考研英語閱讀模擬175

［模擬］考研英語閱讀模擬175

多項(xiàng)選擇

Modernmankindcanneverreturntothewayoflifethatcharacterized

mostofhumanevolution.Settledagricultureand,toanevengreater

extent,urbanlivinghaveirrevocablyalterednatural,finelytuned

patternsofhumanreproduction.Newsocialandartificialrestraintson

fertilitymustreplacehighinfantmortalitiesandtheinvisiblebut

importantphysiologicalcontrolsthatoncelimitedfamilysize.The

variablesthatencouragesmallfamiliesarestillnotfullyunderstood,

buttheyincludeurbanization,educationalandemploymentopportunities

forwomen,andeasyaccesstofamilyplanningservices.Inatraditional

agriculturalsocietychildrenbringhopeofeconomicrewardstotheir

parentsatanearlystagebysharingintheworkthatisnecessaryto

supportthefamily,whereasinmodernindustrialsocietiesthecareand

educatingofchildrenrepresentlongyearsofheavyexpenditurebythe

parents.Thisswitchinthecostofchildrenmaybethemostimportant

factordeterminingtheadoptionoffamilyplanning.

Westernsocietiestookmorethanacenturytoreachzero

populationgrowthandadjusttotherapidexpansionofpopulationthat

accompaniedtheirindustrialization.Mostofthechangesthat

occurredinpatternsoffamilyplanningtookplacebeforepublic

familyserviceswereestablishedandatconsiderableemotionaland

physicalcoststomanycouples.Bycontrast,themajorityofthe

governmentsofcontemporaryThirdWorldcountrieshaveestablished

nationalfamilyplanningpoliciesandactivelyencouragetheuseofpublic

familyservices.TheWorldFertilitySurveyshowsthatmorecouplesin

developingcountriesdesiresmallfamiliesthanactuallyachievetheir

goals.

Thesignificanceofthechoicesfacingpolicymakersand

individualfamiliescanbeillustratedbyreferencetotrendsinfamily

planninginthePeople'sRepublicofChina.Foragenerationafterthe

Revolutionof1949nationalleadersmaintainedthataCommunisteconomy

couldaccommodateanyrateofpopulationgrowth,andfamilyplanning

services,whileavailable,werenotemphasized.Asaresultoftherapid

populationgrowthinthe1950sand'60s,however,thenumberofmarriages

inChinaexceedsby10,000,000eachyearthenumberoffertile

partnershipsbrokenbydeathorbytheonsetofthewomanJsmenopause.

Inordertotrytostabilizethepopulation,theChinesegovernmenthas

recommendedthat50percentofruralcouplesand80percentofurban

coupleshaveonlyonechild.Theapplicationofthistypeofpolicycan

haveanironiceffectonindividualwomen：olderwomenbelongtoa

i

generationthatcouldnotalwaysobtainbirthcontrolservices,and

youngerwomenmaybeencouragedor,insomecases,evenforcedtoabort

pregnanciestheywouldliketokeep.

Althoughconsensushasnotbeenreachedontherangeofbirth

controlmethodssocietyshouldoffertoindividualmembers,therightof

couplestodeterminethenumberandspacingoftheirchildrenisalmost

universally(endorsed),whilethepossibilityofcoercivefamilyplanning

isalmostaswidelycondemned.Throughouttheworld,awarenessofthe

advantagesanddisadvantagesofspecificmethodsofbirthcontrol,

thoughtfuljudgmentsaboutethics,andfurtherevolutioninmedicaland

scientificknowledgewillcontinuetobeimportanttothewelfareofthe

family,ofindividualnations,andoftheentire

globe.［526words］

第1題：

bestrepresent(s)thewayoflifethatcharacterizedmostofhuman

evolution.

