2013年10月中國科學(xué)院考博英語真題試卷(題后含答案及解析)

2013年10月中國科學(xué)院考博英語真題試卷(題后含答案及解析)題型有：1.StructureandVocabulary2.Cloze3.ReadingComprehension4.English-ChineseTranslation5.WritingStructureandVocabulary1．Abruptlythegroundfellawayfromourfeet,andan______voidopenedbeforeus.A．a(chǎn)nxiousB．a(chǎn)udibleC．a(chǎn)wesomeD．a(chǎn)miable正確答案：C解析：本題考查形容詞的語義。A焦慮的，發(fā)愁的；B聽得見的；C令人敬畏的，令人驚嘆的；D和藹可親的，令人愉悅的。該句的大意為：突然大地從我們腳下陷落下去，一塊可怕的凹陷出現(xiàn)在我們面前。2．Autobiographicaladvertisingcan______consumers’pastmemoriesabouttheproductorbrand.A．exaggerateB．excavateC．extractD．evoke正確答案：D解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞與名詞的搭配。A夸張，夸大；B挖空，挖掘；C(費(fèi)力地)取出；采掘，提煉；D喚起，引起；使人想起。該句的大意為：自傳性質(zhì)的廣告可以喚起消費(fèi)者對于該產(chǎn)品或該品牌的回憶。3．Manyanimalsareonthe______ofdisappearingfromthefaceoftheearthandzooscanprovidethemwithasafeplacetoliveandbreed.A．rangeB．vergeC．partD．link正確答案：B解析：本題考查介詞與名詞的搭配。A山脈，排、行、走向；B邊，邊沿，邊緣；C一部分，組成部分；D連接，紐帶。該句的大意為：許多動(dòng)物瀕臨滅絕，動(dòng)物園可以為它們提供一個(gè)安全的地方生存、繁衍。4．Ifcostscontinueto______,thestatewillnotbeabletoaffordthisschemeforlong,anditwillbecomeunpopular.A．soarB．shootC．swingD．settle正確答案：A解析：本題考查名詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配。A猛增，劇增；B射中；C搖擺，擺動(dòng)；D安頓，使安居，確立(制度等)。該句的大意為：如果費(fèi)用繼續(xù)猛增的話，國家將無法長期承擔(dān)這一計(jì)劃，該計(jì)劃(最終)將無人問津。5．There’sa______inthefactthatalthoughwe’relivinglongerthaneverbefore,peoplearemoreobsessedwithhealthissuesthantheyeverwere.A．paradoxB．dilemmaC．polarityD．misconception正確答案：A解析：本題考查名詞的語義和句子的邏輯關(guān)系，是一道語境題。A似是而非的矛盾說法；B進(jìn)退兩難的困境，窘境；C極，(性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)等)正好相反，截然對立；D誤解，錯(cuò)誤印象。該句的大意為：矛盾的是，盡管我們現(xiàn)在比任何時(shí)候都更長壽，但是人們也比任何時(shí)候都更困擾于健康問題。6．______,Mr.Halladmitsthathepushedtoohard,andultimatelyhiseffortsfailed.A．InessenceB．InduecourseC．OnaverageD．Inretrospect正確答案：D解析：本題考查介詞短語。A本質(zhì)上，大體上，其實(shí)；B到時(shí)候，在今后適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候；C平均起來；D回想起來，回顧往事。該句的大意為：回想起來，霍爾先生承認(rèn)當(dāng)時(shí)推得過猛，最終他的努力失敗了。7．AtaxicabandalaundrytruckmissedeachotherbyinchesonSixthAvenue,stoppinginsuchapositionthateach______theother’sprogress.A．imploredB．implementedC．impededD．imparted正確答案：C解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞的形近詞辨析。A懇求，乞求；B使生效，履行，實(shí)施；C妨礙，阻礙，阻止；D給予、傳授，告知、通知。該句的大意為：一輛出租車和一輛洗衣店的卡車在第六大道以毫厘之差幾乎相撞，并且兩輛車停的位置都阻礙了對方的通行。8．Inhernewnovel,“Annabel,”reviewedthisweekinthemagazine,KathleenWinter______thenature-nurturedivide.A．outgrowsB．exploresC．perceivesD．contends正確答案：B解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞的語義。A長大(或發(fā)展)得使……不再適用；B探索，探究，調(diào)查研究；C感知、感覺，認(rèn)識(shí)到、意識(shí)到；D搏斗，爭斗。該句的大意為：在凱瑟琳-溫德的新小說《安娜貝爾》一書中，作者探討了先天與后天的區(qū)別。9．Theydriftedonthelake,fishingandcatchingshrimpto______.A．getbyB．getoverC．getalongD．getacross正確答案：A解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞短語。A通過，設(shè)法，繼續(xù)存在；B克服，使度過，走完；C相處，進(jìn)展，前進(jìn)；D橫過(馬路、河流等)，使被理解，使被接受。該句的大意為：他們在湖上漂流著，依靠打魚捕蝦度日。10．InsomeCaliforniahousingestates,akeyaloneisinsufficienttogetsomeoneinthedoor;hisorhervoiceprintmustalsobe______.A．duplicatedB．perceivedC．a(chǎn)cquiredD．verified正確答案：D解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞的語義和句子的邏輯關(guān)系，是一道語境題。A復(fù)制；B感知，感受；C(尤指通過努力)取得，獲得，學(xué)到；D證明、證實(shí)，核實(shí)、查清。該句的大意為：在加州的一些住房里單靠鑰匙是開不了門的，還需驗(yàn)證房主的語音信息。11．Francewillloweritstaxrateonfoodanddrinksatrestaurantsinhopesof______touristsandlocalstostrugglingcafes,whichmeansasavingof$7.05ona$50meal.A．usheringB．initiatingC．luringD．trapping正確答案：C解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞與名詞的搭配。