被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)定義

/主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)①am\is\are②do/does(V.\V.s)am\is\are+done(V.p.p)一般將來(lái)時(shí)will\begoingto\be(about)to+do(V.)will+be+done(V.p.p)一般過(guò)去時(shí)①was\were②did(V.-ed)was\were+done(V.p.p)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am\is\are+doing(V.-ing)am\is\are+being+done(V.p.p)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was\were+doing(V.-ing)was\were+being+done(V.p.p)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have\has+done(V.p.p.)have\has+been+done(V.p.p)過(guò)去完成時(shí)had+done(V.p.p.)had+been+done(V.p.p.)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+V.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+done(V.p.p.)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would/should+V.would/shouldbe+done(V.p.p.)1)不與物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(即多數(shù)的瞬間動(dòng)詞):appear,die(死亡),disappear(消失),end(vi.結(jié)束),fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,standbreakout,cometrue,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,takeplace.Afterthefire,verylittleremainedofmyhouse.比較:rise,fall,happen是不與物動(dòng)詞;raise,seat是與物動(dòng)詞。(錯(cuò))Thepricehasbeenrisen.(對(duì))Thepricehasrisen.(錯(cuò))Theaccidentwashappenedlastweek.(對(duì))Theaccidenthappenedlastweek.(錯(cuò))Thepricehasraised.(對(duì))Thepricehasbeenraised.(錯(cuò))Pleaseseat.(對(duì))Pleasebeseated.要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是與物的，哪些是不與物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問(wèn)題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中多留意積累。2)不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的與物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongtoThiskeyjustfitsthelock.3)系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)("keep"除外):appear,bebecome,fall,feel,get,grow,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turnItsoundsgood.4)帶同源賓語(yǔ)的與物動(dòng)詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):die,death,dream,live,lifeShedreamedabaddreamlastnight.5)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(對(duì))Shelikestoswim.(錯(cuò))Toswimislikedbyher.[1]一般用法1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:is/am/are+與物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Ourclassroomiscleanedeveryday.Iamaskedtostudyhardbymymother.Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:was/were+與物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Thenewshopwasbuiltlastyear.Dinosaureggswerelaidlonglongago.3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:has/have+been+與物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Thisbookhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.Manyman-madesatelliteshavebeensentupintospacebymanycountries.4.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:will+be+與物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Anewhospitalwillbebuiltinourcity.Manymoretreeswillbeplantednextyear.5.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+與物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Youngtreesmustbewateredoften.Yourmistakesshouldbecorrectedrightnow.Thedoormaybelockedinside.Yourhomeworkcanbehandedintomorrow.6.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:am/is/are+being+與物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞UncleWangismendingmybikenow.→MybikeisbeingrepairedbyTomnow.Theyareplantingtreesoverthere.→Treesarebeingplantedovertherebythem.7.不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):to+be+與物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Therearetwobookstoberead.→Therearetwentymoretreestobeplanted.特殊用法1.不與物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:happen,breakdown,comeoutWhatwillhappenin100years.Thedinosaursdisappearedabout65millionyearsago.2.有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:write,sell,rideThispenwriteswell.Thisnewbooksellswell.3.感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞使用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不帶"to"，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，須加上"to"。例:makesomebodydosomething→somebody+be+madetodosomethingseesomebodydosomething→somebody+be+seentodosomethingAgirlsawmywalletdropwhenshepassedby.→Mywalletwasseentodropbyagirlwhenshepassedby.Thebossmadethelittleboydoheavywork.→Thelittleboywasmadetodoheavyworkbytheboss.4.如果是接雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，直接賓語(yǔ)(物)作主語(yǔ)，那么動(dòng)詞后要用介詞，這個(gè)介詞是由與其搭配的動(dòng)詞決定。Hegavemeabook.→Abookwasgiventomebyhim.Heshowedmeaticket.→Aticketwasshowntomebyhim.Myfatherboughtmeanewbike.→Anewbikewasboughtformebymyfather.5.一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。Wecan'tlaughathim.→Hecan'tbelaughedatbyus.Helistenstotheradioeveryday.→Theradioislistenedtobyhimeveryday.Thenurseistakingcareofthesickman.→Thesickmanisbeingtakencareofbythenurse.構(gòu)成非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)v.+ing形式與不定式todo也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài))。Idon'tlikebeinglaughedatinthepublic.如何使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不僅要知道被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。1講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(這時(shí)可省by短語(yǔ))。Mybikewasstolenlastnight.2借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldaccepttheoffer.3為了更好地安排句子。Thewell-knownpersongotonthebusandwasimmediatelyrecognizedbypeople.(一個(gè)主語(yǔ)就夠了)Itissaidthat+從句與其他類似句型一些表示"據(jù)說(shuō)"或"相信"的動(dòng)詞如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型"It+be+過(guò)去分詞+that從句"或"主語(yǔ)+be+過(guò)去分詞+todosth."。有:Itissaidthat…據(jù)說(shuō)……Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報(bào)道……Itisbelievedthat…大家相信……Itishopedthat…大家希望……Itiswell-knownthat…眾所周知……Itisthoughtthat…大家認(rèn)為……Itissuggestedthat…據(jù)建議……Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.(=Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.)四、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不與物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語(yǔ)通常是物。Thiskindofclothwasheswell.注意:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較:Thedoorwon'tlock.(指門本身有毛病)Thedoorwon'tbelocked.(指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門,指"門沒(méi)有鎖"是人的原因)2表示"發(fā)生、進(jìn)行"的不與物動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)，如:happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Howdothenewspaperscomeout?這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來(lái)的呢?3系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式,但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel,sound,taste,look,feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義1在need，want，require,bear等詞的后面，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。Thehouseneedsrepairing(toberepaired).這房子需要修理。2形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式;而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading.(=Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead.)3動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。Ihavealotofthingstodothisafternoon.(todo與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較:I'llgotothepostoffice.Doyouhavealettertobeposted?(此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。