A.Settledagriculture

B.Urbanliving

C.Naturalpatternsofhumanreproduction

D.Rapidexpansionofpopulation

參考答案：c

答案解析：

［注釋］參看第一段第二句："Settledagriculture...have

irrevocably...alterednatural...patternsofhumanreproduction.“可以

判斷出來，第一句中的“thewayoflifethatcharacterizedmostofhuman

v

evolution指的是“natural.??patternsofhumanreproduction”o

第2題：

Inmodernindustrialsocieties,contributesmosttotheadoption

offamilyplanning.

A.easyaccesstofamilyplanningservices

B.thetremendousincreaseinthecostofchildrearing

C.hopeofeconomicrewards

D.thecareandeducatingofchildren

參考答案：B

答案解析：

［注釋］由第一段的最后一句"Thisswitchinthecostofchildrenmaybe

themostimportantfactordeterminingtheadoptionoffamilyplanning.”

2

可矢口選項(xiàng)B.thetremendousincreaseinthecostofchildrearing對(duì)采取

計(jì)劃生育措施起的作用最大。

第3題：

InthePeople'sRepublicofChina,.

A.thenumberofnewly-marriedcoupleseachyearisnolessthan10

millions

B.thenumberoffertilepartnershipseachyearishalfthatof

marriages

C.familyplanningserviceshavealwaysbeenemphasized

D.familyplanningserviceswerenotemphasizeduntilearly1970s

參考答案：D

答案解析：

［注釋］第三段第四行"Asaresultoftherapidpopulationgrowthinthe

1950sand'60s,??.”含有中國在五、六十年代沒有重視計(jì)劃生育的意思，隱含

“到七十年代中國才開始重視計(jì)劃生育”，所以應(yīng)選選項(xiàng)“D.Familyplanning

serviceswerenotemphasizeduntil1970s”。

第4題：

Theunderlinedword“endorsed“inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans

A.approved

B.coerced

C.condemned

D.enforced

參考答案：D

答案解析：

［注釋］由劃線詞“endorsed”所在句中的讓步狀語從句uAlthoughconsensus

hasnotbeenreachedontherangeofbirthcontrolmethodssocietyshould

offertoindividualmembers,...［雖然對(duì)于社會(huì)向個(gè)人提供的計(jì)劃生育措

施應(yīng)該達(dá)到多大范圍尚未取得一致意見］，可以推知主句"therightofcouples

todeterminethenumberandspacingoftheirchildrenisalmost

universallyendorsedv的意思應(yīng)為：“夫婦雙方有權(quán)決定生育子女的個(gè)數(shù)及間

隔的時(shí)間是天經(jīng)地義的"。所以，“endorsed”的意思應(yīng)為："approved"。所

以，選項(xiàng)D應(yīng)為答案。

Muchcontemporarygrowththeorycanbeviewedasanattempttodevelop

atheoreticalmodelthatwouldbringtherateofgrowthofdemandandthe

rateofgrowthofsupplyintoline,sinceamodelimplyingthatcapitalist

systemsareinherentlyunstablewouldnotcorrespondtothehistorical

facts.Modelsofgrowthmaybeclassifiedaccordingtowhetherthey

emphasizeadjustmentsindemand(supply-determinedmodels)oradjustments

3

insupply(demand-determinedmodels).Oneofthebetter-knownexamples

ofthesupply-determinedmodelwasdevelopedbytheBritisheconomistJ.

R.Hicks.Hicksassumedthatthespendingpropensitiesofconsumersand

investorsweresuchastocausedemandtogrowatarateinexcessofthe

rateofgrowthofmaximumoutput.Thisassumptionmeantthatduringany

“boom"theeconomywouldeventuallyrunintoa“ceiling”that,whilealso

movingupward,wasmovinglessrapidlythandemand.Thelong-runrateof

growthoftheeconomywouldbedeterminedbytherateof(ascent)ofthe

ceiling,whichinturnwoulddependuponsupplyfactorssuchastherate

ofgrowthofthelabourforceandtherateofgrowthoftechnicalprogress

orproductivity.Ifforsomereasontheseweretogrowmorerapidly,

thenoutputwouldalsogrowmorerapidlyasdemandadjustedupwardtothe

morerapidgrowthofsupply.

