積極心理療法的14步驟

PAGEPAGE11:OrientationLackofPositiveResourcesMaintainsDepressionTheroleofabsenceorlackofpositiveemotions,characterstrengthsandmeaninginmaintainingdepressionandemptylifeisdiscussed.TheframeworkofPPT,therapist’sroleandclient’sresponsibilitiesarediscussed.Homework:Clientswriteaone(roughly300-word)positiveintroduction,inwhichtheytellaconcretestoryillustratingtheircharacterstrengths.導(dǎo)入——積極資源的缺失會(huì)導(dǎo)致繼續(xù)抑郁1.1對(duì)來(lái)訪者積極情緒、特性優(yōu)勢(shì)的缺失所造成的影響以及來(lái)訪者繼續(xù)保持抑郁的心境和空虛的生活的含義（將意味什么）進(jìn)行討論；1.2治療師與來(lái)訪者討論積極心理治療的框架、治療師的角色和來(lái)訪者的職責(zé)。家庭作業(yè)：來(lái)訪者寫(xiě)一頁(yè)約300字左右的正面自我介紹文中要以講述具體的事情來(lái)證明（說(shuō)明）自己說(shuō)具有的個(gè)性優(yōu)勢(shì)。2:EngagementIdentifyingSignatureStrengthsClientsidentifytheirsignaturestrengthsfromthepositiveintroductionanddiscusssituationsinwhichthesesignaturestrengthshavehelpedpreviously.Threepathwaystohappiness(pleasure,engagement,andmeaning)arediscussedinlightofPPTIresults.Homework:ClientscompleteVIA-ISquestionnaireonline,whichidentifiesclients’signaturestrengths.參與——識(shí)別標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)2.1來(lái)訪者從家庭作業(yè)-積極介紹自己中識(shí)別自己的標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)；2.2討論標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)曾經(jīng)過(guò)自己的情境；2.3咨詢師和來(lái)訪者根據(jù)積極心理治療清單上的結(jié)果討論幸福的三個(gè)途徑-快樂(lè)，投入，有意義。家庭作業(yè)：來(lái)訪者完成識(shí)別自己標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)的問(wèn)卷VIA-IS。3:Engagement/pleasureCultivationofSignatureStrengthandPositiveEmotionsDeploymentofsignaturestrengthsisdiscussed.Clientsarecoachedtoformulatespecific,concreteandachievablebehaviorsregardingcultivationofsignaturestrengths.Roleofpositiveemotioninwell-beingisdiscussed.Homework(ongoing):ClientsstartaBlessingsJournalinwhichthreegoodthings(bigorsmall)thathappenedduringthedayarewritten.3：投入/快樂(lè)——耕耘或栽培自己的標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)和積極情感3.1討論標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)的施展或部署；3.2輔導(dǎo)來(lái)訪者制定具體、明確又可行的行動(dòng)方案，這一方案是以耕耘自己標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)為目的的。3.3討論積極情緒在自在(well-being)中的作用。家庭作業(yè)(繼續(xù)進(jìn)行中)：來(lái)訪者寫(xiě)幸運(yùn)日記，記錄（寫(xiě)下）當(dāng)天發(fā)生的三件好事，不論大事還是小事。4:PleasureGoodVersusBadMemoriesRoleofgoodandbadmemoriesisdiscussedintermsofmaintenanceofsymptomsofdepression.Clientsareencouragedtoexpressfeelingsofangerandbitterness.Effectsofholdingontoangerandbitternessondepressionandwell-beingarediscussed.Homework:Clientswriteaboutthreebadmemories,angerassociatedwiththem,andtheirimpactinmaintainingdepression.4.