托福模擬考試及答案解析11

托福模擬考試及答案解析(11)

(1~12/共51題乂卻讀理解

THETRICKSTERFIGUREINMYTHOLOGY1Inthestudyofmythology,thecharacterknownas

thetricksterisagod,spirit,human,oranimalwhobreakstherulesofthegodsornature,

sometimesmaliciouslybutusuallywithresultsthatarepositive.Therulebreakingoftentakes

theformofmischieforthievery.Thetricksterisusuallymalebutoccasionallydisguiseshimselfin

femaleform.Hecanbecunningorfoolish,orboth,andoftenveryhumorous.Hiscuriosityleads

himintotrouble,butherescueshimselfwithhisslywit.Whenheplaystricks,heperforms

importantculturaltasksthatbenefithumans,andforthisreasonthetricksterisasignificant

figureinworldmythology.

2Indifferentcultures,thetricksterandtheheroarecombinedinvariousways.InGreek

mythology,Prometheusstealsfirefromthegodsandgivesittohumans,afeatmakinghimmore

ofaherothanatrickster,andheisusuallyportrayedasanintellectual.InmanyNativeAmerican

stories,Coyotealsostealsfirefromthegods,butCoyoteisusuallymoreofajokesterora

pranksterthananintellectual.

3Thetricksterisbothcreatoranddestroyer,giverandtaker,onewhotricksothersandis

trickedinreturn.Thepranksofthetricksterarecompulsiveanduncontrollable.Hedoesnotact

consciously;heactsoutofpassionandimpulse.Heknowsneithergoodnorevil,yetheis

responsibleforboth.Hepossessesnomorals,yetthroughhisbehaviormoralitycomesintobeing.

AccordingtopsychologistCarlJung,thetricksteris"aprimitivecosmicbeingofdivine-animal

nature,ontheonehandsuperiortomanbecauseofhissuperhumanqualities,andontheother

handinferiortohimbecauseofhisunreasonandunconsciousness."

4InNativeAmericanmythology,themajorityoftrickstermythsconcernthecreationor

transformationoftheearth.Suchstorieshaveatricksterwhoisalwayswandering,whoisalways

hungry,whoisnotguidedbynormalideasofgoodandevil,andwhopossessessomemagical

powers.Insomestoriesheisadeity,andinothersheisananimalorhumanthatissubjectto

death.SeveralofthesemythsfeatureRavenorCoyoteasthetrickster-hero.

5InmanycreationmythsofthePacificNorthwest,Ravenillustratesthetransformational

natureoftricksters.Ravenisthegreatestshapeshifterofallandcanchangeintoanythingtoget

whathewants.Inonestory,thereisdarknessatthebeginningoftheworld,soRavendecideshe

willfindlight.Hefliesfarfromtheearth,searchinginthedarkness,untilhespotsaglimmerof

lightcomingfromawindowinthehouseofthegods.Ravenknowsthegodsareprotectiveof

theirpossessions,sohedevisesatrick.Heperchesonapinebranchnexttothehouseand

watcheseachdayasthechiefgod'sdaughterdrawswaterfromanearbylake.Hemagically

transformshimselfintoapinyonseedandfallsintothegirl'sdrinkingcup.Thegirlswallowsthe

seed,whichgrowswithinherbody,andsheeventuallygivesbirthtoaboy.Thechilddelightshis

grandparents,andhislaughtertrickstheeldergodsintorevealingwheretheyhideashiningball

oflight.Thegodsgivethechildtheballtoplaywith,andthenRaventransformsbacktoabird

andfliesoffcarryingtheballoflightinhisbeak.Hehangstheball—thesun—inthesky,thereby

bringinglighttotheworld.

