2013年山東大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真題試卷(題后含答案及解析)

2013年山東大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真題試卷(題后含答案及解析)題型有：1.StructureandVocabulary2.Cloze3.ReadingComprehension4.English-ChineseTranslation5.WritingStructureandVocabulary1．Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat______thespeakersstoppedforrefreshments.A．a(chǎn)tlargeB．a(chǎn)tintervalsC．a(chǎn)teaseD．a(chǎn)trandom正確答案：B解析：介詞詞組辨析。atlarge“整個(gè)地；充分地”；atintervals“不時(shí)，時(shí)時(shí)”；atease“不緊張，自由自在”；atrandom“隨便，隨機(jī)”。注意so…that…句型so后面的內(nèi)容prolongedandexhausting(冗長(zhǎng)且使人筋疲力盡)是原因，that是導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果，根據(jù)句意，只有B項(xiàng)符合題意。refreshments意為“飲料，點(diǎn)心”。2．Whentraveling,youareadvisedtotaketravelers’checks,whichprovideasecure______tocarryingyourmoneyincash.A．substituteB．selectionC．inferenceD．a(chǎn)lternative正確答案：D解析：名詞詞義辨析。旅游時(shí)，totaketravelers’checks是一種方式，tocarryingyourmoneyincash是另一種方式。根據(jù)題意，給出的建議是第一種而不是第二種。選項(xiàng)中，只有D項(xiàng)(供替代的選擇)符合句意。3．InevertrustedhimbecauseIalwaysthoughtofhimassucha______character.A．graciousB．suspiciousC．uniqueD．particular正確答案：B解析：形容詞詞義辨析。句子前半句是“我從不相信他”，根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系，可以肯定后面描述他的詞肯定不是什么好詞，選項(xiàng)中，唯有B項(xiàng)(多疑的，可疑的)是帶貶義的詞，常指所懷疑的對(duì)象或事情未必是真的，帶有疑神疑鬼、神經(jīng)過(guò)敏的含義。故答案為B。gracious“有禮貌的，寬厚的，優(yōu)美的”；unique“獨(dú)一無(wú)二的，唯一的”；particular“特別的”，帶有引入注目的意思。4．Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthis______producesartificialcoldsurroundingit.A．a(chǎn)bsorptionB．transitionC．consumptionD．interaction正確答案：A解析：形近異義詞辨析。選項(xiàng)都是以一tion為結(jié)尾，但意思卻相差甚遠(yuǎn)。absorption“吸收”；transition“傳送，過(guò)渡，傳遞”；consumption“消費(fèi)，消耗”；interaction“相互作用”。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)選擇A項(xiàng)。5．Language,culture,andpersonalitymaybeconsidered______ofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.A．indistinctlyB．separatelyC．irrelevantlyD．independently正確答案：D解析：固定搭配。separately后面應(yīng)該搭配from，而independently是of。故答案為D。6．ChristmasisaChristianholydayusuallycelebratedonDecember25th______thebirthofJesusChrist.A．inaccordancewithB．intermsofC．infavorofD．inhonorof正確答案：D解析：介詞詞組辨析。inaccordancewith“根據(jù)”，比較正規(guī)的字眼，通常指根據(jù)國(guó)家法律規(guī)定或某砦重要條例的規(guī)定；intermsof“就……而言；以……措詞；關(guān)于”；infavorof“喜歡”；inhonorof“紀(jì)念；招待”。根據(jù)句子中celebrated，birthofJesusChrist的信息，很容易判定D項(xiàng)最接近句意。7．Tosurviveintheintensetradecompetitionbetweencountries,wemust______thequalitiesandvarietiesofproductswemaketotheworldmarketdemand.A．improveB．enhanceC．guaranteeD．gear正確答案：D解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。分析句子的成分，句子的主語(yǔ)we，賓浯補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)thequalitiesandvarietiesofproducts，定語(yǔ)從句wemake修飾前面的名詞，所以句意是空格填入的動(dòng)詞與theworldmarketdemand搭配。選項(xiàng)中，只有g(shù)ear(使……適合)符合句意。guarantee意為“保證”。8．Togiveyouageneralideaofourproducts,weenclosethecataloguesshowingvariousproductshandledbyuswithdetailed______andmeansofpacking.A．specimensB．inspectionsC．samplesD．specifications正確答案：D解析：名詞詞義辨析。specification“詳述，規(guī)格，說(shuō)明書(shū)，規(guī)范”；specimen“范例，典范；樣品，樣本；標(biāo)本”；inspection“檢查，視察”；sample“樣品，樣本，例子”。本句此處是說(shuō)明書(shū)，規(guī)范的意思，故D項(xiàng)符合句意。9．Manyoftheconditionsthat______populationpressures—overcrowding,unemployment,poverty,hungerandillness—leadtodissatisfaction.A．bringforwardB．giverisetoC．feedupwithD．resultfrom正確答案：D解析：動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。bringforward=putforward／lookforward，后接todoingsth．的形式；resultfrom“起因于”。根據(jù)句意，D項(xiàng)符合。10．Arrivinganywherewiththesepossessions,hemightjustaseasily______foramonthorayearasforasingleday.A．putupB．stayupC．speedupD．makeup正確答案：A解析：固定搭配。putup與介詞for搭配，后接時(shí)間，意為“獲得食宿安排；暫住”，是固定用法。