？芍?/p>

GeorgesNahon的工作是研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室的主任。故選B。

（4）考查推理判斷。第三、四和五段分別為AlecjandroTroccoli預(yù)測人工智能代替人類做

家務(wù)的未來；GeorgesNahon預(yù)測人臉識別將和商業(yè)結(jié)合在一起以及MarkMichalski對人工

智能應(yīng)用于醫(yī)學(xué)的預(yù)測，可知這篇文章是通過列舉一些預(yù)測進(jìn)行論述展開的。故選C。

【點(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個題型的考查，是一篇科技類閱讀，考生需

要準(zhǔn)確捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。

4.閱讀理解

（TheNewYorkTimes,Oct.7）The2019NobelPrizeinphysiology（生理學(xué)）ormedicinewas

jointlyawardedtothreescientists——WilliamG.KaelinJr.,PeterJ.RatcliffeandGreggL.Semenza

——fortheirworkonhowcellssenseandadapttooxygenavailability.TheNobelAssembly

announcedtheprizeattheKarolinskaInstituteinStockholmonMonday.

Theirworkestablishedthegeneticmechanisms（札L制）thatallowcellstorespondtochangesin

oxygenlevels.Thefindingshaveimplications（啟示）fortreatingavarietyofdiseases.

Whydidtheywin?

"Oxygenisthelifebloodoflivingorganisms（生物體）saidDr.GeorgeDaley,deanofHarvard

MedicalSchool."Withoutoxygen,cellscan'tsurvive."Buttoomuchortoolittleoxygencanbe

deadly.Thethreeresearcherstriedtoanswerthisquestion:Howdocellsregulatetheirresponses?

Theinvestigatorsuncovereddetailedgeneticresponsestochangingoxygenlevelsthatallow

cellsinthebodiesofhumansandotheranimalstosenseandrespondtofluctuations（波動），

increasinganddecreasinghowmuchoxygentheyreceive.

Whyistheworkimportant?

Thediscoveriesrevealthecellularmechanismsthatcontrolsuchthingsasadaptationtohigh

altitudesandhowcancercellsmanagetohijack（攫?。﹐xygen.RandallJohnson,amemberofthe

NobelAssembly,describedtheworkasa"textbookdiscovery"andsaiditwouldbesomething

studentswouldstartlearningatthemostbasiclevelsofbiologyeducation.

"Thisisabasicaspectofhowacellworks,andIthinkfromthatstandpointaloneit'savery

excitingthing."Johnsonsaid.

Theresearchalsohasimplicationsfortreatingvariousdiseasesinwhichoxygenisinshort

supply—includinganemia,heartattacksandstrokes—aswellasfortreatmentofcancersthat

arefedbyandseekoutoxygen.

（1）ThisresearchhaswontheNobelPrizemainlybecause.

A.therewasnoresearchofthiskindinthepast

B.oxygenisthelifebloodoflivingthings

C.ithasuncoveredhowcellssenseandrespondtochangesinoxygenlevels

D.variousdiseaseswillbecuredwiththehelpofthefindingsoftheresearch

(2)Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat.

A.TheNobelPrizewasawardedtoaphysiologistonMondayinSweden.

B.Cancercellsmanagetohijackoxygenandneedoxygentodevelop.

C.Themoreoxygenthereisinblood,thehealthieralivingbodywillbe.

D.Thegeneticmechanismshavebeenfoundthatallowoxygentoadapttocells.

(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbestexplaintheunderlinedwordinthetext?

A.usedfortextbooksB.powerfulandauthoritative

C.typicalasaperfectexampleD.basicandclear

(4)InwhichpartofTheNewYorkTimescanyoufindthisarticle?