6Coyote'scharacterissimilartothatofRaven,andbothappearinstoriescarryingout

similarroles.InseveralstoriesfromtheAmericanSouthwest,Coyotestealsfirefromagroupof

"firebeings"andgivesittohumans.InsometalesCoyotewantstomakehumanlifemore

interesting,soheintroducessickness,sorrow,anddeath.Heoftenteachesthroughnegative

examplebyemployingthehumanvicesoflying,cheating,andstealing.Histricksoftenbring

aboutdestructivenaturalphenomena,suchasagreatfloodthatdestroystheearth.However,by

causingtheflood,Coyoteleadsthehumanracetoanewandbetterworld.Coyoteshowsusthat

attheheartofthetricksterisasaviorwhosegreatgifttohumansisshowingthemnewwaysof

knowinganddoing.

Glossary:

mischief:tendencytoplaytricksorcauseminortrouble

thievery:theactoftheft;stealing

pinyonseed:theseedofapinetree;pinenut

第1題

Thewordmaliciouslyinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto

A.destructively

B.falsely

C.bravely

0.mistakenly

第2題

Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentencein

paragraph1?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessential

information.

A.Inworldmythology,everyimportantaspectofhumancultureistheresultofthetrickster's

behavior.

B.Thetricksterdevelopshumanculturebytrickingpeopleintoperformingdangerouscultural

tasks.

C.Whenthetricksterwantstobehelpful,hedevisesatrickthatwillteachpeoplewhatis

important.

D.Thetricksterisanimportantmythologicalcharacterbecausehistrickscontributepositivelyto

humanculture.

第3題

TheauthordiscussesPrometheusandCoyoteinparagraph2inorderto

A.illustratetwodifferentviewsofthetrickster-hero

B.explainhowhumansreceivedthegiftoffire

C.arguethatthetricksterisanintellectualhero

□.encouragereaderstostudyworldmythology

第4題

Thewordpranksinparagraph3isclosestinmeaningto

A.funnystories

B.complexplans

C.mischievousacts

D.divinetraits

第5題

AllofthefollowingaretraitsofthetricksterEXCEPT

A.adesiretobreaktherules

B.theabilitytodisguisehimself

C.superhumanpowers

□.awarenessofgoodandevil

第6題

NativeAmericanstorieswithatrickster-heroareusuallyabout

A.thevictoryofgoodoverevil

B.thecreationortransformationoftheworld

C.thestruggletocontrolone'snature

D.thepunishmentofhumansbythegods

第7題

Thewordspotsinparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto

A.imagines

B.transforms

C.locates

0.destroys

第8題

TheauthortellsastoryaboutRaveninwhichthetrickster

A.giveshumansthegiftoffire

B.changesintoayounggirl

C.stealsthesunfromthegods

0.causesadestructiveflood

第9題

Thewordsaviorinparagraph6isclosestinmeaningto

A.onewhowantstotalpower

B.onewhorescuesothersfromharm

C.onewhocausesterriblesuffering

D.onewhocaresaboutonlyhimself

第10題

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthormostlikelybelieveswhichstatementabout

thetrickster?

A.Thetricksterisresponsibleformanyseriousproblemsintheworldtoday.

B.Thetrickstershowsusthatthereisnodifferencebetweengoodandevil.

C.Thetricksterservesasanexplanationforcreation,changeandrenewal.

D.Thetricksterteacheschildrenthatlyingandstealingareacceptablebehavior.

第11題

Lookatthefoursquares,A,B,C,andDzwhichindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbe

addedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

LikeRaven,Coyoteisamastertransformerwhosemischievouspowerisresponsibleforevents

thatbenefithumanity.

Coyote'scharacterissimilartothatofRaven,andbothappearinstoriescarryingoutsimilarroles.

AInseveralstoriesfromtheAmericanSouthwest,Coyotestealsfirefromagroupof"firebeings"

andgivesittohumans.InsometalesCoyotewantstomakehumanlifemoreinteresting,sohe

introducessickness,sorrow,anddeath.BHeoftenteachesthroughnegativeexampleby

employingthehumanvicesoflying,cheating,andstealing.CHistricksoftenbringabout

destructivenaturalphenomena,suchasagreatfloodthatdestroystheearth.However,by

causingtheflood,Coyoteleadsthehumanracetoanewandbetterworld.DCoyoteshowsus

thatattheheartofthetricksterisasaviorwhosegreatgifttohumansisshowingthemnewways

ofknowinganddoing.

