汽車車架設(shè)計(jì)(中英翻譯)

汽車設(shè)計(jì)----車架設(shè)計(jì)第二種是汽車車架的單體結(jié)構(gòu)。這種設(shè)計(jì)到目前為止在現(xiàn)代汽車上是最?；钊敳窟€是燃燒室的組成部分。工作條件：活塞在高溫、高壓、高速、潤(rùn)滑不良的條件下工作?；钊苯优c高溫氣體接觸，瞬時(shí)溫度可達(dá)2500K以上，因此，受熱嚴(yán)重，而散熱條件又很差，所以活塞工作時(shí)溫度很高，頂部高達(dá)600~700K,且溫度分布很不均勻；活塞頂部承受氣體壓力很大，特別是作功行程壓力最大，汽油機(jī)高達(dá)3～5MPa,柴油機(jī)高達(dá)6～9MPa,這就使得活塞產(chǎn)生沖擊，并加速磨損，還會(huì)產(chǎn)生附加載荷和熱應(yīng)力，同時(shí)受到燃?xì)獾幕瘜W(xué)腐蝕作用。為動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪上帶有獨(dú)立懸架的汽車中有一個(gè)牢固地附加在車身大梁或發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上懸架系統(tǒng)用。每當(dāng)輪胎不與路面接觸或汽車開始打滑時(shí)，汽車的控制力(動(dòng)力、轉(zhuǎn)向力、制動(dòng)力)就會(huì)減弱甚至喪失。了連桿裝置而使汽車的性能得到了改善。懸架結(jié)構(gòu)的改進(jìn)是隨著路況的改善和駕駛員的需要而進(jìn)行改進(jìn)的。大多數(shù)前置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車都采用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的從屬性后懸架。但后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的獨(dú)立懸架結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜得多，而且成本極高，因而只用于少數(shù)客車上。對(duì)于前置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的車輛，通過(guò)把傳動(dòng)裝置移至前部，后懸架僅用來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)駕駛控制力和剎車時(shí)的反作用。這就導(dǎo)致了簡(jiǎn)化的非獨(dú)立的懸架機(jī)構(gòu)，半獨(dú)立的懸架機(jī)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立的后懸架機(jī)構(gòu)的應(yīng)用，后者大量應(yīng)用于新型車輛的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)汽車駕駛員通過(guò)對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪的控制汽車前輪的方向?，F(xiàn)代的轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪有兩個(gè)主要的部分組成，轉(zhuǎn)向桿和齒輪組。轉(zhuǎn)向桿有一個(gè)被支撐的軸，它把駕駛員的方向盤與齒輪組連在了一起。齒輪組可將汽車駕駛員的轉(zhuǎn)向力增大，以帶動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向連桿裝置。后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車的前輪在一個(gè)心軸上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。心軸是轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)的一部分。該轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)與帶有球接頭的前懸橫梁相互連接。球接頭在前懸架上下移動(dòng)時(shí)可以進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)向。前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車的輪轂在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)里的軸承內(nèi)的空心軸短軸桿上傳動(dòng)。汽車方向盤控制轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪裝置。它依次通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)向連桿裝置使轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)開始移動(dòng)?，F(xiàn)在使用兩種轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪的結(jié)構(gòu)，即齒輪齒條式結(jié)構(gòu)以及循環(huán)球式結(jié)構(gòu)?，F(xiàn)代汽車設(shè)計(jì)了對(duì)速度敏感的轉(zhuǎn)向結(jié)構(gòu)。因此當(dāng)汽車慢速行駛時(shí)需要較大的力才能使汽車轉(zhuǎn)向。于是在很多汽車上裝備了助力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置。由于助力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置起了主要作用，所以轉(zhuǎn)向比降低了，這樣就能夠輕微轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向盤使得汽車轉(zhuǎn)向。助力轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪類似于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪。它有承壓面，液體壓力加在其上，以增加汽車駕駛員的轉(zhuǎn)向力。齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向結(jié)構(gòu)和循環(huán)球齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)都有了動(dòng)力輔助裝置。轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪的動(dòng)力是由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)從動(dòng)泵提供的。該泵使動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向液體流過(guò)一個(gè)由閥體控制的系統(tǒng)。該控制閥能感知汽車駕駛員的轉(zhuǎn)向力。把液體壓力加到轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的承壓面上。