2024年人教版高一英語(yǔ)同步講義（必修第三冊(cè)）Unit 4 Space Exploration：Period 2 Discovering Useful Structures（學(xué)案）（原卷版）

Book3Unit4SpaceExplorationPeriod2DiscoveringUsefulStructures001預(yù)習(xí)導(dǎo)學(xué)不定式作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)002課堂探究[合作探究]1．(教材P40)Lookingupatthestars,peoplehavealwayswantedtolearnmoreaboutspace,andscientistsworkhard(find)answers.2．(教材P40)Theymakevehicles(carry)bravepeopleintospace(find)outthesecretsoftheuniverse.3．(教材P41)Morerecently,ChinahassentChang'e4(explore)thesurfaceofthefarsideofthemoon(make)measurementsandobservations.4．Thankstoyourencouragement,Ifinallygotthechance(face)thechallenge.5．Myambitionis(work)forafirmthatdevelopscomputersoftwarewhenIgrowup.[自我感知]1．句1、2、3為動(dòng)詞不定式作。2．句4為動(dòng)詞不定式作。3．句5為動(dòng)詞不定式作。一、動(dòng)詞不定式的特征與構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式由“to＋動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。這里的to是不定式標(biāo)志，無(wú)意義，有時(shí)可省略。其否定形式為“not＋動(dòng)詞不定式”。不定式既有名詞、形容詞或副詞的某些語(yǔ)法功能，又有動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的特點(diǎn)及作用。動(dòng)詞不定式在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。以do為例，動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成如下：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)意義一般時(shí)todotobedone表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后完成時(shí)tohavedonetohavebeendone表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前進(jìn)行時(shí)tobedoing表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行完成進(jìn)行時(shí)tohavebeendoing表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前且一直持續(xù)到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)仍在進(jìn)行二、動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)1．動(dòng)詞不定式常常放在抽象名詞attempt,ability,courage,chance,desire,determination,decision,effort,plan,way或不定代詞something,nothing等后面作后置定語(yǔ)。?Wemusthavethecouragetofacethechallenge.我們必須有面對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)的勇氣。?Doyouhaveanythingtosay?你有什么要說(shuō)的嗎？2．動(dòng)詞不定式常用來(lái)修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)或no,all,any等限定的中心詞。?Theyarealwaysthefirsttobearhardships,thelasttoenjoycomforts.他們總是吃苦在前，享樂(lè)在后。?Itisrecognizedthatheisthebestmantodothejob.人們公認(rèn)他是做這項(xiàng)工作的最佳人選。3．構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞與被修飾詞之間的關(guān)系(1)主謂關(guān)系：被修飾詞是動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。此時(shí)的動(dòng)詞不定式在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。?Weneedsomeonetohelpwiththework.＝Weneedsomeonethatcanhelpwiththework.我們需要有人來(lái)幫忙做這項(xiàng)工作。(2)動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：被修飾詞是動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)作的承受者。?Therearemanyinterestingthingstoseethere.那里有許多有趣的東西可以看。【特別注意】①不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的介詞。如果不定式修飾time/place/way可以省略介詞。?Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.他找到了一個(gè)適宜居住的好房子。?Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.這個(gè)孩子無(wú)憂無(wú)慮。?Hehasnoplacetolive.他無(wú)處安身。②如果不定式所修飾的名詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式可用主動(dòng)式也可用被動(dòng)式，但含義有所不同。?Haveyougotanythingtosend?你要送什么東西嗎？(send的發(fā)出者是you)?Haveyougotanythingtobesent?你有什么東西需要送嗎？(send的發(fā)出者是其他人)③動(dòng)詞不定式和所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并且句子中有名詞或代詞可以充當(dāng)該動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義；若句子中沒(méi)有名詞或代詞可以充當(dāng)該動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，則用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。?Therearefivepairstochoosefrom,butI'matalosswhichtobuy.