第12題

Selecttheappropriatephrasesfromtheanswerchoicesandmatchthemtothetricksterthat

theydescribe.TWOoftheanswerchoiceswillNOTbeused.Thisquestionisworth3points.

AnswerChoices

A.Introducessickness,sorrow,anddeathtomakelifemoreinteresting

B.Transformsintovariousshapestoachievehispurposes

C.Appearsasanintellectualheroinstoriesofgoodandevil

D.Createsaballofsilverlightthatbecomesthemoon

E.Changesintoaseedtogainentrancetothehouseofthegods

F.Causesagreatfloodandthenleadshumanstoabetterworld

G.Bringslighttotheworldbyplayingatrickonthegods

Raven

Coyote

下一題

（13~25/共51題）閱讀理解

DADAANDPOPART1Dadawasasubversivemovementintheartsthatflourishedmainly

inFrance,Switzerland,andGermanyfrom1916to1923.Dadawasbasedontheprinciplesof

deliberateirrationality,disorder,andanarchy.Dadaprotestedallformsofauthorityand

convention.Itrejectedlawsofbeautyandsocialorganizationandattemptedtodiscover

authenticrealitythroughthedestructionoftraditionalcultureandaestheticforms.InDadathere

wasonlyonerule:Neverfollowanyestablishedrules.Therewasnopredominantmedium;

however,assemblage,collage,andphotomontageweretechniquesfrequentlyemployed.Dadaist

artwasnonsensical,impulsive,andoftenplayful.Themovement'sfoundersincludedtheFrench

artistJeanArpandthewritersTristanTzaraandHugoBall.Atameetingofyoungartistsin1916

inZurich,oneoftheminsertedapaperknifeintoaFrench-Germandictionary.Theknifepointed

totheworddadazaFrenchbaby-talkwordforahobby-horse,whichthegroupsawasan

appropriatetermfortheiranti-art.

2DadaemergedfromdespairovertheFirstWorldWaranddisgustfortheconservative

valuesofsociety.Dadawasthefirstexpressionofprotestagainstthewar.Dadaistsused

absurditytocreateartworksthatmockedsocietyyetdefiedintellectualanalysis,suchastheuse

of"found"objectsinsculpturesandinstallations.TheforerunneroftheDadaists,andultimately

theirleadingmember,wasMarcelDuchamp,whoin1913createdhisfirst"ready-made,"the

BicycleWheel,consistingofawheelmountedontheseatofastool.Inhisefforttodiscourage

aesthetics,Duchampshockedtheartestablishmentwiththeseready-mades—manufactured

objectsthatheselectedandexhibited—includingabottlerackandacomb.TheDadamovement

extendedtoliteratureandmusicandbecameinternationalafterthewar.IntheUnitedStatesthe

movementwascenteredinNewYorkCity.DadaistsonbothsidesoftheAtlantichadonegoalin

common:todemolishcurrentaestheticstandards.

3FiftyyearsaftertheDadaists,anothergenerationofartistsreactedtothestandardsand

valuesofsociety.However,instead&rejectingordinarythings,theyoungartistsofthePop

movementofthe1960sembracedthem.Popartistswerecuriousaboutthecommercialmedia

ofads,billboards,newsprint,television,andallaspectsofpopularculture.Thus,thebarrier

between"high"and"low"artcollapsed,whichtheDadaistshadaimedforandthePopartists

attainedwithanenergynotseenbefore.