該液體壓力承接了一些使汽車轉(zhuǎn)向的力。現(xiàn)在汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向桿有很多個(gè)部件組成。它被用來(lái)分散、抵消汽車碰撞力以保護(hù)駕駛員的切身安全。在有些汽車上轉(zhuǎn)向桿還可以傾斜和伸縮來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)方向盤的位置使駕駛員感覺(jué)更加舒適。為了減少駕駛員汽車被盜的機(jī)會(huì)，還安裝有一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪的保險(xiǎn)鎖。很多汽車還有一個(gè)變速器保險(xiǎn)鎖。因?yàn)樘幵隈{駛員很容易觸及的范圍內(nèi)，所以轉(zhuǎn)向桿上還可以帶有變速器換擋控制滑桿，轉(zhuǎn)向信號(hào)開關(guān)，前大燈和變光開關(guān)，刮水器開關(guān)，緊急閃爍器開關(guān)和速度控制器。使用中的制動(dòng)器應(yīng)能起到制動(dòng)住車輛的作用。制動(dòng)器能使汽車滑行時(shí)能防止行駛速度過(guò)快，在斜坡上制動(dòng)時(shí)能將汽車停在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢蒙?。汽車剎車的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)使駕駛員能調(diào)節(jié)制動(dòng)力以控制汽車。汽車的控制不僅受懸架和轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)影響，而且也受汽車剎車影響。制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的故障可導(dǎo)致汽車剎車時(shí)車輪滑脫。要修理懸梁系統(tǒng)，也可能需要將制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的部件拆卸開。為此本文將討論制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)給予汽車駕駛員提供均勻平穩(wěn)的制動(dòng)力。剎車板上所需的力不應(yīng)太大，而使車輪不至于被瞬間剎死。為滿足這些汽車剎車的要求，對(duì)于汽車制動(dòng)已有了最低限度的剎車標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。軸法蘭之間。當(dāng)汽車剎車塊的直徑膨脹至使汽車剎車片與汽車剎車表面相接觸AutomobileDesign----Framelinkagepartsattach.Avehiclewillneitherstflexible.Arigidframestanddurability,aswellasthelevelsofbothnoiseandvibration.Manufacturersuseseveraldifferenttypesofconstructionontheithese,separatebodyandframeconstructionItisstillusedinlargevans,pickups,andtrucks.Inthistypeofconstruction,theengine,driveline,runninggear,andbodymounttotheframethroughinsulatfromgoingintothepassengeAsecondtypeofconstructionistmostpopularinmodernvehicles.Theunitizeddesignhasalightweightstructuretherequiredstrength.Tnthistypeofconstaspartofthebodystructure.Bodypanelsaddstrengthtotheframepieces.Therunninggearanddrivelinearemountedtotheunitizedbodythrosyntheticrubberinsulators.Theinsulatorsminimizethetransferofnoiseandvibrationmovement.Thismovement,calledcompliance,affectsvehiclehandlingandcontrol.Iftheinsulatorsaretoohard,theywillnotinsulatenoiseandvibrationastheyshould.Themanufacturercarefullydesignstheinsulatorsandputsthemwheretheyavehiclewithlownoiseandvibrationtransfeel.Insulatorpropertieschangewithage,changingoriginalcharacteristicAthirdtypeofconstruItusesastubframefromthebulkheadfoManufacturersselectwhileprovidingthenoise,vibration,andridframeconstruction.Thenewer,smallThemachinepistonconnectinThepistonconnectingrodsetiscompin,connectingrod,connectingreffect:Theeffectofthepistonistobcopingisstillapartoftheburnconditionofheat,highpressure,highcontactswiththeheatair.Thetemoment.Thepistonisheatedseverely,buttheconditionofspreadingthebad.Sowhilethepistonworks,thetemperatureisveryhighanthe600-700Ks:Andthetemperaturedistributesasymmetrically;Thepibearsgreatairpressure,especia6-9MPas.Thismakesthepistonproducepound,andbearthefunctionofthesidepressure.Therefore,thepistonheatingarea,,strengththecopingdescend.ThepistonmoveschemicalcorrosivepoweroftheburninggasInordertodescendtheinertialdintoftheconditionoftheheat,highpressure,highspeed(theaveragespeedcanamou2)Transmitheatwell,bearthehighpres3)thequantityissmall,theweightislight,descendtheinertiashape,position,sizearerelevanttotheconcretefromoftheburnableroom.Theyareisgoodtoimprovetheprocessexchanging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