A引，領(lǐng)，招待；B開始，創(chuàng)始；C吸引、引誘，誘惑；D設(shè)陷阱捕捉。該句的大意為：為了吸引游客和其他人，從而拯救艱難度日的餐館，法國將降低餐飲業(yè)中食品和酒水的稅率。這樣一來，50美元的一頓飯可以節(jié)省7．05美元。12．Inaglobaleconomythathasproducedmoredramaticupsanddownsthananyonethoughtpossible,Asiamaybe______anotherdishearteningplunge.A．takinginB．headingforC．longingforD．spreadingout正確答案：B解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞短語。A吸引，領(lǐng)會(huì)，包括；B朝……進(jìn)發(fā)，奔，走向；C渴望，羨慕，憧憬；D伸展，延長，分散。該句的大意為：如今的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了更多的任何人都無法想象的大起大落，而亞洲可能會(huì)面臨一個(gè)更令人沮喪的經(jīng)濟(jì)猛跌。13．Inthe1970s,hebecameatirelesspromoterforthedrugasacurefordepression—whichheoncesufferedfrom—andother______.A．a(chǎn)ilmentsB．therapiesC．tollsD．a(chǎn)ddictions正確答案：A解析：本題考查名詞語義和句子中的并列關(guān)系，是一道語境題。A疾病，病痛；B療法，治療；C(事故等)傷亡人數(shù)；D入迷，嗜好。該句的大意為：在20世紀(jì)70年代，他一直不知疲倦地宣傳這種藥物，認(rèn)為它可以用來治療抑郁癥(他自己曾得過)和其他疾病。14．Hearingthenews,shecouldfeelanger______insideher.A．stumblingB．staggeringC．twistingD．surging正確答案：D解析：本題考查名詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配。A絆腳、絆倒，結(jié)結(jié)巴巴地說；B搖晃，蹣跚；C使轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，使盤繞，使扭轉(zhuǎn)；D起伏，洶涌、猛沖。該句的大意為：聽到這個(gè)消息，她感覺到自己怒火中燒。15．Manyadvertisersremain______oftheInternetandquestionhowheavilytorelyonit.A．inconsistentB．supportiveC．skepticalD．prospective正確答案：C解析：本題考查形容詞的語義。A不一致的，不協(xié)調(diào)的；B支持的，維持的；C慣于懷疑的，表示懷疑的；D預(yù)期的，未來的，即將發(fā)生的。該句的大意為：許多廣告商依舊對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)持懷疑態(tài)度，質(zhì)疑人們對網(wǎng)絡(luò)的依賴。16．Iftheexpertadviceismorepositive,willtheparentsbeableto______attitudeswhichhavebuiltupoverdecadesinafewdays?A．a(chǎn)pproveofB．shrugoffC．showoffD．pickup正確答案：B解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞短語。A贊成，贊同；B聳肩表示蔑視或表示對……不屑理睬，擺脫；C炫耀，賣弄；D撿起，(尤指偶然地、無意地、不費(fèi)勁地)得到，學(xué)會(huì)。該句的大意為：如果專家的建議更積極，家長們會(huì)在短短幾天內(nèi)就能擺脫幾十年形成的觀點(diǎn)嗎?17．Itwillbeveryhelpfulifparentshaveseentheschoolenvironmentandknowwhatkindoftaskstheschoolwill______onthedailylifeoftheirchild.A．composeB．imposeC．disposeD．expose正確答案：B解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配。A組成、構(gòu)成，作曲；B征稅，加(負(fù)擔(dān)、懲罰等)于……、把……強(qiáng)加于；C排列、布置，安排、處理；D暴露，使遭受，使處于……作用(或影響)之下。該句的大意為：如果父母已經(jīng)親眼看到學(xué)校的環(huán)境，并且了解學(xué)校將給他們的孩子布置什么樣的作業(yè)，這會(huì)非常有用。18．Theauthorskillfullyfusesthesefragmentsintoa______whole.A．congestiveB．corporateC．collaborativeD．cohesive正確答案：D解析：本題考查形容詞的語義。A充血的，引起擁堵的；B(結(jié)成)社團(tuán)的，合伙的；C合作的，協(xié)作的，協(xié)力完成的；D團(tuán)結(jié)的，有聚合性的。該句的大意為：作者巧妙地將這些片段融合成一個(gè)連貫統(tǒng)一的整體。19．______hisseemingrebellionagainstmiddle-classvalues,heremainsessentiallymiddle-class.A．InsteadofB．AsforC．ForallD．Butfor正確答案：C解析：本題考查連接詞的用法。A(用……)代替……，(是……)而不是……；B至于、關(guān)于，就……方面來說；C盡管，雖然；D要不是。該句的大意為：盡管他的價(jià)值觀看上去和中產(chǎn)階級的格格不人，本質(zhì)上來講他仍是中產(chǎn)階級。20．It’sverydifficultto______theexactmeaningofanidiominaforeignlanguage.A．exchangeB．transferC．convertD．convey正確答案：D解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞的近義詞辨析。A更換，交換；B改變，轉(zhuǎn)變；C使轉(zhuǎn)變、使轉(zhuǎn)化，使改變信仰；D傳播、傳遞，表達(dá)、傳達(dá)。該句的大意為：很難將外語中俗語的意思精準(zhǔn)地傳達(dá)出來。Cloze“Pain,”asAlbertSchweitzeroncesaid,“isamoreterriblelordofmankindthanevendeathitself.“Prolongedpaindestroysthequalityoflife.Itcan【C1】______thewilltolive,attimes【C2】______peopletosuicide.Thephysicaleffectsareequally【C3】______Severe,persistentpaincanspoilsleepandappetite,【C4】______producingfatigueandreducingtheavailabilityofnutrientstoorgans.Itmay【C5】______delayrecoveryfromillnessorinjuryand,inweakenedorelderlypatients,maymakethedifferencebetweenlifeanddeath.