stayup意為“熬夜，不睡覺(jué)”。11．Thefactthattheearth’ssurfaceheats______providesaconvenientwaytodivideitintotemperatureregion.A．infrequentlyB．irregularlyC．unsteadilyD．uneveny正確答案：D解析：副詞詞義辨析。題干中的divide…into意為“把……分成”，根據(jù)句意，把地球表面分成temperatureregion以及選項(xiàng)，這個(gè)原因是加熱不均造成的，D項(xiàng)(不均衡地)符合句意。12．Ifacatcomestooclosetoitsnest,themockingbird______asetofactionstoprotectitsoffspring.A．hastensB．releasesC．devisesD．initiates正確答案：D解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。hastens“催促，加速”；releases“釋放，發(fā)表”；devises“發(fā)明，圖謀”；initiates“發(fā)動(dòng)，發(fā)起”。根據(jù)一般常識(shí)，當(dāng)有危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物靠近mockingbird窩時(shí)，mockingbird會(huì)采取一系列的措施來(lái)保護(hù)它們的幼鳥(niǎo)。故答案為D。13．Howlargeaproportionofthesalesofstoresinornearresortareascanbe______totouristspending?A．a(chǎn)ttributedB．a(chǎn)ppliedC．contributedD．a(chǎn)ttached正確答案：A解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞都可以與to連用，但意思不同。attributedto“歸因于；被認(rèn)為是……所為”；appliedto“適用于；應(yīng)用于”；contributedto“有助于；捐獻(xiàn)”；attachedto“附屬于；系于”。根據(jù)句意，aproportionofthesalesofstores與touristspending之間，用attributedto連接，符合句意。14．Knowledgeisacomfortableandnecessaryretreatand______forusinanadvancedage;andifwedonotplantitwhileyoung,itwillgiveusnoshadewhenwegrowold.A．ingredientB．relianceC．shelterD．inclination正確答案：C解析：上下文語(yǔ)義?？忌鶕?jù)題干后半部分的內(nèi)容itwillgiveusnoshadewhenwegrowold判斷，空格填入的名詞與shade(樹(shù)蔭)對(duì)應(yīng)。對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，只有C項(xiàng)(庇護(hù))符合句意，在這里意為“精神歸宿”。15．SomepeoplewouldliketodoshoppingonSundayssincetheyexpectto______wonderfulbargainsinthemarket.A．pickupB．bumpintoC．pileupD．bringback正確答案：A解析：動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。注意題干中的連詞since，在這里表示“因?yàn)椤?。根?jù)句意，到了Sundays，很多人都去商場(chǎng)買(mǎi)東西，因?yàn)榇蠹叶枷Ｍ斜阋素?。與wonderfulbargains(很好的便宜貨)搭配的動(dòng)詞詞組應(yīng)該是pickup(買(mǎi)到)，其他選項(xiàng)，bumpinto(無(wú)意中遇到，碰到)，pileup(積累，堆放起來(lái))，bringback(拿回來(lái))均不符合題意。16．Scientistsaresearchingfortheoldesttree______becauseitcanteachthemagreatdealaboutmanyissuesrelatedwithclimatechange.A．livelyB．a(chǎn)liveC．livingD．live正確答案：B解析：同根詞辨析。從句子成分上分析，主句是一個(gè)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句主句中scientists為主語(yǔ)，aresearchingfor作謂語(yǔ)，tree作賓語(yǔ)，theoldest和空格處的形容詞分別作tree的前置和后置定語(yǔ)。選項(xiàng)中，living“活著的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)明“尚在人間，健在”，可用來(lái)指人或物，作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；lively“活潑的”，活躍的，充滿生氣的”，可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ)，既可指人，又可指物；alive意為“活著的”，側(cè)重說(shuō)明生與死之間的界限，既可指人，也可指物，可用來(lái)作表語(yǔ)、后置定語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。選項(xiàng)中，是形容詞，又能作后置定語(yǔ)修飾tree的只有B項(xiàng)。17．ThedestructionoftheTwinTowersinNewYorkCity______shockandangerthroughouttheworld.A．temptedB．provokedC．summonedD．enveloped正確答案：B解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。tempted“引誘”；provoked“激怒”；summoned“召集”；enveloped“包圍”?？忌x出與shockandanger(震驚和憤怒)搭配的動(dòng)詞，只有B項(xiàng)符合邏輯。18．A1994WorldBankreportconcludedthat______girlsinschoolwasprobablythesinglemosteffectiveanti-povertypolicyinthedevelopingworldtoday.A．enrollingB．a(chǎn)ssigningC．involvingD．consenting正確答案：A解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)題干中school提供的信息，只有A項(xiàng)有學(xué)?！白?cè)，招收”的意思，故答案為A。assigning“分配，指派”；involving“涉及，牽扯”；consenting“允許；贊成”。19．TheUNofficialsaidaidprogramswillbe______untilthereisadequateprotectionforreliefpersonnel.A．multipliedB．a(chǎn)rrestedC．spannedD．suspended正確答案：D解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。not…until為固定句型，意為“直到……才，除非……”。根據(jù)句子后半部分adequateprotection的信息，前面應(yīng)該選具有否定意思的詞，排除A項(xiàng)(增加)、B項(xiàng)(逮捕)和C項(xiàng)(跨越)，只有D項(xiàng)(暫停)符合。20．