Anexampleofademand-determinedmodelofgrowthisone

developedbytheAmericaneconomistJ.S.Duesenberry.IntheDuesenberry

model,spendingpropensitiesofconsumersandinvestorsaresuchasto

generatesteadygrowthindemand.Assumethatinsteadofspending

nine-tenthsofanychangeinincomeonconsumergoods,asinthemultiplier

exampleabove,theychoosetospend0.95.Thisincreasewillcausethe

rateofgrowthofdemandtoincrease.Thequestioniswhetheritwillalso

causetherateofgrowthofproductiontoincreaseorwhetheritwill

merelyresultinpriceincreases.Ifproductivityortechnicalprogress

respondstoahigherrateofgrowthofdemand,asDuesenberryassumes,

thenproductioncangrowmorerapidly.AlthoughinboththeHicksand

Duesenberrymodelsdemandandsupplygrowatthesamerate,theadjustment

mechanismsareentirelydifferent.IntheDuesenberrymodelsupply

adjuststodemand；intheHicksmodeldemandadjuststosupply.

Othermodelsofgrowthalsoillustratethisdistinctionbetween

demand-determinedandsupply-determinedgrowth.TheBritisheconomistN.

Kaldorassumedthatthereisamechanismatworkgeneratingfull

employment.Simplystated,inhismodelaninadequaterateofinvestment

willbeoffsetbyshiftsinthedistributionofincomebetweenprofits

andwages,whichwillcauseconsumptiontochangeinacompensatingmanner

sothatoveralldemandisunchanged.Whilethereareimportantdifferences

betweentheHicksandKaldormodels,bothcanbedescribedasmodelsof

supply-determinedgrowth.

[469words]

□

第5題：

Accordingtothispassage,theHicksmodel.

4

A.impliedthatcapitalistsystemsareinherentlyunstable

B.failstobringintolinetherateofgrowthofdemandandtherate

ofgrowthofsupply

C.assumesthatsupplyadjuststodemand

D.emphasizestheadjustmentindemand

參考答案：D

答案解析：

［注釋］由第一段第六行可知:theHicksmodel是supply-determinedmodel

的一個(gè)著名例證。而由該段第四行的.whethertheyemphasizeadjustments

indemand(supply-determinedmodels)or...”可矢口supply-determined

model"往往重視"adjustmentsindemand"。從第一段最后一句話中的"asdemand

adjustedupwardtothemorerapidgrowthofsupply”,也可以印證這一點(diǎn)。

第6題：

Theunderlinedword"ascent”inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans

A.acceleration

B.transformation

C.upwardmovement

D.downwardmovement

參考答案：C

答案解析：

［注釋］由.runintoa'ceiling'that,whilealsomovingupward,??.”

可知"ceiling”在向上運(yùn)動(dòng)。所以，此處的uascentofceiling”中的“ascend”

意為“upwardmovement。

第7題：

Accordingtothispassage,theDuesenberrymodel.

A.impliesthatcapitalistsocietiesareinherentlystable

B.succeededinbringingtherateofgrowthofdemandandtherateof

growthofsupplyintoline

C.assumesthatsupplyadjuststodemand

D.assumesthatdemandadjuststosupply

參考答案：C

答案解析：

［注釋］由第二段倒數(shù)第五行"Ifproductivityortechnicalprogress

respondstoahigherrateofgrowthofdemand,asDuesenberryassumes,

thenproductioncangrowmorerapidly.”可矢口^productivity,productionv

即supply隨demand增長。

第8題:

5

Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.BoththeHicksandDuesenberrymodelsassumethesameadjustment

mechanisms.

B.BoththeHicksandDuesenberrymodelsassumethatdemandandsupply

growatthesamerate.

C.BoththeHicksandKaldormodelsattempttokeepoveralldemand

unchanged.

D.BoththeHicksandKaldormodelsattempttokeeptherateofgrowth

ofdemandalwaysbelowthatofsupply.