【C6】______,therearesomekindsofpainthatexistingtreatmentscannotease.【C7】______doctorscandolittleinthesecasesisterriblydistressingforeveryoneinvolvedbutiscertainly【C8】______Whatseemslessunderstandableisthatmanypeoplesuffernotbecausetheirdiscomfortisuntreatablebutbecausephysiciansareoftenreluctantto【C9】______morphine.Morphineisthesafest,mosteffectivepainkillerknownforconstant,severepain,butitisalso【C10】______forsomepeople.【C11】______,itisrarelyprescribed.Indeed,concernoveraddictionhas【C12】______manynationsinEuropeandelsewheretoban【C13】______anyusesofmorphineandrelatedsubstances,includingtheirmedicalapplications.Even【C14】______morphineisalegalmedicaltherapy,asitisinGreatBritainandtheU.S.,manydoctors,afraidofturningpatientsintoaddicts,【C15】______amountsthataretoosmalltocontrolpain.21．【C1】A．boostB．erodeC．wearD．distract正確答案：B解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞的詞義辨析及對語句的理解。A促進(jìn)(及物動(dòng)詞)；B削弱(及物動(dòng)詞)；C磨損(不及物動(dòng)詞)；D使……分散(及物動(dòng)詞)。原文是說長時(shí)間的疼痛能削弱人的求生意愿。22．【C2】A．drivingB．driveC．drivesD．driven正確答案：A解析：本題考查現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語的用法，是一道語法題。在這里，需要一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞做主句的結(jié)果狀語，表示長時(shí)間的疼痛能削弱人的求生意愿，有時(shí)甚至迫使人自殺。23．【C3】A．compoundB．comprehensibleC．exhaustiveD．profound正確答案：D解析：本題考查形容詞的詞義辨析。A復(fù)合的；B可理解的；C詳盡的；D深遠(yuǎn)的。本句的意思是，疼痛對身體的影響同樣巨大。24．【C4】A．withB．wherebyC．therebyD．a(chǎn)s正確答案：C解析：本題考查連接詞的詞性和用法。A介詞，隨著；B關(guān)系副詞，憑……，由此；C表目的連詞，借以、從而、由此；D連接副詞，當(dāng)。本句的意思是，持續(xù)劇烈的疼痛會(huì)影響人們的睡眠和胃口，從而讓人疲憊不堪并減少了身體各器官可吸收的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。25．【C5】A．thusB．thoughC．a(chǎn)longD．instead正確答案：A解析：本句考查連詞的用法和上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。本句接著上句，意思是，由于以上情形的出現(xiàn)，于是疼痛拖延了病人從疾病和傷勢中恢復(fù)健康的時(shí)間。26．【C6】A．FortunatelyB．SadlyC．NotablyD．Promptly正確答案：B解析：本句考查對上下文的理解。前句是說，疼痛對人體有很大的傷害，本句意思是，有很多種疼痛是現(xiàn)在的治療技術(shù)無法緩解的，從前后的邏輯關(guān)系，可以看出，這是一種讓人無能為力的、悲傷的現(xiàn)實(shí)。27．【C7】A．ThoughB．WhichC．ThatD．While正確答案：C解析：本句考查對主語從句的掌握，是一道語法題。在句中，Thatdoctorscandolittleinthesecases作主語，是主語從句。當(dāng)主語從句放在主語位置時(shí)，that不能省。另外，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有Cthat是引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。28．【C8】A．understandableB．shamefulC．worryingD．puzzling正確答案：A解析：本題考查對句意的理解?？梢詮脑摼渲衎ut一詞表明的邏輯關(guān)系來理解。本句是說，醫(yī)生對有些疼痛無能為力這個(gè)事實(shí)雖讓人沮喪，但也能得到人們的理解。29．【C9】A．promoteB．produceC．prescribeD．present正確答案：C解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞的形近詞辨析。A促進(jìn)；B產(chǎn)生；C開處方；D呈現(xiàn)。本句的意思是，讓人不太能理解的是，很多病人忍受疼痛的折磨不是因?yàn)樗麄兊奶弁床豢芍委?，而是因?yàn)獒t(yī)生不愿意給他們開出嗎啡這個(gè)處方。30．【C10】A．strongB．costlyC．ineffectiveD．a(chǎn)ddictive正確答案：D解析：本題考查形容詞詞義辨析及對文章上下文的理解。A強(qiáng)烈的；B昂貴的；C無效的；D成癮的。本句意思是，對付長期性的劇烈疼痛，嗎啡是最安全、最有效的止痛藥，但對有些人而言，這種藥又是上癮的。另外，可以從接下來一段的第一句話來確定對本句的理解：對嗎啡成癮的關(guān)注導(dǎo)致歐洲和其他地方的很多國家禁止使用它。31．【C11】A．ConsequentlyB．ConclusivelyC．HoweverD．Meanwhile正確答案：A解析：本題考查上下文句子的邏輯關(guān)系和連接副詞的使用。前文提到，對付長期性的劇烈疼痛，嗎啡是最安全、最有效的止疼藥，但對有些人而言，這種藥又是上癮的。由此可以得出一個(gè)合乎邏輯的結(jié)論，嗎啡很少被醫(yī)生用于處方。32．【C12】A．urgedB．enhancedC．ledD．stimulated正確答案：C解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞的詞義辨析。A強(qiáng)烈要求；B加強(qiáng)；C引導(dǎo)，導(dǎo)致；D促進(jìn)。這句的意思是，對嗎啡成癮性的關(guān)注導(dǎo)致歐洲和其他地方的很多國家禁止使用它。33．【C13】A．presentlyB．virtuallyC．decisivelyD．promptly正確答案：B解析：本題考查副詞的語義。A馬上；B實(shí)際上；C決定性；D及時(shí)。這句話是說，對嗎啡成癮性的關(guān)注導(dǎo)致歐洲和其他地方的很多國家禁止對嗎啡及其相關(guān)物質(zhì)的任何使用。34．【C14】A．whenB．thoughC．whichD．