Despitealmostuniversal______ofthevitalimportanceofwomen’sliteracy,educationremainsadreamformanywomeninfartoomanycountriesoftheworld.A．confessionB．identificationC．a(chǎn)cknowledgementD．compliment正確答案：C解析：名詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)對(duì)句子成分的判定，形容詞universal(統(tǒng)一的)的后面應(yīng)該接名詞。根據(jù)句意，women’sliteracy的重要性，應(yīng)該是有統(tǒng)一的共識(shí)。選項(xiàng)中，C項(xiàng)(承認(rèn)，感謝)可以表達(dá)這個(gè)意思，confession“坦白，供認(rèn)”；identification“鑒定；身份證”；compliment“贊美”。21．Sincetheislandsoilhasbeenbarrenforsomanyyears,thenativesmustnow______muchoftheirfood.A．deliverB．importC．produceD．develop正確答案：B解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。soil貧瘠，也就是地里幾乎長(zhǎng)不出糧食，導(dǎo)致thenatives通過(guò)其他的方式獲取食物。選項(xiàng)中能與food搭配，符合句意的是B項(xiàng)(進(jìn)口)。22．BecauseJenkinsneither______nordefendseithermanagementorthestrikingworkers,bothaidesadmirehisjournalistic______.A．criticizes...acumenB．a(chǎn)ttacks...neutralityC．confronts...aptitudeD．dismisses...flair正確答案：A解析：動(dòng)詞和名詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)neither…nor…的結(jié)構(gòu)可知，窄格處填入的動(dòng)詞與defends(保護(hù))的意思相反，選項(xiàng)中，只有criticizes符合。再看后面，acumen意為“敏銳”，journalisticacumen可以理解為“新聞嗅覺(jué)”。23．Someanthropologistsclaimthatafewapeshavebeentaughtarudimentarysignlanguages,butskepticsarguethattheapesareonly______theirtrainers.A．imitatingB．condoningC．instructingD．a(chǎn)cknowledging正確答案：A解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。Someanthropologists的看法是apes(猿)已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了arudimentarysignlanguage，那么據(jù)此判斷后文提到的skeptics的看法應(yīng)該與此不同，甚至是相反，根據(jù)argue后面賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)apes和賓語(yǔ)theirtrainers的信息判斷，二者之間的關(guān)系是前者模仿后者，符合句意的是A項(xiàng)。condoning“寬??；赦免”；acknowledging“承認(rèn)”。24．Itisironicthatthe______insightsofthegreatthinkersarevoicedsooftenthattheyhavebecomemere______.A．original...clichesB．banal...beliefsC．dubious...habitsD．philosophical...questions正確答案：A解析：形容詞和名詞詞義辨析。本題較難，考生根據(jù)頻率副詞often和so…that…(如此……以至于)判定后面填入的詞是貶義詞，選項(xiàng)中，只有cliches(陳詞濫調(diào))具有貶義的意思，再看前面original的搭配也是合理的，意為“最初的見(jiàn)解”。25．Themostfrustratingperiodsofanydietaretheinevitable______,whenweightloss______ifnotstops.A．moods...acceleratesB．feasts...haltsC．holidays...contractsD．plateaus...slows正確答案：D解析：名詞和動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。題干中的frustrating(令人沮喪的)一詞說(shuō)明后面的weightloss(減肥)的情況是不好的，排除A。由frustrating和時(shí)間連詞when判定前面的空不可能是moods(情緒)，feasts(宴會(huì))和holidays(假期)，只有plateaus符合句意，在這里是“停滯時(shí)期”的意思。26．Sincetheauthor’sunflatteringreferencestoherfriendswereso______,shewassurprisedthather______wererecognized.A．laudatory...stylesB．obvious...anecdotesC．oblique...allusionsD．critical...eulogies正確答案：C解析：形容詞和名詞詞義辨析。連詞Since意為“由于，因?yàn)椤?，由后面的surprised判定，前一個(gè)空應(yīng)填入貶義詞，排除A項(xiàng)(贊美的)和B項(xiàng)(明顯的)。D項(xiàng)中的eulogies意為“悼詞”明顯不符合題意，排除。故答案為C。本句句意：作者間接地指出了她朋友們的不當(dāng)之處，并驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，她的這種暗示被大家所認(rèn)可。27．Ifitistruethatmoralitycannotexistwithoutreligion,thendoesnottheerosionofreligionheraldthe______ofmorality?A．regulationB．basisC．beliefD．collapse正確答案：D解析：名詞詞義辨析。If條件句指出，morality和religion共存，根據(jù)主句中的主語(yǔ)theerosionofreligion(宗教腐朽)指示的應(yīng)該是morality的倒塌。故答案為D。28．Certainanimalbehaviors,suchasmatingrituals,seemtobe______,andtherefore______externalfactorssuchasclimatechanges,foodsupply,orthepresenceofotheranimalsofthesamespecies.A．learned...immunetoB．innate...unaffectedbyC．intricate...belongtoD．specific...confusedwith正確答案：B解析：形容詞詞義及動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。由題干中的matingrituals(交配儀式)判定此種行為應(yīng)該是天生的。選項(xiàng)中，unaffectedby與后面externalfactors(外部因素)搭配符合邏輯，故答案為B。29．Shakenbytwodecadesofvirtualanarchy,themajorityofpeoplewerereadytobuy______atanyprice.A．