快樂(lè)——好的與壞的記憶4.1好的和壞的記憶在維持抑郁癥的癥狀方面有什么作用；4.2鼓勵(lì)來(lái)訪者表達(dá)自己憤怒和痛苦的感受；4.3談?wù)摴讨趹嵟屯纯鄬?duì)抑郁癥和自在感有什么影響；家庭作業(yè)：來(lái)訪者寫(xiě)三件壞的記憶，且寫(xiě)出與之有關(guān)的憤怒情緒，以及維持這種抑郁帶來(lái)的影響；5:Pleasure/engagementForgivenessForgivenessisintroducedasapowerfultoolthatcantransformangerandbitternessintofeelingsofneutralityoreven,forsome,intopositiveemotions.Homework:Clientswriteaforgivenessletterdescribingtransgression,relatedemotions,andpledgetoforgivetransgressor(ifappropriate)butmaynotdelivertheletter.5.快樂(lè)/投入——寬恕或原諒5.1介紹寬恕或原諒是一種強(qiáng)有力的轉(zhuǎn)化情緒的方法，它可以將憤怒和痛苦轉(zhuǎn)化成中性的情緒，甚至是有些積極的情緒。家庭作業(yè)：來(lái)訪者寫(xiě)封寬恕信（原諒信），描述別人的錯(cuò)過(guò)，寫(xiě)出與之有關(guān)的情緒，并且發(fā)誓原諒了別人，但信件不要寄出。6:Pleasure/engagementGratitudeGratitudeisdiscussedasenduringthankfulness,andtheroleofgoodandbadmemoriesishighlightedagainwithemphasisongratitude.Homework:Clientswriteandpresentaletterofgratitudetosomeonetheyhaveneverproperlythanked.6.快樂(lè)/投入——感激6.1談?wù)摳屑ぃ^感激，即為常懷感恩之心；6.2再次突出好的和壞的記憶的作用，并強(qiáng)調(diào)要常懷感恩之心；家庭作業(yè)：來(lái)訪者寫(xiě)一封感謝信，并交給他從來(lái)沒(méi)有真正地要感謝過(guò)的這個(gè)人。7:Pleasure/engagementMid-therapyCheckBothForgivenessandGratitudehomeworkarefollowedup.Thistypicallytakesmorethanonesession.Importanceofcultivationofpositiveemotionsisdiscussed.ClientsareencouragedtobringanddiscusstheeffectsoftheBlessingJournal.Goalsregardingusingsignaturestrengthsarereviewed.Theprocessandprogressarediscussedindetail.Clients’feedbacktowardtherapeuticgainsiselicitedanddiscussed.7.快樂(lè)/投入——中期治療檢查7.1繼續(xù)完成寬恕和感激的家庭作業(yè)，特別指出（尤其）這個(gè)任務(wù)要花上一個(gè)多學(xué)期；7.2討論耕耘（培養(yǎng)）積極情緒的重要性；7.3鼓勵(lì)來(lái)訪者把幸運(yùn)日志帶來(lái)并討論它的效果；7.4就之前制定標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)施展的目標(biāo)完成情況進(jìn)行檢查；7.5就上述提及的目標(biāo)施展的過(guò)程和取得的進(jìn)步進(jìn)行詳細(xì)討論；7.6引出來(lái)訪者對(duì)治療效果的反饋，并進(jìn)行討論；8:Meaning/engagementSatisfingInsteadofMaximizingSatisficing(goodenough)insteadofmaximizinginthecontextofthehedonictreadmillisdiscussed.Satisficingthroughengagementisencouragedinsteadofmaximizing.Homework:Clientswritewaystoincreasesatisficinganddeviseapersonalsatisficingplan.8.有意義/投入要知足，而不是無(wú)節(jié)制的利用8.1以享樂(lè)主義的生活方式為背景來(lái)討論知足，即足夠好就行了，不要欲望無(wú)限大；8.2鼓勵(lì)以投入（參與）來(lái)達(dá)到滿足，不是以無(wú)節(jié)制的利用來(lái)達(dá)到滿足；家庭作業(yè)：來(lái)訪者寫(xiě)出提高自己滿足的方法，并制定個(gè)人滿足計(jì)劃；9:PleasureOptimismandHopeClientsareguidedtothinkoftimeswhentheylostoutatsomethingimportant,whenabigplancollapsed,andwhentheywererejectedbysomeone.Thenclientsareaskedtoconsiderthatwhenonedoorcloses,anotheronealmostalwaysopens.Homework:Clientsidentifythreedoorsthatclosedandthreedoorsthatthenopened.9.