where正確答案：D解析：本題考查關(guān)系副詞的使用，是一道語法題。在wheremorphineisalegalmedicaltherapy中，where是關(guān)系副詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)狀語從句修飾主句。這句的意思是，即使是在英國和美國這些將嗎啡視為一種合法治療手段的地方，很多醫(yī)生還是擔(dān)心把病人變成癮君子，因此給病人開的嗎啡量太小以至于根本無法控制疼痛。35．【C15】A．a(chǎn)dministeringB．a(chǎn)dministerC．a(chǎn)dministeredD．toadminister正確答案：B解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞不同時(shí)態(tài)和形態(tài)的用法，是一道語法題。在本句中，句子的主語是manydoctors，afraidofturningpatientintoaddicts是插入成分，amountsthataretoosmalltocontrolpain是賓語，可見句子缺少一個(gè)謂語。ReadingComprehensionGermany,Europe’seconomicpowerhouse,doesnotlackcourage:itreboundedfromtwoworldwars,digestedreunificationandhasnowpoweredaheadofneighborsstillreelingfromthefinancialcrisis.Itoverhauledarigidlabormarketandraisedtheretirementageto67withlittlefuss.Mostrecently,itsimplydecidedtoabandonnuclearpower.Withthisboldnessatthetopcomesobedienceatthebottom—82millionGermanswillwaitatapedestrianredlight,evenwithnocarinsight.Butwhenitcomestoempoweringwomen,noTeutonicdriveorrespectseemstowork—evenunderoneoftheworld’smostpowerfulwomen,ChancellorAngelaMerkel.Despiteabatchofgovernmentmeasuresandevermorepassionatedebateaboutgenderroles,onlyabout14percentofGermanmotherswithonechildresumefull-timework,andonly6percentofthosewithtwo.All30Germanstockindexcompaniesarerunbymen.Nationwide,asinglewomanpresidesonasupervisoryboard:Dr.SimoneBagel-TrahatHenkel.EighteenmonthsaftertheInternationalHeraldTribunelaunchedaseriesonthestateofwomeninthe21stcenturywithalookatGermany,thecountryhasemergedasatestcaseforthepush-and-pullofeconomicsandtradition.Forthedevelopedworld,Germany’ssituationsuggeststhatpuzzlingouthowtoremoveenduringbarrierstowomen’sfurtherprogressisoneofthehardestquestionstosolve.InallEuropeancountries,fromthetraditionallymachosouthernrimtomoreegalitarianNordicnations,theavailabilityandaffordabilityofchildcare,intertwinedwithtraditionalideasaboutgenderroles,haveprovedkeyfactorsindetermininggenderequality.Thenatureofmalenetworksisanothertellingfactor.Womenremainastrikingminorityintopcorporatecircles,eveninfiercelyegalitariancountrieslikeSwedenortheUSwhereopportunitiesoftengowithone’sabilities.Veryfewcountriesapproach20percentfemalerepresentationoncorporateexecutiveboards.YetifSwedishexecutivesuitesboast17percentwomenandtheUnitedStatesandBritain14percent,inGermanyitis2percent—asinIndia,accordingtoMcKinsey’s2010WomenMatterreport.Oneofthecountriesinmostneedoffemaletalent—theGermanbirthrateisamongthelowestinEuropeandlaborshortagesinskilledtechnicalprofessionsarealready150,000—Germanyisaplacewheregenderstereotypesremainengrainedinthemind,andinkeyinstitutionsacrosssociety.36．Thefirsttwoparagraphsdescribe______.A．practicalGermanleadershipinvariousfieldsB．retiredGermanworkers’livesC．a(chǎn)successfulGermanysinceWorldWarID．a(chǎn)Germanstyleofdealingwithcrises正確答案：A解析：本題是例證題，要求考生可以從第一段和第二段中提到的各個(gè)例子中總結(jié)出共同的相似點(diǎn)：即德國政府在各方面施政效率都很高。關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):．．．withthisboldnessatthetop…。37．Accordingtotheauthor,undertheleadershipofChancellorAngelaMerkel______.A．femalesmusthavebeenallowedtotakesomefull-timejobsB．womenmighthavebeensupportedtobecomestrongerC．discussionsshouldhavebeenheldaboutwomen’simportanceD．womenshouldhavebecomemorepowerfulthantheyarenow正確答案：D解析：本題是細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題，考查對第三段的理解，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在even這個(gè)副詞上，同時(shí)需要注意選項(xiàng)中虛擬語氣的含義。38．