orderB．emancipationC．hopeD．liberty正確答案：A解析：上下文語(yǔ)義。題干中由Shaken引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞形式作句子的原因狀語(yǔ)，根據(jù)anarchy(無(wú)政府狀態(tài)，混亂)被動(dòng)搖了判定，所以空格填入order(次序，規(guī)則)與此對(duì)應(yīng)。30．Asapersonwhocombinescarewith______,Marisacompletedherdutieswith______aswellaszeal.A．levity...resignationB．enthusiasm...meticulousnessC．vitality...willingnessD．empathy...rigor正確答案：B解析：名詞詞義辨析。句中As引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)作整個(gè)句子的原因狀語(yǔ)。據(jù)此判定care與后一空格的詞對(duì)應(yīng)，前一空格與zeal對(duì)應(yīng)。根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的信息，與care對(duì)應(yīng)的詞是meticulousness(細(xì)致)，與zeal對(duì)應(yīng)的詞是enthusiasm(熱情)。ClozeThestudyofgeneticshasgivenrisetoaprofitablenewindustrycalledbiotechnology.Asthename【C1】______,itcombinesbiologyandmoderntechnologythroughsuch【C2】______asgeneticengineering.Someofthenewbiotechcompanies,astheyarecalled,【C3】______inagricultureandareworkingenthusiasticallytopatent(取得專(zhuān)利)seedsthatgiveahighyield(產(chǎn)量),that【C4】______disease,droughtandfrost,andthatreducetheneedfordangerouschemicals.【C5】______suchgoalscouldbeachieved,itwouldbemostbeneficial.Butsomehaveraised【C6】______aboutgeneticallyengineeredcrops.“Innature,geneticdiversity(多樣性)iscreatedwithincertainlimits,”saysthebookGeneticEngineering,FoodandOurEnvironment.“Arosecanbecrossed(雜交)withadifferentkindofrose,butarosewill【C7】______crosswithapotato...“Geneticengineering,ontheotherhand,usuallyinvolvestakinggenesfromonespeciesandinsertingthemintoanotherinanattemptto【C8】______adesiredpropertyorcharacter.Thiscouldmean,【C9】______,selectingagenewhichleadstotheproductionofachemicalwithantifreezepropertiesfromanarcticfish,andjoiningitintoapotatoorstrawberrytomakeitfrost-resistant.Itisnowpossibleforplantstobeengineeredwithgenes【C10】______frombacteria,viruses,insects,animalsorevenhumans.【C11】______,then,biotechnologyallowshumanstobreakthegeneticwallsthat【C12】______species.Likethegreenrevolution,【C13】______somecallthegenerevolution【C14】______totheproblemofgeneticuniformity(千篇一律)—somesayevenmoreso【C15】______geneticistscanemploytechniquessuch【C16】______cloningandorganculture,processesthatproduceperfectly【C17】______copies,orclones.Concernsaboutthebiodiversity,therefore,remain.Geneticallyalteredplants,however,raisenew【C18】______,suchastheeffectsthattheymayhaveonusandtheenvironment.“Weareflyingblindlyintoanew【C19】______ofagriculturalbiotechnologywithhighhopes,fewconstraints,andlittleideaofthepotential【C20】______,”saidsciencewriterJeremyRifkin.31．【C1】A．suggestsB．recallsC．concernsD．a(chǎn)dvises正確答案：A解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析?？涨暗腶s在這里是介詞，意為“根據(jù)，按照”，thename指代上一句的biotechnology。根據(jù)空后的combinesbiologyandmoderntechnology信息，說(shuō)明是對(duì)這個(gè)名詞的解釋?zhuān)疫@個(gè)解釋是從這個(gè)名字推斷出來(lái)的。選項(xiàng)中，suggests意為“暗示，建議”，符合句意和邏輯。故答案為A。32．【C2】A．conceptsB．viewsC．techniquesD．courses正確答案：C解析：上下文語(yǔ)義。空前的such指代前面的biologyandmoderntechnology，根據(jù)這一信息判定，只有C項(xiàng)(技術(shù))可以概括前面biologyandmoderntechnology的信息。故答案為C。33．【C3】A．participateB．focusC．specializeD．involve正確答案：C解析：動(dòng)詞詞組辨析和上下文語(yǔ)義。focus一般與介詞on搭配，排除B項(xiàng)。participatein“參加；分享”；specializein“專(zhuān)門(mén)研究……”；involvein“參與；涉及”。根據(jù)空格所在句子的thenewbiotechcompanies，agriculture，specializein與agriculture搭配符合前后邏輯，意為“專(zhuān)門(mén)從事農(nóng)業(yè)的研究”。故答案為C。34．【C4】A．treatB．a(chǎn)voidC．opposeD．resist正確答案：D解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。空格所在句子是三個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾seeds。根據(jù)空格前的信息giveahighyield推斷出后面的內(nèi)容是能夠抵御disease，droughtandfrost的種子。選項(xiàng)中，resist意為“抵抗；忍耐”，在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域中，常與disease，drought，frost等同搭配使用，“抵御疾病、干旱和霜凍”，且后文出現(xiàn)了frost—resistant的信息。