快樂(lè)樂(lè)觀與有希望9.1引導(dǎo)來(lái)訪者想起那些時(shí)刻，比如說(shuō)當(dāng)他失去某個(gè)重要的東西時(shí)；當(dāng)某個(gè)重大的計(jì)劃落空或泡湯時(shí)；當(dāng)他被某人拒絕時(shí)。9.2問(wèn)來(lái)訪者怎么看“上帝給你關(guān)上一扇門(mén)，必定會(huì)為你打開(kāi)另一扇門(mén)”；家庭作業(yè)：來(lái)訪者認(rèn)同三扇門(mén)關(guān)閉的同時(shí)，必定會(huì)有另外的三扇門(mén)為他打開(kāi)。10:Engagement/meaningLoveandAttachmentActive-constructiverespondingisdiscussed.Clientsareinvitedtorecognizesignaturestrengthsofasignificantother.Homework1(on-going):Active-constructivefeedback—clientsarecoachedonhowtorespondactivelyandconstructivelytopositiveeventsreportedbyothers.Homework2:Clientsarrangeadatethatcelebratestheirsignaturestrengthsandthoseoftheirsignificantother.10.投入/有意義愛(ài)和忠誠(chéng)10.1討論有積極建設(shè)意義的回應(yīng)；10.2邀請(qǐng)來(lái)訪者識(shí)別出一個(gè)對(duì)自己重要的人的標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)；家庭作業(yè)1（進(jìn)行中）：有積極建設(shè)性的反饋——訓(xùn)練來(lái)訪者對(duì)別人報(bào)道的積極事件如何進(jìn)行有積極建設(shè)性地反映；家庭作業(yè)2：來(lái)訪者安排一個(gè)時(shí)間來(lái)慶祝自己和別人的標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)；11:MeaningFamilyTreeofStrengthsSignificanceofrecognizingthesignaturestrengthsoffamilymembersisdiscussed.Homework:ClientsaskfamilymemberstotakeVIA-ISonlineandthendrawatreethatincludessignaturestrengthsofallmembersoftheirfamilyincludingchildren.Afamilygatheringistobearrangedtodiscusseveryone’ssignaturestrengths.11：有意義家庭樹(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)11.1對(duì)識(shí)別出家庭成員標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)的重要性進(jìn)行討論；家庭作業(yè)：來(lái)訪者叫家庭成員在網(wǎng)上做VIA-IS測(cè)試，然后畫(huà)出所有家庭成員包括小孩的標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)的一棵家庭樹(shù)；最后安排一次家庭聚會(huì)對(duì)每個(gè)人的標(biāo)簽優(yōu)勢(shì)進(jìn)行討論。12:PleasureSavoringSavoringisintroducedasawarenessofpleasureandadeliberateattempttomakeitlast.Thehedonictreadmillisreiteratedasapossiblethreattosavoringandhowtosafeguardagainstit.Homework:Clientsplanpleasurableactivitiesandcarrythemoutasplanned.Specificsavoringtechniquesareprovided.12.快樂(lè)品味12.1介紹品味為體察快樂(lè)并有意將快樂(lè)持續(xù)下去。12.2強(qiáng)調(diào)享樂(lè)主義的生活方式可能會(huì)損害到對(duì)快樂(lè)的品味，并指出如何防止這種情況發(fā)生。家庭作業(yè)：來(lái)訪者制定快樂(lè)行動(dòng)的計(jì)劃，并有計(jì)劃的實(shí)施。提供如何去品味生活的一些具體的技巧。13:MeaningGiftofTimeRegardlessoftheirfinancialcircumstances,clientshavethepowertogiveoneofthegreatestgiftsofall,thegiftoftime.Waysofusingsignaturestrengthstoofferthegiftoftimeinservingsomethingmuchlargerthantheselfarediscussed.Homework:Clientsaretogivethegiftoftimebydoingsomethingthatrequiresafairamountoftimeandwhosecreationcallsonsignat