TheauthormentionsDr.SimoneBagel-Trahinordertoshow______.A．thepotentialforfemalestobecometopexecutivesB．thescarcityoffemaleCEOsinthecountryC．theinferiorityoffemaleCEOstomaleonesD．thestrengthofacompanyledbyafemale正確答案：B解析：本題是細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題，考查對第四段最后一句話的理解，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):．．．a(chǎn)singlewomen…。39．Thephrase“thepush-and-pullofeconomicsandtradition”(inParagraph5)referstothefactthat______.A．economicprogressneedseffortsbybothgendersB．traditionalgenderrolesremaininmodernsocietyC．economicneedsconflictwithtraditionalmindsetsD．traditionalgenderbiasmakesaneconomyevenworse正確答案：C解析：本題是詞匯題，考查該短語在第五段中的語義。短語本身并不費(fèi)解，答題關(guān)鍵是將短語放在文章的上下文中理解。本題也可以利用排除法，看哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)與文章的主題大意最接近。40．WhichofthefollowingsituationsformsabarriertoEuropeanwomen’sprogress?A．Awomanmayfeelveryproudwithallhercolleaguesbeingmale.B．Ababysittermayfinditveryhardtomakethehostesssatisfied.C．Men’sfriendshipisthoughttobemuchstrongerthanwomen’s.D．Womenaredeemedmorecapablethanmenonlyathome.正確答案：D解析：本題是長句理解題，考查第七段第一句話的意思。關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：…intertwinedwithtraditionalideasaboutgenderroles…。41．Bywritingthispassage,theauthoraimstosuggestthatinGermanytheimprovementofwomen’ssocialrolesis______.A．essentialB．debatableC．hopelessD．formidable正確答案：A解析：本題是推理題，考查第十段第一句話的意思。關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):．．．inmostneedoffemaletalent…。LatelyIgotachancetoreadPeoplemagazine’smostrecentcompilationof“The50MostBeautifulPeopleintheWorld.“Itwasfabulous.Inadditiontoofferinghelpfulgroomingtips,theissueinvolvesanattempttoansweroneofthemostdifficultquestionsofourtime;Whichisultimatelymoreinfluential,natureornurture?Considerfirsttheextremenurturists,whoabstainfromthenotionthatanythingisbiologicallyfixed.There’sJohnWatson,famousforthestatement:“Givemeachildandletmecontrolthetotalenvironmentinwhichheisraised,andIwillturnhimintowhateverIwish.“AnurtureviewpointisalsoadvancedbyTVstarJennaElfman,whoattributesherbeautytodrinking100ouncesofwateraday,andusingamoisturizerthatcosts$1,000apound.However,evenabeginnerinthestudyofhumandevelopmentalbiologymighteasilynotethatnodegreeofexpensivemoisturizerswouldget,say,meonPeople’sbeautylist.Naturally,similarlystrongopinionscomefromtheopposing,naturefaction—thegeneticdeterministsamongtheMostBeautiful.PerhapsthecockiestofthisschoolisJoshBrolin,anactorwhosestatementcouldreadilyserveasamanifestoforthoseinhisprofession:“Iwasgivenmydad’sgoodgenes.“Onesearchesthepagesforamiddleground,fortheinterdisciplinarysynthesizerwhoperceivesthecontributionsofbothnatureandnurture.Atlast,wefindMonica,asinger,whohasanabsolutelywondrousskillforapplyingmakeup.This,atfirst,seemslikejustmorenurturepropaganda.Butwheredoesshegetthiscosmeticaptitude?Hermothersuppliestheanswer:it’ssomethingthat’sinborn.Onegaspsattheinsight;Thereisageneticinfluenceonhowoneinteractswiththeenvironment.Toobadafewmorepeoplecan’tthinkthiswaywhenfiguringoutwhatgeneshavetodowithintelligence,substanceabuse,orviolence.Inmattersofhumanbeauty,hardwiredpreferencesmatterbutcanbeovercome.NovelistGeorgeEliotwasstrikinglyhomely,buthermagneticcharacterinspiredHenryJamestowriteinaletter;“Sheismagnificentlyugly—deliciouslyhideous.Shehasadullgreyeye,avastpendulousnose,ahugemouth,andfullofuneventeeth...Nowinthisvastuglinessresidesamostpowerfulbeautywhich,inaveryfewminutes,stealsforthandcharmsthemind,sothatyouendasIended,infallinginlovewithher.“42．