故答案為D。35．【C5】A．IfB．UnlessC．SinceD．As正確答案：A解析：邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)空格所在句子的信息判斷suchgoalscouldbeachieved是主句itwouldbemostbeneficial的條件。選項(xiàng)中，if可以引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，A項(xiàng)符合句意。36．【C6】A．demandsB．topicsC．concernsD．lessons正確答案：C解析：固定搭配。concerns與about為固定搭配，意為“對(duì)……表示擔(dān)心、憂慮”。37．【C7】A．sometimesB．neverC．frequentlyD．eventually正確答案：B解析：上下文語(yǔ)義。前一句提到一種玫瑰花canbecrossedwith不同種類(lèi)的玫瑰花，接著是but，要進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)折，根據(jù)后面的apotato的信息判定，此處應(yīng)填入具有否定意思的詞。只有B項(xiàng)符合要求。38．【C8】A．conveyB．transferC．selectD．collect正確答案：B解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)空格前面的內(nèi)容taking…from…andinserting…intoanother…to，這一系列的過(guò)程的目的是“轉(zhuǎn)移”adesiredpropertyorcharacter。convey指以某種方式或由某一“途徑”將人或物運(yùn)送至某地；transfer指把人或物從一處“轉(zhuǎn)送”到另一處。故答案為B。39．【C9】A．forexampleB．foronethingC．ononehandD．inanycase正確答案：A解析：上下文語(yǔ)義。B項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)都是“一方面”的意思，一般放句首，排除。根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)義，此處使用具體的例子解釋前面基因轉(zhuǎn)移的過(guò)程。故答案為A。inanycase意為“無(wú)論如何”。40．【C10】A．resultedB．evolvedC．injectedD．taken正確答案：D解析：動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。resultedfrom“起因于；由……造成”；evolvedfrom“演變而來(lái)，從……進(jìn)化，從……演變”；injectedfrom“從……注射”；takenfrom“從……取出”。要填入的動(dòng)詞與genes和bacteria，viruses，insects，animalsorevenhumans搭配，根據(jù)句意，基因只能是從bacteria，viruses，insects，animalsorevenhumans中提取出來(lái)，故答案為D。41．【C11】A．IncontrastB．InthatC．IncaseD．Inessence正確答案：C解析：詞組辨析。Incontrast“與此相反；比較起來(lái)”；Inthat“因?yàn)?；由于；既然”；Incase“萬(wàn)一；假使”；Inessence“本質(zhì)上；其實(shí)；大體上”。根據(jù)前后文的句意和邏輯關(guān)系判定，不是比較關(guān)系和因果關(guān)系，排除A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)，空格所在句子說(shuō)明的也不是基因重組的本質(zhì)，故答案為C。42．【C12】A．separateB．formC．createD．vary正確答案：A解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。通過(guò)基因技術(shù)，人類(lèi)成為獨(dú)立的物種。選項(xiàng)中，separate符合上下文語(yǔ)義。故答案為A。43．【C13】A．whatB．whereC．a(chǎn)sD．so正確答案：A解析：主語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)從句somecallthegenerevolution作空格所在句子的主語(yǔ)，這個(gè)句子缺call的賓語(yǔ)，選項(xiàng)中，只有關(guān)系代詞what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句符合語(yǔ)法要求。44．【C14】A．combinesB．contributesC．commandsD．breaks正確答案：B解析：固定搭配。contributes與to為固定搭配，意為“有助于……”。45．【C15】A．thatB．becauseC．ifD．when正確答案：B解析：邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)空前面的信息theproblemofgeneticuniformity可以判定后面的內(nèi)容與前面構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，連詞because可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，故答案為B。46．【C16】A．likeB．forexampleC．a(chǎn)sD．is正確答案：C解析：固定搭配。suchas為固定用法，意為“例如”，與forexample是同一個(gè)意思。47．【C17】A．resemblingB．a(chǎn)likeC．similarD．identical正確答案：D解析：形容詞詞義辨析。由perfectly和copies判定此處填入的是形容詞。resembling“像”，指看起來(lái)像，動(dòng)詞resemble的變形，不是形容詞，排除；alike常作表語(yǔ)，表示在外表、性格或品質(zhì)等方面幾乎相同、相似的、相同的；similar意為“相似的，類(lèi)似的”，常與介詞to連用；identical指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，表示“同一的”，可以與same互換。在描寫(xiě)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物時(shí)，表示“完全一樣的”。根據(jù)句意，produce與copies是“完全一樣的”。故答案為D。48．【C18】A．issuesB．heightC．difficultiesD．goals正確答案：A解析：名詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意alteredplants帶來(lái)的新問(wèn)題。選項(xiàng)中，只有issues“議題，問(wèn)題”符合要求。49．【C19】A．spotB．eraC．deadlineD．scheme正確答案：B解析：名詞詞義辨析。highhopes，fewconstraints等短語(yǔ)說(shuō)明前面的空格應(yīng)填入正向或中性的詞，再根據(jù)句意，anew與era符合邏輯，意為“新的時(shí)代”。50．【C20】A．navigationsB．mysteryC．outcomesD．destinations正確答案：C解析：名詞詞義辨析。littleideaof意為“不知道”。navigations“航行，航?！?；mystery“神秘”；outcomes“產(chǎn)生，結(jié)果”；destinations“目的地，終點(diǎn)”。根據(jù)句意，不知道基因技術(shù)會(huì)帶來(lái)的潛在結(jié)果。