4PopartreceiveditsnamefromcriticLawrenceAlloway,whoconsideredPoptobethe

cultureofthemassmedia,photographs,andposters-astylethatmustbepopular;transitory,

andwitty.ThesubjectmatterofPopartwasderivative,depictingsomethingthathadalready

beenpublishedorproduced,suchascomicstrips,soft-drinkbottles,andphotographsofmovie

stars.Popartcaughtonquickly;itwasartaboutmassconsumptionthatwaseagerlyconsumed

bythemasses.

5ThemostpopularofthePopartistswasthepainterRoyLichtenstein.Lichtensteinpainted

enlargedcopiesoftheleast"arty"thingshecouldfind:romanceandadventurecomicstrips.He

wasthefirstAmericanartisttoreacttocomicstrips,findingbeautyinthesecrudedesigns,along

withadistinctsenseofstyle.Lichtensteinalsopaintedotherpictorialstyles,includingblowupsof

otherartists'brushstrokesandparodiesofCubismandArtDeco.

6AndyWarhol,morethananyotherPopartist,tookonthemind-numbingoverloadof

Americanmassculture.Warholbeganhiscareerasacommercialillustrator,andin1962hehad

hisfirstexhibitioninanartgallery,whereheshowedhis32Campbell'sSoupCans.Thethirty-two

soupcansareaboutsameness:samebrand,samesize,samepaintsurface,andsamefame.They

mimictheconditionofmassadvertising.AllofWarhol'sworkflowedfromonecentralinsight:

masscultureisfilledwithimagesthatbecomemeaninglessbybeingrepeatedagainandagain,

andinthisglutofinformationisaroleforart.Warholfeltthisandembodiedit.Heconveyeda

collectivestateofmindinwhichcelebrity—afamousbrandnameortheimageofafamous

person-hadcompletelyreplacedsacrednessinart.

Glossary:

aesthetic:relatingtobeauty;artistic

第13題

Accordingtothepassage,themaingoaloftheDadamovementwasto

A.stimulatepublicinterestinart

B.changethegoalsofarteducation

C.destroytraditionalstandardsofart

D.makemassmediathesubjectofart

第14題

Theauthormentionsahobby-horseinparagraph1inorderto

A.explaintheoriginofthename"Dada"

B.illustratehowDadaistscreatedart

C.comparearttoachildren'sgame

D.giveanexampleofa"ready-made"

第15題

Accordingtothepassage,onewayinwhichtheDadaistsmockedsocietywasby

A.refusingtofightintheFirstWorldWar

B.writingplaysaboutsocialclass

C.using"found"objectsinworksofart

□.criticizingthecommercialmedia

第16題

Thewordforerunnerinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto

A.leadingwriter

B.earliestartist

C.maincritic

□.fastestrunner

第0題

Thepassagegivesallofthefollowingasexamplesof"ready-mades'*EXCEPT

A.abicyclewheel

B.abottlerack

C.asoupcan

D.acomb

第18題

Thewordembracedinparagraph3isclosestinmeaningto

A.mocked

B.ignored

C.welcomed

0.defended

第19題

Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatthePopartists

A.reactedagainsttheDadamovement

B.weremorepopularthantheDadaists

C.criticizedartforbeingtoocommercial

□.succeededinchangingideasaboutart

第20題

Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentencein

paragraph4?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessential

information.

A.Popartcouldbeproducedandconsumedmorequicklythananyothermassmedia.

B.ThepublicenthusiasticallyacceptedPopart,whichportrayedcommercialculture.

C.Themassmediaquicklyreachedlargeaudiences,thusinfluencingattitudesaboutart.

D.LargenumbersofpeopleboughtPopart,eventhoughtheycouldnotunderstandit.

第21題

Whichartistcreatedworksbasedonotherstylesandtheworkofotherartists?

A.MarcelDuchamp

B.LawrenceAlloway

C.RoyLichtenstein

D.AndyWarhol

第22題

Thephrasetookoninparagraph6isclosestinmeaningto

A.hated

B.wasafraidof

C.invented

□.respondedto

第23題

Thewordglutinparagraph6isclosestinmeaningto

A.excess

B.definition

C.fear

0.absence

第24題

Lookatthefoursquares,A,B,C,andD,whichindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbe

addedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Whereasthevisualartshadpreviouslyignoredcurrentevents,Dadaistsreactedtothecrisisand

accusedsocietyofallowingittohappen.