A.EntertainmentB.CultureC.TechnologyD.Science

【答案】(1)c

(2)B

(3)C

(4)D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道，介紹了2019年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎聯(lián)合授予了

三位科學(xué)家，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了細(xì)胞如何感知并適應(yīng)氧氣變化的含量。這是一項(xiàng)具有開創(chuàng)性的發(fā)

現(xiàn)，為抗擊貧血、癌癥和許多其他疾病的新策略鋪平了道路。

(1)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的”...fortheirworkonhowcellssenseandadaptto

oxygenavailability."以表彰他們在細(xì)胞感知和適應(yīng)氧氣供應(yīng)的適應(yīng)性方面所做的工作?？芍?/p>

這項(xiàng)研究之所以獲得諾貝爾獎，主要是因?yàn)樗沂玖思?xì)胞如何感知和響應(yīng)氧氣水平的變

化。故選C。

(2)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)Whyistheworkimportant?部分中的"Thediscoveriesrevealthe

cellularmechanismsthatcontrolsuchthingsasadaptationtohighaltitudesandhowcancercells

managetohijack(攫取)oxygen."這些發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示了細(xì)胞機(jī)制，這些機(jī)制控制著對高海拔環(huán)境的

適應(yīng)，以及癌細(xì)胞是如何攫取氧氣的?？芍┘?xì)胞設(shè)法攫取氧氣并需要氧氣來發(fā)育。故選

B,

(3)考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)Whyistheworkimportant?部分中的"itwouldbesomething

studentswouldstartlearningatthemostbasiclevelsofbiologyeducation”它將是學(xué)生在最基礎(chǔ)

的生物教育階段就開始學(xué)習(xí)的東西，可知RandallJohnson稱這項(xiàng)研究是很典型的發(fā)現(xiàn)，是"

教科書式的發(fā)現(xiàn)"。故可知劃線單詞意思為"典型的"，故選C。

(4)考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“(TheNewYorkTimes,Oct.7)The2019NobelPrizein

physiologyormedicinewasjointlyawardedtothreescientists—WilliamG.KaelinJr.,PeterJ.

RatcliffeandGreggL.Semenza—fortheirworkonhowcellssenseandadapttooxygen

availability.1《紐約時報(bào)》10月7日報(bào)道)2019年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎聯(lián)合授予了三位科

學(xué)家---WilliamG.KaelinJr.、PeterJ.Ratcliffe和GreggL.Semenza,以表彰他們在細(xì)胞感知

和適應(yīng)氧氣供應(yīng)方面所做的工作。)以及文章的主要內(nèi)容圍繞他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)，可知你可以在

《紐約時報(bào)》的科學(xué)版上找到這篇文章。故選D?

【點(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測和推理判斷三個題型的考查，是一篇新聞報(bào)

道，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，從而選

出正確答案。

5.閱讀理解

Byanalyzingthefossilizedteethofsomeofourmostancientancestors,ateamofscientistsled

bytheuniversitiesofBristol（UK）andLyon（France）havediscoveredthatthefirsthumans

significantlybreastfedtheirinfants（嬰JL）forlongerperiodsthantheircontemporaryrelatives.

Theresults,publishedinthejournalScienceAdvances,provideafirstinsightintothepractice

ofweaning（斷奶）thatremainotherwiseunseeninthefossilrecord.

Theteamsampledminuteamountsfromnearly40fossilizedteethofourSouthAfricanfossil

relatives,earlyHomo,ParanthropusrobustusandAustralopithecusafricanus.Theymeasuredthe

proportionsoftheirstablecalciumisotopes（同位素）inthetoothenamel（牙釉質(zhì)），whicharea

functionofthemothermilkintakebyinfants.TheyshowthatearlyHomooffspring（后代）was

breastfedinsignificantproportionsuntiltheageofaroundthreetofouryears,whichlikelyplayed

aroleintheapparitionoftraitsthatarespecifictohumanlineage（血統(tǒng)），suchasthebrain

development.

Incontrast,infantsofParanthropusrobustus,thatbecameextinctaroundonemillionyearsago

andwereamorerobustspeciesintermsofdentalanatomy,aswellasinfantsofAustralopithecus

africanus,stoppeddrinkingsizeableproportionsofmothermilkinthecourseofthefirstmonths

oflife.

Thesedifferencesinnursingbehaviorslikelycomewithmajorchangesinthesocialstructures

ofgroupsaswellasthetimebetweenthebirthofonechildandthebirthofthenext.

Oneofthestudy'sleadauthors,DrTheoTacailsaid:"Thepracticeofweaning--thedurationof

breastfeeding,ageatnon-milkfoodintroductionandtheageatcessationofsuckling-differs

amongthemodernmembersofthehominidfamilywhichincludeshumansandmoderngreat

apes:orangutan,gorillas,chimpanzeesandbonobos.