ThearticlesuggeststhatPeoplemagazineregularly______.A．providesalistofthemostbeautifulpeopleintheworldB．givesadviceabouthowtolooklikeinternationalbeautiesC．providesguidanceonansweringcomplexquestionsD．offershelpindealingwithmarriageorfamilyproblems正確答案：A解析：本題是細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題，考查第一段第一句話的意思，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：…mostrecentcompilationof．．．。43．WhatJohnWatsonsaidcanbestbeinterpretedas______.A．parents’oversightguidesachild’sgrowthB．one’supbringingdetermineswhattheybecomeC．a(chǎn)changeofenvironmentaffectsone’shealthD．child-raisingisbynomeanseasy正確答案：B解析：本題是例證題，考查第二段的結(jié)構(gòu)，看懂JohnWatson這個(gè)例子是為了說明極端后天論者的觀點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):．．．theextremenurturists…。44．AccordingtoParagraph3,theauthorbelieves______.A．onecangetprettierifdrinkingenoughwatereverydayB．JennaElfman’sexperienceisworthpublicizingC．thesecretsofbeautyarefoundinhumanbiologyD．beautymustdependonmorethanoneortwofactors正確答案：D解析：本題是推理題，考查第三段最后一句話的意思，注意一般however后面的信息往往是作者重點(diǎn)論述的內(nèi)容或觀點(diǎn)。45．Accordingtotheauthor,JoshBrolin’sstatementshowsthattheactoris______.A．over-charmingB．over-assertiveC．over-confidentD．over-sensitive正確答案：C解析：本題是詞匯題，考查第四段中cockiest一詞的含義。我們可以利用構(gòu)詞法和聯(lián)想法大致推出該詞的意思。首先，-est可能是形容詞最高級的后綴；其次，我們可以聯(lián)想到cock一詞表示“公雞”，可比喻趾高氣揚(yáng)的人。46．Asanexampleinfavorofbothnatureandnurture,theauthorfeelsthatMonica’smotherisrather______.A．insightfulB．a(chǎn)bsurdC．justifiableD．irrelevant正確答案：A解析：本題是細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題，考查第五段第五句和第六句的意思，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):．．．onegraspsattheinsight…。47．Ashewrote,HenryJamesfellinlovewithGeorgeEliotbecauseof______.A．heruniqueuglinessB．herattractivecharacterC．hermasculinebeautyD．herskillfulwriting正確答案：B解析：本題是長句理解題，考查第六段第二句話的意思，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：…h(huán)ermagneticcharacterinspiredHenryJames．．．。Allcountrieshaveobviousincentivestolearnfrompastmistakes,butthosethathavesuccessfullyrisentothestatusofgreatpowersmaybelessinclinedtoadaptquicklyinthefuture.Whenitcomestolearningtherightlessons,paradoxically,nothingfailslikepriorsuccess.Thiswouldn’tseemtomakesense.Afterall,strongandwealthystatescanaffordtodevotealotofresourcestoanalyzingimportantforeign-policyproblems.Butthenagain,whenstatesarereallypowerful,thenegativeconsequencesoffoolishbehaviorrarelyprovefatal.JustasAmerica’s“BigThree”automakersweresolargeanddominanttheycouldresistreformandinnovationdespiteamplesignsthatforeigncompetitionwasrapidlyovertakingthem,strongandwealthystatescankeepmisguidedpoliciesinplaceandstillmanagetolimpalongformanyyears.ThehistoryoftheSovietUnionoffersanaptexampleofthisphenomenon.Soviet-stylecommunismwaswoefullyinefficientandbrutallyinhumane,anditsMarxist-Leninistideologybothalarmedthecapitalistworldandcreatedbittersplitswithintheinternationalcommunistmovement.YettheSovietUnionsurvivedforalmost70yearsandwasoneoftheworld’stwosuperpowersformorethanfourdecades.TheUnitedStateshasalsosufferedseriousself-inflictedwoundsontheforeign-policyfrontinrecentdecades,buttheconsequenceshavenotbeensosevereastocompelabroaderreassessmentoftheideasandstrategiesthathaveunderpinnedmanyofthesemistakes.Thetendencytoclingtoquestionableideasorfailedpracticeswillbeparticularlystrongwhenasetofpolicyinitiativesisboundupinagreatpower’srulingideologyorpoliticalculture.Sovietleaderscouldneverquiteabandontheideaofworldrevolution,anddefendersofBritishandFrenchcolonialismcontinuedtoseeitasthe“whiteman’sburden.