DadaemergedfromdespairovertheFirstWorldWaranddisgustfortheconservativevaluesof

society.Dadawasthefirstexpressionofprotestagainstthewar.ADadaistsusedabsurdityto

createartworksthatmockedsocietyyetdefiedintellectualanalysis,suchastheuseof"found"

objectsinsculpturesandinstallations.BTheforerunneroftheDadaists,andultimatelytheir

leadingmember,wasMarcelDuchamp,whoin1913createdhisfirst"readymade,"theBicycle

Wheel,consistingofawheelmountedontheseatofastool.Inhisefforttodiscourageaesthetics,

Duchampshockedtheartestablishmentwiththeseready-made-manufacturedobjectsthathe

selectedandexhibited—includingabottlerackandacomb.CTheDadamovementextendedto

literatureandmusicandbecameinternationalafterthewar.DIntheUnitedStatesthe

movementwascenteredinNewYorkCity.DadaistsonbothsidesoftheAtlantichadonegoalin

common:todemolishcurrentaestheticstandards.

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

第25題

Selecttheappropriatephrasesfromtheanswerchoicesandmatchthemtotheartmovement

thattheydescribe.TWOoftheanswerchoiceswillNOTbeused.Thisquestionisworth4points.

AnswerChoices

A.Reflectedthemassmediaofadvertising,newsprint,andtelevision

B.Wasananti-artmovementinthevisualarts,literatureandmusic

C.Focusedontransitoryimpressionsandthechangingeffectsoflight

D.Depictedthingsthathadalreadybeenproducedinothermedia

E.OriginatedasaprotestagainsttheFirstWorldWar

F.Foundbeautyincomicstripsandotherimagesfrompopularculture

G.Emphasizedtheactofcreatingartoverthefinishedworkofart

H.Used"found"objectsand"ready-mades"inworksofart

I.Createdartoutoffamousbrandnamesandimagesoffamouspeople

Dada

PopArt

上一題下一題

（26~38/共51題）閱讀理解

DEFORESTATIONINNORTHAMERICA1ThelandareaoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaisjust

over4.8billionacres.WhenlargenumbersofEuropeansbegantoarriveintheeighteenth

century,almostone-thirdofthatareawascoveredwithold-growthforests.Intheeasternhalfof

thecontinent,nearly90percentofthelandwasthickwithforestsofelm,ash,beech,maple,oak,

andhickory.Bytheendofthenineteenthcentury,afterseveraldecadesofintensive

deforestation,onlyhalfoftheoriginalforestsremained.

2DuringthefirsttwocenturiesofEuropeancolonization,settlementwasconcentratedalong

theEastCoast,havingalmostnoeffectonthevastforestscoveringthecontinent.Then,inthe

firsthalfofthenineteenthcentury,agricultureexpandedandsettlersbegantomovewestwardin

searchoflandfornewfarms.Landforagriculturecamealmostexclusivelyfromclearingforests.

Thedemandforfarmlandandtimbercontinuedtosoar,andby1850,morethan100million

acresofold-growthforesthadbeencutorburnedoffintheNortheast,theSoutheast,theGreat

Lakesregion,andalongtheSt.LawrenceRiver.

3Alongwithagriculture,industrializationwasamajorcauseofdeforestation.TheIndustrial

RevolutionwasfueledbyNorthAmerica'sabundanceofwood,asironmakersreliedoncharcoal,

orcharredwood,tofiretheirfurnaces.Hardwoodssuchasoakproducedthebestcharcoal,

whichcharcoalburnersmadebyslowlyburninglogsinkilnsuntiltheywerereducedto

concentratedcarbon.Ittookeighttonsofwoodtomaketwotonsofcharcoaltosmeltonetonof

iron.Thus,thetollontheforestswashigh,ascountlessacreswerecuttofeedthefurnacesof

theironindustry.