參考答案：B

答案解析：

［注釋］由第二段倒數(shù)第四行"AlthoughinboththeHicksandDuesenberry

modelsdemandandsupplygrowatthesamerate,...”可矢口選項(xiàng)B正確。

Intelligencetestscoresfollowanapproximately(normal

distribution)，meaningthatmostpeoplescorenearthemiddleofthe

distributionofscoresandthatscoresdropofffairlyrapidlyin

frequencyasonemovesineitherdirectionfromthecentre.Forexample,

ontheIQscale,abouttwooutofthreescoresfallbetweenIQsof85and

115,andabout19outof20scoresfallbetween70and130,Putanother

way,onlyoneoutof20scoresdiffersfromtheaverageIQ(100)bymore

than30points.

IthasbeencommontoassociatecertainlevelsofIQwithlabels.

Forexample,attheupperend,thelabel“gifted”issometimesassigned

topeoplewithIQsoveracertainpoint,suchas130.Andatthelower

end,mentalretardationhasbeenclassifiedintodifferentdegrees

dependinguponIQ,sothat,forexample,IQsof70-84havebeenclassified

asborderlineretarded,IQsof55-69asmildlyretarded,IQsof40-54as

moderatelyretarded,IQsof25-39asseverelyretarded,andIQsbelow25

asprofoundlyretarded.Labelingschemeslikethese,however,have

pitfallsandareinsomewaysdangerous.

First,thelabelsassumethatconventionalintelligencetests

providesufficientinformationtoclassifysomeoneaseithergifted,

ontheonehand,ormentallyretarded,ontheother.Butmostauthorities

wouldagreethatthisassumptionisalmostcertainlyfalse.Conventional

intelligencetestsareusefulinprovidinginformationaboutsomepeople

someofthetime,buttheinformationtheyprovideisaboutafairlynarrow

rangeofabilities.Tolabelsomeoneasmentallyretardedsolelyonthe

basisofasingletestscoreistoriskdoingapotentiallygreat

disserviceandinjusticetothatperson.Mostpsychologistsandother

authoritiesrecognizethatsocialaswellasstrictlyintellectualskills

areimportantinclassifyingapersonasretarded.Ifapersonadaptswell

totheenvironment,thenitseemsinappropriatetorefertothatperson

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asmentallyretarded,atermwithinescapablypejorativeconnotations.

Second,giftednessisgenerallyrecognizedasmorethanjust

adegreeofintelligence,evenbroadlydefined.Mostpsychologistswho

havestudiedgiftedpersonsagreethatavarietyofaspectsmakeup

giftedness.HowardE：Gruber,theSwisspsychologist,believesthat

giftednessunfoldsoverthecourseofalifetimeandinvolvesachievement

atleastasmuchasintelligence.Giftedpeople,hecontends,havelife

plansthattheyseektorealize,andtheseplansdevelopoverthecourse

ofmanyyears.Tomeasuregiftednessmerelyintermsofasingletestscore

wouldbe,forGruber,atrivializationoftheconcept.

Third,agiventestscorecanmeandifferentthingstodifferent

people.AnIQscoreforapersonwhohasgrownupinaghettohomeand

gonetoaninadequateschooldoesnothavethesamemeaningasthesame

IQscoreforsomeonewhohasgrownupinanupper-middle-classsuburban

environmentandgonetoawell-endowedschool.AnIQscorealsodoesnot

meanthesamethingforapersonwhosefirstlanguageisnotEnglishbut

whotakesatestinEnglish,asitdoesforanativeEnglish-speaker.

Anotherfactoristhatsomepeopleare"test-anxious“andmaydopoorly

onalmostanystandardizedtest.Basedontheseandsimilardrawbacks,

ithascometobebelievedgenerallythatscoreshavetobeinterpreted

carefullyonanindividualbasis.