Thedevelopmentofsuchbehavioraldifferenceslikelyplayedmajorrolesintheevolutionof

themembersofhumanlineage,beingassociatedforinstancewithsizeandstructureofsocial

groups,braindevelopment.

However;gettinginsightsintothesebehavioralchangesfromfossilsthataremillionsofyears

oldisachallengeand,sofar,littleevidenceallowdiscussingnursingpracticesinthesefossil

species.

Thefindingsstresstheneedforfurtherexplorationofcalciumstablesisotopescompositionsin

thefossilrecordinordertounderstandtheco-evolutionofweaningpracticeswithothertraits

suchasbrainsizeorsocialbehaviors."

/first-human-ancestors-breastfed-for-longer-than-

contemporary-relatives/

https:〃/releases/2O19Q夕190829115427.htm

（1）Whatdoweknowthefindingsoftheteam?

A.IttakestheleadinfocusingonPracticeweaning.

B.Ithasdisclosedthelinkbetweentheweaningpracticeandothertraits.

C.Itisevidentthatnursingpracticeisassociatedwithbehavioralchanges.

D.It'scontemporaryhumansthatspendmoretimebreastfeedingtheirinfants.

(2)Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"suchbehavioraldifferences"inParagraph7most

probablyreferto?

A.Differencesinthecalciumisotopeintheteeth.

B.Differencesinthesocialstructureofgroups.

C.Differencesinthepracticeofweaning.

D.Differencesinthechangeofbehaviors.

(3)Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Theevolutionofhumanlineage.

B.Thepossibleinfluenceofnursingbehaviors.

C.Theexplorationofcompositionsinthefossil.

D.Thefunctionofmothermilkattheageofinfants.

【答案】(1)A

(2)C

(3)B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，通過對祖先牙齒化石的研究，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)第一批

用母乳喂養(yǎng)嬰兒的人類比同時代的其他的近親在時間上要長很多，而這種育幼差異可能在

人類進(jìn)化中扮演了重要角色，比如大腦發(fā)育和社會群體方面。

(1)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的"Theresults,publishedinthejournalScienceAdvances,

provideafirstinsightintothepracticeofweaning”可知這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《科學(xué)進(jìn)展》雜

志上，為斷奶行為提供了第一手資料，而這在化石記錄中是看不到的。故選A。

(2)考查句義猜測。根據(jù)第六段中的"Thepracticeofweaning-thedurationof

breastfeeding,ageatnon-milkfoodintroductionandtheageatcessationofsuckling-differs

amongthemodernmembersofthehominidfamilywhichincludeshumansandmoderngreat

apes:orangutan,gorillas,chimpanzeesandbonobos."可知現(xiàn)代人和古代人的斷奶行為不同，

而且人類和猩猩以及猿猴在斷奶的時間上是不同的，即不同時代/不同物種的斷奶行為是有

差異的，而畫線部分的such就是指上文提到的內(nèi)容。故選C。

(3)考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第七段中的"Thedevelopmentofsuchbehavioraldifferences...in

theevolutionofthemembersofhumanlineage,beingassociatedforinstancewithsizeand

structureofsocialgroups,braindevelopment.”可知，這種行為差異的發(fā)展可能在人類血統(tǒng)成

員的進(jìn)化中扮演了重要角色，例如與社會群體的大小和結(jié)構(gòu)，大腦的發(fā)展有關(guān)。所以短文

主要是關(guān)于育幼行為可能帶來的影響。故選B。

【點(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，句義猜測和主旨大意三個題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱

讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推

理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。

6.閱讀理解

FallingwaterisahousebuiltoverawaterfallinSouthwesternPennsylvania.FrankLloydWright,

America'smostfamousarchitect,designedthehousein1935.Itinstantlybecamefamous,and

todayitisaNationalHistoricLandmark.

In-DepthTour

ThetourisbestifyoudesireagreaterunderstandingofwhatWrightwasseekingtocreate

withhismasterwork.Thenumberofvisitorsoneachtourislimitedandphotographyispermitted

forpersonaluseonly.Childrennineyearsandoldermaybeaccompaniedbyadultsonthistour.

$65,00perperson(Availablebyadvanceticketpurchaseonly)

Dailyfrom10:00a.m.to4:00p.m.