4ThetransportationtechnologyoftheIndustrialRevolutioncontributedgreatlyto

deforestation.Theriversteamboatsthatcameintooperationafter1830hadavoraciousappetite

forwood.Tokeeptheirwheelsturning,steamboatstypicallytookonfueltwiceaday.Thewood

wassuppliedbythousandsof"woodhawks"alongthebanksoftheOhioandMississippiwith

stacksofcutfirewood.Annualconsumptionofwoodonriverboatscontinuedtoincreaseuntil

1865.Consequently,rivervalleysthathadtheheaviesttrafficwerestrippedoftheirforests.

5AfterI860,immigrationandwestwardexpansionsurged,andrailroadssweptoverthe

continent.Clean-burninghardwoodwasthepreferredfuelofthe"ironhorses,"whichrequired

thecuttingof215,000acresofwoodlandtostayinoperationforoneyear.Notonlydidwood

fuelthesteamengines,butenormousamountsofoakandlocustalsowentintothemanufacture

ofrailcars,ties,fencing,bridges,andtelegraphpoles.RailroadsintheUnitedStatesandCanada

stretchedfromcoasttocoastby1885,andeachadditionalmileofrailroadmeantatleasttwo

moremilesoffencingand2,500ties.

6Othermajorconsumersofforestproductsincludedordinaryhomeowners.Morethanfour

outoffiveofthehousesconstructedintheearlynineteenthcentury-fromlogcabinsto

clapboardcottages—werebuiltmainlyofwoodandroofedwithwoodenshingles.Allwerefilled

withwoodenfurniture.Two-thirdsofallhouseholdsinNorthAmericawereheatedbyopen,

wood-burningfireplaces,andittookbetween10and20acresofforesttokeepasinglefireplace

burningforoneyear.

7Throughoutthecentury,thetimberindustrycontinuedtosupplythesinglemostvaluable

rawmaterialforarapidlyexpandingpopulation.Between1840and1860,theannualproduction

oflumberrosefrom1.6millionto8billionboardfeet.Thisincreasewasmadepossiblebythe

widespreadapplicationofsteampower.Wood-fueledsteamenginespoweredthesawmills,

movedandbarkedthelogs,andfinishedtheboards.Railroadlineswerenowbuiltrightintothe

forestssothatfelledlogscouldbeshippeddirectlytomarket.Theseinnovationshadtheir

greatestimpactontheGreatLakesregion.By1890thetechnologyofthetimberindustryhad

triumphedoverthenaturalabundanceoftheforests,andwoodlandsthathadonceseemed

endlesswerenowdepleted.

第26題

Thewordthickinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto

A.flat

B.dense

C.humid

D.open

第27題

WhatpointdoestheauthormakeaboutdeforestationinNorthAmerica?

A.ltoccurredmostlywithinasinglecentury.

B.ltchangedhowpeoplethoughtabouttrees.

C.ltprovidedjobsinseveralrelatedindustries.

D.ltcausedaneconomiccrisisintwocountries.

第28題

Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingcontributedtodeforestationEXCEPT

A.theexpansionofagriculture

B.anincreaseinforestfires

C.theuseofcharcoalasafuel

□.steamboattransportation

第29題

Whydoestheauthorusethewordtollindiscussingtheironindustryinparagraph3?

A.Toshowthattheprocessofsmeltingironwasexpensive

B.Ibillustratetheimpactofforestfiresontheironindustry

C.Topointoutthattheironindustryhadtopayhightaxes

D.Toemphasizethatlargeareasofwoodlandwereeliminated

第30題

Thewordvoraciousinparagraph4isclosestinmeaningto

A.varying

B.greedy

C.strange

□.moderate

第31題

Thephrase"woodhawks"inparagraph4describes

A.atypeofriverboat

B.aspeciesoftree

C.peoplewhosoldwood

D.largewoodlandbirds

第32題

Thewordsurgedinparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto

A.stopped

B.competed

C.fluctuated

0.increased

第33題

Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5that"ironhorses"were

A.machinesthatmadetiesandfencing

B.railroadcompanyexecutives

C.steamenginesthatmovedtrains

D.animalsthathelpedbuildrailroads

第34題

Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentencein

paragraph6?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessential

information.