PsychologistsnowbelievethatIQrepresentsonlyapartof

intelligence,andintelligenceisonlyonefactorinbothretardationand

giftedness.Earlierrigidconceptsinthefieldofintelligence

measurement,whichledtolabeling,havehadundesirableeffects.The

growthofamorerecentconcept,themalleabilityofintelligence,has

alsoservedtodiscreditlabeling.

[624words]

a

第9題:

Theunderlinedexpression“normaldistributionninthefirstsentenceof

thispassagemostprobablymeans.

A.ordinarystatistics

B.probabilitycurve

C.probabilitytheory

D.expectedscattering

參考答案：B

答案解析：

［注釋］“statistics”以及選項(xiàng)C中的“theory”都與題目中所問的

7

“distribution”意思不一致。選項(xiàng)D中的“expected"（預(yù)期的）,側(cè)重在“人

們所期望的”；與題目中所問的“normal”（正態(tài)的）意思不一致。由第一段對(duì)

unormaldistribution”的描述可知，答案應(yīng)為選項(xiàng)B.probabilitycurve0

第10題:

Theauthorbelievesthatconventionalintelligencetestscanprovide

A.sufficientinformationtomeasurethelevelofanindividuaTs

intelligence

B.sufficientinformationtoclassifyanindividualaseithergifted

ormentallyretarded

C.someusefulinformationtomeasuresomeaspectsofaperson，s

intelligence

D.someusefulinformationtojudgeanindividual'sabilitytoadapt

totheenvironment

參考答案：C

答案解析：

［注釋］由第三段前三句話可知，作者并不認(rèn)為"conventionalintelligence

tests”提供了^sufficientinformation...v,所以,選項(xiàng)A和B不正確。由

第三段最后一句"Ifapersonadaptswelltotheenvironment,thenitseems

inappropriatetorefertothatpersonasmentallyretarded,atermwith

inescapablypejorativeconnotations.可知:根據(jù)“aperson'sabilityto

adapttotheenvironment”可以判斷這個(gè)人是否“retarded"。此處并沒有說，

"conventionalintelligencetests”為判斷其適應(yīng)環(huán)境的能力提供信息。由

該段第三句uConventionalintelligencetestsareusefulinproviding

informationaboutsomepeoplesomeofthetime,buttheinformationthey

provideisaboutafairlynarrowrangeofabilities.“口J知，選項(xiàng)C應(yīng)為

答案。

第11題：

Ithascometobebelievedgenerallythat.

A.anindividualwithahighIQscoreiscertainlygifted

B.anindividualwithalowIQscoremustbementallyretarded

C.anindividualwithahighIQscoremaybenolessmentallyretarded

thanonewithalowIQscore

D.IQscoresareinfluencedbyvariousfactors

參考答案：D

答案解析：

［注釋］“certainly”所表達(dá)的程度與原文的意思不符。選項(xiàng)B中的，ustbe”

與原文的意思不一'致。選項(xiàng)C.anindividualwithahighIQmaybenoless

mentallyretardedthanonewithalowIQscore.（智商高的人和智商低的

人一樣頭腦遲鈍。）與原文的意思不符。由倒數(shù)第二段第一句中的“giventest

8

scorecanmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeople”以及該段的分析,

可知選項(xiàng)D.IQscoresareinfluencedbyvariousfactors.應(yīng)為答案。

第12題：

Thepropertitleforthispassageshouldbe______.

A.IntelligenceTestScores

B.TheDistributionofIQScores

C.TheAssociationofIQScoreswithLabels

D.TheUndesirableEffectsofIntelligenceMeasurement

參考答案：B

答案解析：

［注釋］本文全文圍繞“智力測(cè)驗(yàn)成績的正態(tài)分布”這個(gè)主題展開了論述。選項(xiàng)

B.TheDistributionofIQScores與全文的論述范圍一致，應(yīng)是答案。選項(xiàng)