“Today,U.S.leadersremainstubbornlycommittedtothegoalsofnation-buildinganddemocracypromotiondespitetheirdiscouragingtrackrecordwiththeseendeavors.YetbecausetheuniversalidealsoflibertyanddemocracyarecoreAmericanprinciples,itishardforU.S.leaderstoacknowledgethatothersocietiescannotbereadilyremadeinAmerica’simage.EvenwhenU.S.leadersrecognizethattheycannotcreate“somesortofCentralAsianValhalla,”asDefenseSecretaryRobertGatesacknowledgedin2009,theycontinuetospendbillionsofdollarstryingtobuilddemocracyinAfghanistan,alargelytraditionalsocietythathasneverhadastrongcentralstate,letaloneademocraticone.48．Concerningimprovementbasedonpasthistory,greatpowersoften______.A．failtodistinguishrightfromwrongB．understatealltheirwrongdoingsC．mentiontheirpriorsuccessaloneD．ignorehavingmademistakes正確答案：D解析：本題是推理題，考查第一段第二句話的意思，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):．．．nothingfailslikepriorsuccess…。49．America’s“BigThree”automakersareusedasanexampletoshowthat______.A．nationswouldneedtoadaptfortheirfutureB．businesseswouldlearnfromfailuresC．countriescouldsurvivetheirfaultsD．enterprisescoulddefeattheirrivals正確答案：C解析：本題既是例證題，又是長句理解題，考查第二段最后一句的意思以及與前一句的邏輯關(guān)系。該句的大意是：盡管種種跡象顯示國外競爭對手正在快速地取代美國的三大汽車廠商，他們依然沒有進(jìn)行改革和創(chuàng)新；同樣，強(qiáng)大而富裕的國家就算政策失誤，依舊可以向前發(fā)展，只不過速度會(huì)減緩而已。50．ThepassagesuggeststhattheSovietUnion______.A．hadlongbeenincrisisbeforeitfellB．usedtobenumberoneintheworldC．lastedforalongtimebecauseofitsbrutalityD．causedseparatisminwesterncountries正確答案：A解析：本題是主旨大意題，考查第三段的前半段的主要內(nèi)容，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):．．．woefullyinefficientandbrutallyinhumane…。51．TheUSseesthetroubleswithitsforeignaffairsas______.A．a(chǎn)vitalblowtoitsworldpositionB．resultingfromitsideologicalflawsC．sufferingtemporarysetbacksD．a(chǎn)signofdeficienciesinitspolicies正確答案：C解析：本題是長句理解題，考查第三段最后一句話的意思，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):．．．sufferedseriousself-inflictedwounds…，…buttheconsequenceshavenotbeensosevere…。52．BritainandFrancearementionedasthosewho______.A．hadtheirownformsofdemocracyB．usedtobeenemiesoftheSovietUnionC．wereoncesuperiortotheUSD．wantedtobeworldleaders正確答案：D解析：本題是推理題，考查第四段第二句話的意思，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):．．．defendersofBritishandFrenchcolonialismcontinuedtoseeitasthe“whiteman’sburden”…。53．Theauthormostlikelyintendstogivegreatpowers______.A．a(chǎn)dviceB．supportC．sympathyD．threats正確答案：A解析：本題是寫作目的題，考查對文章主要內(nèi)容和寫作意圖的把握。MuchofthedebateaboutmulticulturalismintheUKiscrass,ignorantandmisconceived.Thenewcritics,fromtheleftinparticular,riskcontributingtotheveryprocessestheydecry,sincetheyaresodismissiveoftheachievementsthatmarkthiscountryoutfromothers,particularlyinEurope.Ican’tthinkofanyotherEUstatethathasbeenmoresuccessfulthantheUKinmanagingculturaldiversity.Inthiscountry,weneedmoremulticulturalism,notless.Thatistosay,weshouldconcentrateupondevelopingfurtherlinksbetweendifferentethnicandculturalcommunities,andupondialogueevenwhenonthesurfaceitseemstocreateproblems.JackStraw’sremarksaboutwomenwhoweartheveilhaveprovokedhugecontroversy.Buthewasrighttoraisetheissue,becausehewasemphasizingtheimportanceofconnectionandcommunication.Inapluralisticsocietyallgroupsshouldaccepttheneedforinterrogationfromothers—itistheconditionofproducingmutualrespect,ratherthanunderminingit.Hewasnotsuggestinganysortofcoercion.PakistanigroupsinparticularfeaturedintheriotsthathappenedinOldham,LeedsandBradfordinthe1990sandearly2000s.Atthattimeaswell,multiculturalismcameinforabashing:itwaswidelyblamedinthepressforcreatingsegregationbetweenPakistaniandlocalwhitecommunities.Theseclaimsweremade,however,bywriterswithscantknowledgeoftheneighbourhoodsinquestion.AsociologistattheUniversityofLeeds,LudiSimpson,laterstudiedthecommunitiesconcernedindepthand—somethingoftenneglected—overtime.Hefoundthatsegregationwasfarlowerthanmostoutsidecommentatorshadsuggested.ManyPakistanifamiliesoriginallylivingintheinner-cityareashadinfactmovedoutacrosstheyearstomiddle-classneighbourhoodsorruralareas.ContrarytotheideathattheAsian(mostlyMuslim)groupswantedtokeeptothemselves,theevidenceshowedadesireformoremixing,withmostwantingindependentlifestylesawayfromtoomuchethnicclustering.Formuchofthe20thcenturythemainperceivedsocialproblemwasthatofclassconflict.Classdifferencescontinuetooverlapwithculturalandethnicdivisions.Butforustodaytheperceivedsocialproblemisthatofthemanagementofdiversity:deliveringitsbenefits,whicharemany,whilecontainingtheconflictsandcoststhatitcanincur.Weshan’tgetanywhereinpursuingsuchgoalsifweabandonmulticulturalism.54．Accordingtotheauthor,thenewcriticsare______.A．reluctanttounderstandthedifferencesbetweenculturesB．gettingintoapositioncontrarytotheirownargumentC．ignorantofthereasonswhyUKstandsoutinEuropeD．goingtotheextremeleftincriticizingmulticulturalism正確答案：B解析：本題是長句理解題，考查第一段第二句話的意思，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):．．．contributingtotheveryprocessestheydecry…。55．JackStraw’sremarksasmentionedprobablyconveytheideathat______.A．a(chǎn)nykindofcultureintheworlddeservesrespectB．genderbiasremainstheobstacletowomen’sliberationC．women’sveilwearingshowsculturalbackwardnessD．socialhierarchyremainsaprobleminIslamiccountries正確答案：A解析：本題是細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題，考查第二段倒數(shù)第二句話的意思，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):．．．itistheconditionofproducingmutualrespect…。56．Assuggestedbytheauthor,thePakistanigroupsinthe1990sandearly2000s______.A．sufferedfromwidehlameinthemediaB．madestrongcriticismofmulticulturalismC．hadconflictswiththelocalwhitecommunitiesD．roseinrebellionagainstthegovernment正確答案：C解析：本題是細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題，考查第三段第一句話的意思，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):．．．featuredintheriots…。57．Theauthorsuggeststhattheblameputonmulticulturalismwasduetothelackof______.A．closeinvestigationintothereasonsfortheracialsegregationB．in-depthknowledgeabouttheculturalgroupsinvolvedC．a(chǎn)nacuteawarenessofthefeelingsoftheinner-citydwellersD．a(chǎn)fullunderstandingofthegapbetweendifferentsocialclasses正確答案：B解析：本題是推理題，考查對第三段最后一句話的理解，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：…bywriterswithscantknowledgeoftheneighbourhoodsinquestion…。58．LudiSimpson’sstudyshowedthat______.A．theclusterofmixedethnicgroupslikelygaverisetoethnictensionB．thePakistanigroupstendedtolivepeacefullymuchmorethanbeforeC．theMuslimcommunitymostlykeptseparatefromothercommunitiesD．thewishtoliveexclusivelywithone’sownethnicgroupswasamyth正確答案：D解析：本題是細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題，考查第四段最后一句話的意思，關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：Contrarytotheidea…。59．Theboldfacedword“containing”inthelastparagraphcanbestbereplacedbytheword”______.”A．controllingB．compromisingC．coveringD．considering正確答案：A解析：本題是詞匯題，考查第五段第三句話中delivering與containing兩個(gè)詞之間的邏輯關(guān)系，關(guān)鍵是通過邏輯關(guān)系把握containin