GuidedHouseTour

Thistourfeaturesallthemajorroomsofthehouseandlastsaboutonehour.Photographyis

notpermittedduringthistour.TheGuidedHouseTourallowschildrensix-year-oldandolderto

enjoythehousewiththeirparents.

Adults—$20,00withadvancepurchase

—$23.00whenpurchasedonsite

Youth(aged6-12)—$14.00withadvancepurchase

—$17.00whenpurchasedonsite

Brunch(早午餐)Tour

Theguestsjointheirguideforbrunchbeforetheyleave.Childrennineyearsandoldermaybe

accompaniedbyadultsonthistour.Pleaseallowthreehoursintotalforthisexperience.

$115.00perperson(Availablebyadvanceticketpurchaseonly)

MaythroughSeptember-Saturdays&Sundaysat9:00a.m.

(1)WhatcanweknowaboutIn-DepthTour?

A.Theticketisavailableonsite.B.Itisnotavailableat9:30a.m.

C.Visitorsareforbiddentotakephotos.D.Thenumberofvisitorsisnotlimited.

(2)Howmuchwillacouplewithagirlaged8payiftheybuytheGuidedHouseTourticketsin

advance?

A.$34B.$63.C.$40,D.$54.

【答案】(1)B

(2)D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，介紹了一棟建在賓夕法尼亞州西南部瀑布上的房子

一一流水別墅。

(1)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解o根據(jù)In-DepthTour部分中的"Dailyfrom10:00a.m.to4:00p.m.”可知,

In-DepthTour在每日上午十時至下午四時之間開放。由此可知，早上9:30是不開放的。故

選Bo

(2)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)GuidedHouseTour部分中的"Adults—$20.00withadvance

purchase“成人-$20.00,預(yù)購；以及"Youth(aged6-12)—$14.00withadvancepurchaseM6-12

歲的青少年-$14.00,預(yù)購，可知，一對夫婦帶著一個8歲的女孩買導(dǎo)游房的門票需要花費(fèi)

$20.00*2+$14.00=$54.00o故選D。

【點(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解題型的考查，是一篇介紹類閱讀，考生需要主準(zhǔn)確捕捉細(xì)

節(jié)信息，并結(jié)合題目要求，從而選出正確答案。

7.閱讀理解

Itstartedduringayogaclass.Shefeltastrangepullonherneck,afeelingcompletelyforeignto

her.Herfriendsuggestedsherushtotheemergencyroom.Itturnedoutthatshewashavinga

heartattack.

Shedidn'tsharesimilarsymptomswithsomeonewhowaslikelytohaveaheartattack.She

exercised,watchedherplateanddidnotsmoke.Butonreviewinghermedicalhistory,Ifound

thathercholesterol（月旦固酹）levelwassky-high.Shehadbeenprescribedacholesterol-lowering

statin（他7?。﹎edication,butsheneverpickeduptheprescriptionbecauseofthescarythingsshe

hadreadaboutstatinsontheInternet.Shewasthevictimoffakemedicalnews.

Whilemisinformationhasbeentheobjectofgreatattentioninpolitics,medicalmisinformation

mightleadtoanincreaseindeaths.Asistruewithfakenewsingeneral,medicalliestendto

spreadfurtherthantruthsontheInternet—andtheyhaveveryrealbadconsequences.

Falsemedicalinformationcanalsoleadtopatientsexperiencinggreatersideeffectsthrough

the"noceboeffect（反安慰齊U效應(yīng)）Sometimespatientsbenefitfromanintervention（干預(yù)）

simplybecausetheybelievetheywill-that'stheplaceboeffect（安慰劑效應(yīng)）.Thenoceboeffect

istheopposite.Patientscanexperienceharmfuleffectsbecausetheyanticipatethem.Thisis

verytrueofstatins.Inblindedtrials,patientswhogetstatinsarenomorelikelytoreportfeeling

muscleachesthanpatientswhogetaplacebo.Yet,inclinicalpractice,accordingtoonestudy,

almostafifthofpatientstakingstatinsreportsideeffects,leadingmanytodiscontinuethedrugs.

Whatelseisonthefakenewshitlist?Asalways,vaccines（疫苗）.Falseconcernsthatthe

vaccinemaycauseside