A.IntelligenceScores超出了本文論述的范圍。選項(xiàng)C.TheAssociationof

IQScoreswithLabels僅涉及到本文第二段論述的內(nèi)容，沒有囊括全文的意思。

選項(xiàng)D所說的“智力測(cè)驗(yàn)引起的問題”，雖然在文章最后提到了，但只是文章的

枝節(jié)意思而已。

Somepoliticalpressurescanhavenegativeeffectsonthegrowthof

knowledge,whileotherscanhavepositiveeffects.Examplesofsome

positiveeffectsofotherpoliticalmovementsonsciencearetheroles

playedbytheenvironmentalmovements,AIDSactivism,therace-basedcivil

rightsmovement,and,mostrecently,thenutritionandanti-smoking

movements.Attention,also,toissuesthatconcernwomen，smovementscan

enhanceourunderstandingofthephilosophicalandsocialaspectsof

scienceandtechnology.

Considertwochangesinthetraditionalphilosophyofscience

towhichwomen，smovementshavecontributed.Thefirsthastodowiththe

assumptionofneutralityintheresearchprocess.Ismaximizingthe

objectivityofresearchalwaysadvancedbymaximizingthesocial

neutralityofresearchprocesses?Theneutralityidealismaximally

effectivewhenitisinvokedincontextswheresocialbeliefsdifferamong

membersofthescientificcommunity.Buthowisitusefulindetecting

socialassumptionssharedbyanentirescientificcommunity-womenand

menalike—suchasassumptionsaboutwomen'sbiologicalinferiority?In

suchcasesittakespoliticalinvolvementtomovescientificinstitutions

toquestionprevailingassumptions.Moreover,theneutralityidealcannot

recognizeorprovideresourcesfordistinguishingbetweensocialor

politicalassumptionsthattendtoobstructthegrowthofknowledgeand

thosethatcouldadvanceit.Weneed“strongobjectivitytodetectthe

mostfoundationalassumptionsthatshapeourownbeliefsystems.

Inarelatedway,attentiontowomen，sconcernshashelpedto

revealthevalueofcognitivediversityinthescientificprocess.Just

9

asbiodiversityisinvaluableforhumanwell-being,so,too,iscognitive

diversity.Fewanylongerquestionwomen，sabilitytoapplythescientific

methodortoorganizecomplexresearchprojects,eveniftheydosometimes

approachtheirworkinwayslessfavoredbytheirmalecolleagues.The

humanintellectualrepertoireconsistsofmanystylesandmanywaysof

organizingtheproductionofknowledge.Thereexistsnojustifiable

scientificorphilosophicreasontorestrictthemtothesmallnumbers

thathavebeenfavoredatparticulartimesandplaces.“The"scientific

methodcanbeenhancedbyourappreciationofthewealthofintellectual

resourcestobegainedbyvaluingandpromotingcognitivediversity.

“Women's"issuesmattertowomeninscienceandtechnology

fields,andinsocietyatlarge.Ihavesuggestedhowtheyalsomatter

tothesciencesassuch,inwaysperhapsinitiallyunexpected.The

resourcesthatwomen7sissuesmakeavailabletothescienceshavenotbeen

fullyrealized.Toooftenwomen，sinterestsinanddesiresforknowledge

arecompromisedtosatisfycompetingeconomicorpoliticalagendas.Often

theyarewatereddownorcooptedandthebusinessofscienceandtechnology

institutionscontinueswithlittlechange.Moreover,aslongaspoverty,

racism,environmentaldestruction,andglobalinjusticesprevail,women,

aswellasmen,willnotrealizethefullbenefitsofscienceandtechnology.

Wecanatleasthopethatthegainsmadeininstitutionalpracticesand

inthegrowthofknowledgeduringthelastthreedecades-theresultof

positiveinteractionbetweenwomen，smovementsandscientificand

technologicalinstitutions-willpersist.

[509words]

第13題:

Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorprimarilyintendstotellusthe.

A.rolesplayedbysomepoliticalmovementsinscience

B.positiveeffectsofwomen，smovementsonscience

C.negativeeffectsofsomepoliticalmovementsonscience

D.positiveeffectsofsomepoliticalmovementsonscience

參考答案：B

答案解析：

［注釋］第一段共三句。前兩句指出某些政治活動(dòng)對(duì)科學(xué)可能產(chǎn)生積極作用。第

三句特別指出，對(duì)婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)的關(guān)注也會(huì)有益于理解科學(xué)。聯(lián)想到本文后三段主要

談的是：關(guān)注婦女問題在科技領(lǐng)域帶來的好處，因此，第一段的重點(diǎn)是第三句。

所以，選項(xiàng)B正確，應(yīng)為答案。

10

第14題：

Intheauthor，sopinion,thesocialneutralityofresearchprocesses

A.isthemostfundamentalassumption

B.tendstobeineffective

C.sometimesenhancestheobjectivityofresearch

D.hasnotbeenjustified

參考答案：C

答案解析：

［注釋］第二段第4行“Theneutralityidealismaximallyeffectivewhen

itisinvokedincontextswheresocialbeliefsdifferamongmembersof

thescientificcommunity.隱含有“科研過程的中立立場(chǎng)有時(shí)對(duì)研究的客觀

性很有益處”這樣的意思。所以，選項(xiàng)C應(yīng)為答案。

第15題：

Wecanlearnfromthispassagethat.

A.biodiversityisofnovalueatall

B.cognitivediversityisofnovalueatall

C.cognitivediversityisasvaluelessasbiodiversity

D.cognitivediversityisofgreatvaluetoscience

參考答案：D

答案解析：

［注釋］由第三段第2行“Justasbiodiversityisinvaluableforhuman

well-being,so,too,iscognitivediversity."可知,“人認(rèn)知的差異性和

人的生物差異性一樣，都極其寶貴?！庇傻谌巫詈笠痪?‘The'scientific

methodcanbeenhancedbyourappreciationofthewealthofintellectual

resourcestobegainedbyvaluingandpromotingcognitivediversity.”

可知，重視人認(rèn)知的差異性有益于改進(jìn)科學(xué)研究方法。所以，選項(xiàng)D正確，應(yīng)為

答案。

第16題：

Thispassageismainlyabout.

A.attentiontowomen，sissues

B.intellectualresources

C.thebenefitsofscienceandtechnology

D.women?sinterestsinanddesireforknowledge

參考答案：A

答案解析：

［注釋］本文共四段。第一段重點(diǎn)指出：對(duì)婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)的關(guān)注也會(huì)有益于理解科學(xué)。

后三段詳細(xì)分析了關(guān)注婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)方面的問題在科技領(lǐng)域帶來的各種好處。所以，

選項(xiàng)A正確，應(yīng)為答案。

11

TheAmericanFederationofLaborwasfoundedin1886.Itsfirst

president,SamuelGompers,heldthatposition,exceptforoneyear,until

hisdeath38yearslater.Underhisleadership,theorganizationgrewfrom

ahandfulofstrugglinglaborunionstobecomethedominantorganization

withintheLaborMovementintheUnitedStatesandCanada.

Line(5)GomperswasborninLondonin1850,learnedcigarmaking,

andemigratedwithhisfamilytoNewYorkin1863.Lifewasdifficultin

thecrowdedslumsofNewYork.Therewereafewrelativelylargecigar

makingshops,perhapswithasmanyas75employees；butmuchofthework

wasdoneinathousandormoresweatshops,oftenthesamecrowded

apartmentswheretheworkerslived.Thousandsoflittlechildrenworked

inNewYorksweatshopsandfactories,astheyhelped

Line(10)theirparentsekeoutaliving.

In1881GomperswassentasthedelegateoftheCigarMakers

toaconferenceofvariousunions,whichcreatedalooseconfederation,

tobecalledtheFederationofOrganizedTradesandLaborCouncils.

AlthoughwithoutthetitleofPresident,asheadofthelegislative

committee,Gompersbecameitsleader,practicallyspeaking；althoughthe

organizationwasstructurallyweakand

Line(15)ine