A.Mostofthehousesinthenineteenthcenturywerelogcabinsorclapboardcottageswith

simpleroofs.

B.Therewerefourorfivemainhousestylesintheearlynineteenthcentury,andallwerebuiltof

wood.

C.lnthenineteenthcentury,woodconstructionwaspopularbecausewoodcouldbeusedina

numberofways.

D.Woodwastheprimaryconstructionmaterialofthevastmajorityofhousesbuiltintheearly

nineteenthcentury.

第35題

Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph6thatintheearlynineteenthcentury

A.woodenhousesweremorepopularthantheyaretoday

B.theconstructionindustrydominatedtheeconomy

C.morepeopleownedhomesthantheydotoday

D.homeheatingwasamajorreasonforcuttingtrees

第36題

Accordingtoparagraph7,thetremendousincreaseintheproductionoflumberwasprimarily

dueto

A.theavailabilityofland

B.anincreaseinthelaborsupply

C.innovationsintechnology

D.timberindustryleadership

第37題

Lookatthefoursquares,A,B,C,andDzwhichindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbe

addedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Nootherindustryorconsumerofwoodcouldmatchthetimberindustryitselfforthe

exploitationofNorthAmerica'sforests.

AThroughoutthecentury,thetimberindustrycontinuedtosupplythesinglemostvaluableraw

materialforarapidlyexpandingpopulation.Between1840and1860,theannualproductionof

lumberrosefrom1.6millionto8billionboardfeet.BThisincreasewasmadepossiblebythe

widespreadapplicationofsteampower.Wood-fueledsteamenginespoweredthesawmills,

movedandbarkedthelogs,andfinishedtheboards.Railroadlineswerenowbuiltrightintothe

forestssothatfelledlogscouldbeshippeddirectlytomarket.CTheseinnovationshadtheir

greatestimpactintheGreatLakesregion.DBy1890thetechnologyofthetimberindustryhad

triumphedoverthenaturalabundanceoftheforests,andwoodlandsthathadonceseemed

endlesswerenowdepleted.

第38題

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.Completethe

summarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthe

passage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenot

presentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

ManyfactorscontributedtothedeforestationofNorthAmericainthenineteenthcentury.

AnswerChoices

A.Denseforestsofelm,ash,beech,maple,oak,andhickorycoveredmostoftheeasternhalfof

thecontinent.

B.Severalmillionacresofforestwerecuttomeetthegrowingpopulation'sdemandforfarmland

andwood.

C.Theiron,steamboat,railroad,andconstructionindustriesrequiredhugeamountsofwood.

D.Eachmileofrailroadrequiredtwomilesoffencingand2,500ties,whichweremadeofoak

andlocust.

E.After1890,thetimberindustrymovedintotheWestandSouth,cuttinganother125million

acresofforest.

F.Innovationsinthetimberindustrygreatlyincreasedwoodproductionbutledtothedepletion

offorests.

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（39~51/共51題）閱讀理解

THEEFFECTSOFSLEEPDEPRIVATION1Sleeprestoresthebodyandthemindandhelps

preventdiseasebystrengtheningtheimmunesystem.However;manyadultsdonotgetthe

recommendedeighthoursofsleepeachnight.Theaverageadulttodaygetsonly6.4hoursof

sleep,nearlyanhourandahalflessthanwhattheaveragepersonreceivedacenturyago.Only

inrecentyearshavehealthprofessionalsbeguntorealizetheprevalenceandseverityofsleep

deprivationi