故答案為C。ReadingComprehensionTheCarnegieFoundationreportsaysthatmanycollegeshavetriedtobe“allthingstoallpeople”.Indoingso,theyhaveincreasinglycateredtoanarrowmindedcareerismwhilefailingtocultivateaglobalvisionamongtheirstudents.Thecurrentcrisis,itcontends,doesnotderivefromalegitimatedesiretoputlearningtoproductiveends.Theproblemisthatintoomanyacademicfields,theworkhasnocontext;skills,ratherthanbeingmeans,havebecomeends.Studentsareofferedavarietyofoptionsandallowedtopicktheirwaytoadegree.Inshort,drivenbycareerism,“thenation’scollegesanduniversitiesaremoresuccessfulinprovidingcredentials(文憑)thaninprovidingaqualityeducationfortheirstudents.“Thereportconcludesthatthespecialchallengeconfrontingtheundergraduatecollegeisoneofshapinganintegratedcoreofcommonlearning.Suchacorewouldintroducestudentstoessentialknowledge,toconnectionsacrossthedisciplines,andintheend,toapplicationofknowledgetolifebeyondthecampus.“Althoughthekeytoagoodcollegeisahigh-qualityfaculty,theCarnegiestudyfoundthatmostcollegesdoverylittletoencouragegoodteaching.Infact,theydomuchtoundermineit.Asoneprofessorobserved:“Teachingisimportant,wearetold,andyetfacultyknowthatresearchandpublicationmattermost.“Notsurprisingly,overthelasttwentyyearscollegesanduniversitieshavefailedtograduatehalfoftheirfour-yeardegreecandidates.Facultymemberswhodedicatedthemselvestoteachingsoondiscoverthattheywillnotbegrantedtenure(終身任期),promotion,orsubstantialsalaryincreases.Yet70percentofallfacultiessaytheirinterestsliemoreinteachingthaninresearch.Additionally,afrequentcomplaintamongyoungscholarsisthat“Thereispressuretopublish,althoughthereisvirtuallynointerestamongadministratorsorcolleaguesinthecontentofthepublications.“51．Whenacollegetriestobe“allthingstoallpeople”(Line1-2,Para.1)itaimsto______.A．satisfytheneedsofallkindsofstudentssimultaneouslyB．focusontrainingstudentsinvariousskillsC．encouragestudentstotakeasmanycoursesaspossibleD．makelearningserveacademicratherthanproductiveends正確答案：C解析：細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)原文首段的內(nèi)容可知，卡耐基財(cái)團(tuán)的報(bào)告對(duì)manycolleges采取allthingstoallpeople的做法是不贊同的。由此判定答案在原文首段第四句，原文中的toomanyacademicfields與選項(xiàng)C中的asmanycoursesaspossible對(duì)應(yīng)。故答案為C。選項(xiàng)A、B、D均是卡耐基財(cái)團(tuán)的報(bào)告提出的建議。52．Bysayingthat“intoomanyacademicfields,theworkhasnocontext”(Lines4-5,Pare.1)theauthormeansthattheteachingintheseareas______.A．ignorestheactualsituationB．isnotbasedontherightperspectiveC．onlyfocusesonanintegratedcoreofcommonlearningD．givesprioritytothecultivationofaglobalvisionamongstudents正確答案：B解析：細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到原文首段第四句，原文通過(guò)一系列的否定nocontext，ratherthan來(lái)說(shuō)明，theteaching并沒(méi)有從正確的角度出發(fā)。故答案為B。53．OneofthereasonsforthecurrentcrisisinAmericancollegesanduniversitiesisthatA．a(chǎn)narrowvocationalismhascometodominatemanycollegesB．studentsdon’thaveenoughfreedominchoosingwhattheywanttolearnC．skillsarebeingtaughtasameanstoanendD．studentsareonlyinterestedinobtainingcredentials正確答案：A解析：細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞currentcrisis與原文首段第二句failingto對(duì)應(yīng)，進(jìn)行定位。原文中的anarrow與選項(xiàng)A重現(xiàn)；mindedcareerism與選項(xiàng)A中的vocationalism對(duì)應(yīng)；increasinglycateredto與選項(xiàng)A中的cometodominate對(duì)應(yīng)。故答案為A。選項(xiàng)C與原文首段第四句表述的內(nèi)容不符，skills，ratherthanbeingmeans，havebecomeends(技能變成了目的，而不是手段)。選項(xiàng)B和D提到是collegesanduniversities存在的問(wèn)題，而不是原因，故排除。54．Americancollegesanduniversitiesfailedtograduatehalfoftheirfour-yeardegreecandidatesbecause______.A．mostofthemlackhigh-qualityfacultiesB．theinterestsofmostfacultymemberslieinresearchC．therearenotenoughincentivesforstudentstostudyhardD．