有五雙可以選擇，但是我不知道該買哪一個(gè)。(choosefrom與pairs之間有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，tochoosefrom的邏輯主語(yǔ)是I)?Hisfirstbooktobepublishednextmonthisbasedonatruestory.他下個(gè)月將要出版的第一本書是根據(jù)真實(shí)故事改編的。(publish與book之間有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系且句子中無(wú)動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ))(3)修飾關(guān)系：動(dòng)詞不定式對(duì)所修飾的詞起到補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明的作用。這些被修飾詞一般為wish,way,chance,ability,decision,attempt,reason等。?Youshouldgrasptheabilitytosolvethecomplexproblems.你應(yīng)該掌握解決復(fù)雜問(wèn)題的能力。?Therearevarietiesofwaystomakeotherslaugh.有很多方法逗人們笑。[名師指津]動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)有時(shí)也表示一種將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。?WeareinvitedtoapartytobeheldinourclubnextFriday.我們受邀參加下周五在我們俱樂(lè)部舉辦的派對(duì)。三、動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)(1)不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)，多用在某些表示“喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)”等的形容詞后。?I'mverygladtobeinvitedtoattendthemeeting.我很高興被邀請(qǐng)參加這個(gè)會(huì)議。(2)不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)，可與soasto/inorderto替換，但soasto一般不可置于句首。?To/Inordertocatchtheearlybus,Igotupearlythismorning.→Igotupearlythismorningto/inorderto/soastocatchtheearlybus.為了趕早班車，我今天早上起得很早。(3)動(dòng)詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，常表示“令人意想不到”的結(jié)果。動(dòng)詞不定式前有時(shí)可以加上only或butonly，以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。?Iwenttoseehim,onlytolearnthathehadleftthecitythenightbefore.我去看他，卻得知他已經(jīng)在前夜離開(kāi)了這個(gè)城市。[名師指津]動(dòng)詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，常用于一些特定的結(jié)構(gòu)中：eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(too…todo…太……而不能做……,so/such…astodo…如此……以至于做……,…enoughtodo足夠……做某事))?Sheissoproudastolookdownuponothers.她如此驕傲以至于看不起別人。?Wearenotoldenoughtovoteandtobevoted.我們太小還不能選舉和被選舉。(4)在“主語(yǔ)＋系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)(形容詞)＋todo”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。該結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。例句：1.Hisdecisionwaseasytoexplain:momwouldn’thavebeenhappyifI’dlefthimbehind.他的決定很容易解釋：如果我把他留下，媽媽會(huì)不高興的。2.Astheoldsayinggoes,“flowersarepleasanttolookatbuthardtogrow.”正如諺語(yǔ)所說(shuō)：“看花容易栽花難?！?.Thelongsentenceisdifficultforyoutoremember.正常句子對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)很難記。003隨堂小練Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Idon'tknowwhatIshouldsay________(make)yousoexcited!2．Theboyisoldenough________(take)careofhimself.3．Shereturnedonly________(find)thattheywereholdingapartyathome.4．Afterawhile,Ifoundtherewasnothing________(see)inthedark.5．Doyouhaveanything________(take)toyourson?6．Shetoldmethatshehadalotofwork________(do)thatday.7．Noonecouldputforwardapracticalway________(solve)theproblem.8．Heisthedoctor________(do)theoperationonyourbrother.9．Everythingiswellprepared.Andthisistherighttime______(start)．10．Thisissueisofsuchimportancenot________(ignore)it.11.Thenewtechnologycouldenablemorepeople________(access)theculturalrelicsdespitethedistance.12.Halfwaythroughhistalk，thespeakerstoppedanddecided__________(create)agroupactivity.13.IknewDubyaandhiswifewell,butIdidn’tthinkwewerecloseenough_______(share)Thanksgivingdinner.14.Duringtheonlineclassesperiod,parentsneedtokeepaneyeontheirchildren______(ensure)theystayfocused.15.Activitiesthererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(遠(yuǎn)足)andaccommodationsaim_________(have)alowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.16.Mary’ssister,FrancesToddWallace,oftencameover__________(plant)flowersinthefrontyard.17.Itispossible_________(walk)orbiketheentire14kilometers.004培優(yōu)提升語(yǔ)法填空Text1閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。TheTianzhou5cargospacecraftlaunched1November12thdocked(對(duì)接)withtheTiangongspacestationaroundnoon,2(set)aworldrecordforthefastestmeetanddockingoperationsbetweenthetwospacecraft,accordingtotheChinaMannedSpaceAgency.TheTianzhou5wasplacedintoalow-EarthorbitbyaLongMarch7rocket3tookoffat‘10:03a.m.attheWenchangSpaceLaunchCenterinHainanProvince.Aftercargocraftenteredtheorbit,it4(travel)twohoursandsevenminutestomeetwiththeTiangongspacestation5thendockedwiththemassivestationat12:10p.m.,theagencysaid.Theoperationhasbecomethe6(fast)meetanddockingprocessforspacecraftintheworld,replacingtheoldrecordsetbytheRussianspacecraftSoyuzMS-17onOctober14th,2020,whenitusedthreehoursandthreeminutessince7(it)liftofftomeetandconnectwiththeInternationalSpaceStation.Themannedspaceagencysaidthefastmeetanddockingarekeyto8(establish)thecapabilitytotransportsuppliestothespacestationinanemergency.Thecargoshipiscarryingabout5.3metrictonsof9(material),includinglivingandmissionnecessities,scientificequipmentaswellasamini10(experiment)satellite.Thecraftalsocarriesnearly1.4tonsofpropellantsfortheTiangongstation,thedesignerssaid.Text2閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。BEIJING—TaikonautsoftheShenzhouXIVcrewwillcarryout24in-orbitmedicalexperimentsduringtheirsix-monthstayinChina’sspacestation,accordingtotheChinaMannedSpaceAgency.Thesespacemedicalexperimentsaremainlydesignedtostudyhowthe11(weight)environmentandspaceflightsaffecttaikonauts,saidLiYinghui,deputychiefdesignerofChina’smannedspaceprogramtaikonautsystem.12(compare)withpreviouscrewedmissions,theShenzhouXIVwillcollectbodyfluidsamples,13(include)taikonauts’blood,urine,andsaliva(唾液).Thetrio(三人組)willalsousespecialmethodstomeasuremuscle14(lose)andanalyzeurinemetabolites(代謝物).Lialsonotedthatthebodydata15(collect)bythepreviousShenzhouXIIandShenzhouXIIItaikonautshaslaid16goodfoundationfortheresearchbytheShenzhouXIVcrew.ChinaonJune5th,2022launchedthethree-personShenzhouXIVmission,17isthethirdcrewforthecountry’sspacestationproject.Thetaikonauttriowillcooperate18thegroundteam19(complete)theassemblyandconstructionoftheTiangongspacestation.Theywillalsoworkinitsexperimentcapsulesforscientific20(explore)oflife,ecology,andbiotechnology.Text3閱讀下面短文,在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。China21(launch)theShenzhou-16mannedspaceship,sendingthreeastronautsto22(it)spacestationcombinationforafive-monthmissiononMay30th.AccordingtotheChinaMannedSpaceAgency,about10minutesafterthelaunch,theShenzhou-16separated23therocketandentereditsdesignedorbit.Thecrewmembersareingoodshapeandthelaunchisacomplete24(succeed).ThecrewconsistsofJingHaipeng,ZhuYangzhuandGuiHaichao.Theywillwitnessthedockings(對(duì)接)oftheTianzhou-5cargocraft25theShenzhou-17mannedspaceship,aswellasthedeparturesoftheShenzhou-15mannedspaceshipandTianzhou-5.26animportantmomentinthehistoryofChinaspacestation!27wecansee,Shenzhou-16crewarenowenteringtheTianhecoremodule,whileShenzhou-15crewarenowwaiting28(welcome)themontheotherside.Aftertheswiftautomatedrendezvous,theShenzhou-16spaceshipdockedontheTianhecoremodulefrombelow.Thewholespacestationconsistsofsixspacecraft,29(include)twolabmodules,two30(man)spaceshipsandtheTianhecoremoduleandtheTianzhou-6cargoship.Text4閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Fiftyyearsago,Chinasuccessfullylauncheditsfirstsatellite,Dongfanghong1,andstarted31newchapterinspaceexploration.32(mark)its50thanniversary,theChinaNationalSpaceAdministrationannouncedthenameforthecountry’sMarsplanetaryexplorationprogramonApril24.Themission,TianwengotitsnamefromalongpoemTianwen33(write)byQuYuan,afamouspoetoftheWarringStatesPeriod.Inthepoem,Quraisedaseriesofquestions34

(concern)thesky,stars,naturalphenomena,mythsandtherealworld,reflectinghisdoubtsontraditionalideas35hispursuitoftruth.Sofar,China36(make)remarkableprogressinspaceexploration.In1970,Chinalaunched37(it)firstman-madeEarthsatellite,becomingthefifthcountryintheworldtolaunchman-madesatellites38(independent).Overthepastfewyears,China’smissions,includingtheShenzhouandChangeseriesweredesignedtoexploreouterspace,expandedmankind’sunderstandingofEarthandtheuniverse.Thistime,theTianwenserieswillcarryoutthefirstMarsexplorationmission,39representsamilestoneforChina’smovetowarddeepspace.WiththenamesdeeprootsinChinesetraditionalculture,Tianwenshowsthe40(determine)andperseveranceofChinesepeopletomovefurtherintodeepspace.Text5閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Sinceancienttimes,humanbeingshavetriedtoexplorespaceandfindotherlifeforms.Theyeventended41(improve)themoon’senvironmenttosupportlife.Itwasthefirsttimethattheyhadgrownplantsinthelunarsoil.Thescientistssaidtheyhadnoideawhetheranything42(grow)inthemoondirt.Theywantedtoseeifitcouldbeusedtogrowfood.Theresultssurprisedthem.Ferlisoneofthe43(professor)intheUniversityofFlorida’sinstitute,andhewas44(amaze)attheresults.“Plants45(actual)growinthesoilofthemoon,”hesaid.Ferlandotherresearchersplantedthalecress(擬南芥),asmallfloweringplantinlunarsoil.Thegoodnewswasthatalltheseedsgrew.Thebadnewswasthatafter46firstweek,thelunarsoilputtoomuchpressureontheplants,47(cause)thentogrowslowly.Themajority48themoonplantsendedupstunted—meaningsmallornotfullydeveloped.Thelongerthesoilwasexposedtosolarradiationandwindonthemoon,the49(bad)theplantsseemedtobe.Thesoil,50wascollectedbytheApollo11mission,wastheleasthelpfulforgrowthbecauseithadbeenexposedforacouplebillionyears.閱讀理解Whatdoyoudowhennobodyisaroundtotakeyourpicture?Youtakeaselfie(自拍照).Butwhataboutselfiesinspace?Lastyear,NASAastronautBuzzAldrinwhofamouslybecamethesecondmantowalkonthemooninJuly1969,saidthathetookthefirstselfieinspaceduringtheGeminiXIImissionin1966.“Forme,itneedstobedigitaltobeaselfie,”arguesJenniferLevasseur,whoisinchargeoftheSmithsonianNationalAirandSpaceMuseum.AccordingtoLevasseur,theideaofaselfieisdirectlylinkedtoInternetcultureandthehumanwishtointeract(互動(dòng))onsocialplatforms.“Thethingthatmakesaselfieissharingit,”shesays.Still,astronautshavebeencarryingcamerasaboardspacevehiclessincethe1960s,andthey’vetakenplentyofpicturesofthemselvesalongtheway.Astronautshadtopullthefilmmagazines(膠卷暗盒)outandleavetheircamerasbehindwhentheyreturnedtoEarth,becauseearlyspacemissionshadaweightlimitonthereturntrip.A