theyattachgreaterimportancetoresearchandpublicationthantoteaching正確答案：D解析：細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞halfoftheirfour—yeardegreecandidates為原文尾段第四句重現(xiàn)定位答案。閱讀相關(guān)信息，原因在前一句話，researchandpublication與選項(xiàng)D重現(xiàn)，most與選項(xiàng)D中的thantoteaching。故答案為D。55．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethathigh-qualitycollegeeducationcallsfor______.A．puttingacademicworkinthepropercontextB．a(chǎn)commitmenttostudentsandeffectiveteachingC．thepracticeofputtinglearningtoproductiveendsD．dedicationtoresearchinfrontierareasofknowledge正確答案：B解析：細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。原文首段尾句是報(bào)告得出的關(guān)于學(xué)校應(yīng)該向?qū)W生做什么的結(jié)論…introducestudentstoessentialknowledge，toconnectionsacrossthedisciplines…toapplicationofknowledgetolifebeyondthecampus這些內(nèi)容都是學(xué)校應(yīng)該向?qū)W生做出的承諾。原文尾段首句提出mostcolleges在鼓勵(lì)goodteaching方面做得很少，故goodteaching應(yīng)該也是high-qualitycollegeeducation應(yīng)該具備的，與選項(xiàng)B中的effectiveteaching對(duì)應(yīng)。故答案為B。EndangeredSpeciesEndangeredspeciesareplantsandanimalsthatareinimmediatedangerofextinction.Extinctionisactuallyanormalprocessinthecourseofevolution.Sincetheformationoftheearth,manymorespecieshavebecomeextinctthanthoseexisttoday.Thesespeciesslowlydisappearedbecauseofchangesofclimateandtheirfailuretoadapttosuchconditionsascompetitionandpredation(捕食).Sincethe1600s,however,theprocessofextinctionhasgreatlyacceleratedasaresultofbothhumanpopulationgrowthandtechnologicalencroachment(侵犯)onnaturalecologysystems.Todaythemajorityoftheworld’senvironmentsarechangingfasterthantheabilityofmostspeciestoadapttosuchchangesthroughnaturalselection.Speciesbecomeextinctorendangeredforanumberofreasons,buttheprimarycauseisthedestructionofnaturalhabitats(棲息地).Drainageofwetlands(沼澤地),cuttingandclearingofforests,growthofcities,andhighwayanddamconstructionhaveseriouslyreducedavailablenaturalhabitats.Asthevarioussurroundingsbecomefragments,theremaininganimalpopulationscrowdintosmallerareas,causingfurtherdestructionofnaturalsurroundings.Speciesinthesesmallislandslosecontactwithotherpopulationsoftheirownkind,thusreducingtheirgeneticvariationandmakingthemlessadaptabletoenvironmentchanges.Sincethe1600s,commercialexploitationofanimalsforfoodandotherproductshascausedmanyspeciestobecomeextinctorendangered.Introduceddiseasesandparasiteshavealsogreatlyreducedsomespecies.Pollutionisanotherimportantcauseoftheirextinction.Someprivateandgovernmentaleffortshavebeenorganizedtosavedecliningspecies.Lawsweremadeinsomecountriesintheearly1900stoprotectwildanimalsfromcommercialtradeandkilling.InternationalendeavorsareshownintheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies,approvedby51nations.Itspurposeistorestrictexploitationofwildanimalsandplantsbyregulatingandrestrictingtradeincertainspecies.Howeffectivesuchlawswillbeinvariouscountries,however,dependsonenforcement(實(shí)施)andsupportbythepeopleandthecourts.Becauseofalackoflawenforcement,thewillingnessofsomesegmentsofsocietytotradeinendangeredspecies,theactivitiesofpeoplewhocatchandkillanimalsillegallyanddealerswhosupplythetrade,thefutureofmanyspeciesisindoubtinspiteoflegalprotection.56．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfactorcausingtherapidextinctionofmanspeciessincethe17thcentury?A．Humanbeingsarenotawareoftheimportanceofpreservingendangeredspecies.B．Someendangeredspecieshavealreadyreachedtheendoftheirlifespaninevolution.C．Thedevelopmentofhumansocietyhasgreatlyaffectednaturalecologysystems.D．Theworld’sclimatehaschangedsogreatlythatmostspeciescannotsurvive.正確答案：C解析：細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干中的時(shí)間關(guān)鍵詞the17thcentury與原文首段第五句中的the1600s對(duì)應(yīng)，定位答案。題干中的themostimportantfactor與原文中的greatlyaccelerated對(duì)應(yīng)；題干中的extinction為原文重現(xiàn)；題干中的causing與原文中的asaresultof對(duì)應(yīng)，故of后的內(nèi)容就是答案，其中humanpopulationgrowthandtechnological被選項(xiàng)C概括為T(mén)hedevelopmentofhumansociety，encroachment與選項(xiàng)C中的greatlyaffected對(duì)應(yīng)，選項(xiàng)C中naturalecologysystems為原文重現(xiàn)。故答案為C。57．Inthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraph,theword“islands”refersto______.A．thelandsthatarecompletelysurroundedbywaterB．thewildanimals’breedinggroundsprotectedbylawC．thepiecesoflandseparatedbymodernbuildingsandroadsD．thesmallandisolatedareasinhabitedbycertainspecies正確答案：D解析：語(yǔ)義題。注意smallislands前的these，these指代前面的smallerareas內(nèi)容，這個(gè)islands是由theremaininganimalpopulations圍成的，與選項(xiàng)D中的certainspecies對(duì)應(yīng)。故答案為D。選項(xiàng)A中的water，選項(xiàng)B中的thewildanimals’breeding，選項(xiàng)C中的modernbuildingsandroads原文均沒(méi)有提及。58．Thispassagementionsallofthefollowingreasonsthatcausetheextinctionofmanspeciesexcept______.A．naturalselectionofspeciesB．variousnaturaldisastersC．commercialtradeandkillingD．destructionofnaturalsurroundings正確答案：B解析：細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。注意題干中的except。由原文首段第二句的內(nèi)容…actuallyanormalprocessinthecourseofevolution可知選項(xiàng)A正確。由第二段首句中的thedestructionofnaturalhabitats內(nèi)容可知選項(xiàng)D正確。由尾段第二句的內(nèi)容commercialtradeandkilling可知選項(xiàng)C正確。原文首段第四句提到了changesofclimate，但原文沒(méi)有提及naturaldisasters，故答案為B。59．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingismostimportantinsavingdecliningspecies?A．Governmentsshouldmakesomelawstoprotectendangeredspecies.B．Peopleshouldpaymoreattentiontotheprotectionofnaturalsurroundings.C．Relevantlawsmustbemadeandenforcedwiththesupportofthepeople.D．Someorganizationsshouldwarnpeoplenottotradeinendangeredanimals.正確答案：C解析：細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)題干中的savingdecliningspecies與原文尾段首句中的savedecliningspecies(拯救瀕危物種)對(duì)應(yīng)，對(duì)答案進(jìn)行定位。仔細(xì)閱讀原文尾段，第二句中的Lawsweremadeinsomecountries是重要的措施。再由原文尾段第五句的轉(zhuǎn)折連詞however判定本句中的Howeffectivesuchlaws也是重要的方面，此句中的enforcement為選項(xiàng)C中enforced的同根詞，support為選項(xiàng)C的重現(xiàn)。故答案為C。60．Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheprospectofprotectingendangeredspeciesfrombeingextinct?A．Worried.B．Optimistic.C．Indifferent.D．Confident.正確答案：A解析：作者態(tài)度題。由原文尾段尾句中的indoubt推知，選項(xiàng)A的Worried(令人擔(dān)憂的)是作者對(duì)protectingendangeredspecies現(xiàn)狀的態(tài)度。Thosewhowelcomedtherailwaysawitasmorethanarapidandcomfortablemeansofpassing.Theyactuallysawitasafactorinworldpeace.Theydidnotforeseethattherailwaywouldbejustonemoremeansfortherapidmovementofaggressivearmies.Noneofthemforesawthatthemorewearetogether—themorechancesthereareofwar.Anyboyorgirlwhoisoneofalargefamilyknowsthat.Wheneveranynewinventionisputforward,thoseforitandthoseagainstitcanalwaysfindmedicalmentoapproveorcondemn.Theanti-railwaygroupproduceddoctorswhosaidthattunnelswouldbemostdangeroustopublichealth:theywouldproducecolds,catarrhs(粘膜炎)andconsumptions.Thedeafeningnoiseandtheglareoftheenginefirewouldhaveabadeffectonthenerves.Further,beingmovedthroughtheairatahighspeedwoulddograveinjurytodelicatelungs.Inthosewithhighblood-pressure,themovementofthetrainmightproduceapoplexy(中風(fēng)).Thesuddenplungingofatrainintothedarknessofatunnel,andtheequallysuddenrushintofulldaylight,wouldcausegreatdamagetoeyesight.Butthepro-railwaygroupwasofcourseabletoproduceequallyfamousmedicalmentosayjusttheopposite.Theysaidthatthespeedandswingofthetrainwouldequalizethecirculation,promotedigestion,tranquilizethenerves,andensuregoodsleep.Theactualrolling-stockwasanythingbutcomfortable.Ifitwasatestofendurancetositforfourhoursoutsideacoachinrain,orinsideindirtyair,therailwayofferedlittlemoreinthewayofcomfort.Certainlythefirst-classcarriages