13. 非謂語動(dòng)詞及其它-2022年上海名校高中自主招生英語直通車

第頁第13第13講：非謂語動(dòng)詞及其它考點(diǎn)歸納、考前鞏固、真題鏈接 考點(diǎn)歸納說明:市面上的工具書中講至非謂語章節(jié)一般會(huì)根據(jù)非謂語的不同種類(即不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞)或根據(jù)其所作的不同成分(句法功能)進(jìn)行分述，各有優(yōu)劣；本資料傾向于先根據(jù)不同種類分述，再根據(jù)相同成分下不同非謂語的不同作用進(jìn)行總結(jié)，內(nèi)容上可能會(huì)有所重復(fù)，敬請(qǐng)諒解!判斷句中謂語動(dòng)詞、非謂語動(dòng)詞、連詞、從句數(shù)量的方法:“結(jié)構(gòu)最大”(StructureFirstPrinciple) 一般情況下，一句句子中只允許有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞；若要添加一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，則需加入一個(gè)連詞；若不增加連詞，則需將謂語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉侵^語動(dòng)詞；一般情況下，將句中所省略的連詞全部補(bǔ)全，若有連詞個(gè)，則從句有個(gè)，謂語動(dòng)詞有個(gè)在英語中，將不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動(dòng)詞，叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞；非謂語動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞以及過去分詞；現(xiàn)代專業(yè)語法將動(dòng)詞分為限定動(dòng)詞及非限定動(dòng)詞，一般動(dòng)詞具有現(xiàn)在時(shí)及過去時(shí)兩種限定形式，具有不定式、-ing分詞、-ed分詞三種非限定形式謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞的相同點(diǎn): ① 對(duì)于及物動(dòng)詞，兩者都可與賓語連用，如 Theybuiltagarden.Theysuggestedbuildingagarden. ② 兩者都可以被狀語修飾，如 Thesuitfitshimverywell.Thesuitusedtofithimverywell. ③ 兩者都有主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)[態(tài)(voice)的變化]，一般式、進(jìn)行體、完成體[體(aspect)的變化]，如 Hewaspunishedbyhisparents.Heavoidedbeingpunishedbyhisparents. Wehavewrittenthecomposition.Havingwrittenthecomposition,wehandeditin. ④ 兩者都可以有邏輯主語，如 Theystartedtheworkatonce.Thebossorderedthemtostartthework.謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞的不同點(diǎn): *① 非謂語動(dòng)詞沒有時(shí)(tense)的標(biāo)記，只存在態(tài)與體的變化 ② 非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有名詞作用，在句中作主語、賓語或表語，如動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞 ③ 非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有形容詞作用，在句中作定語、表語或賓補(bǔ)，如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞 ④ 非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有副詞作用，在句中作狀語，如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞非謂語動(dòng)詞的具體句法功能:句子成分非謂語主語表語賓語補(bǔ)語

(主補(bǔ)、賓補(bǔ))定語狀語同位語介詞賓語不定式動(dòng)名詞現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞不定式通常由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，某些情況下to需省略，在句子中起名詞、形容詞或副詞的作用；不定式可以是一般形式、進(jìn)行體形式、完成體形式以及完成進(jìn)行體形式，列表如下主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)一般形式towritetobewritten進(jìn)行體形式tobewriting完成體形式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten完成進(jìn)行體形式tohavebeenwriting 否定式為not/never(etc.)+(to)do；tobedoing表示正在進(jìn)行且與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 如遇到表性質(zhì)的形容詞(難易形容詞)作表語(hard,difficult,easy等)，其后的不定式與主語存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則通常不定式用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)

其他不定式主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的內(nèi)容詳見時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)章節(jié)2帶to不定式與不帶to不定式的情況:2 ① 對(duì)于邊際情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞(need,dare)，如果作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞則跟不帶to不定式，作普通動(dòng)詞則后跟帶to不定式；特殊地，dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟不帶to不定式，作普通動(dòng)詞to可有可無 ② let,make,have等使役動(dòng)詞+賓語，之后用不帶to不定式，當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，則需將不帶to不定式轉(zhuǎn)為帶to不定式 ③ see,hear,observe,notice,feel,watch,lookat,listento等感官動(dòng)詞+賓語，之后用不帶to不定式，當(dāng)上述動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，則需將不帶to不定式轉(zhuǎn)為帶to不定式 ④ help或help+賓語后既可用帶to不定式，也可以不帶to不定式

注意區(qū)分can’thelp(to)do/can’thelpbutdo/can’thelpdoing ⑤ 在某些情態(tài)成語后的to，如wouldrather/wouldsooner/wouldassoon(寧愿)/mayaswell/mightaswell/can’tbut/can’thelpbut后跟不帶to不定式；一些作“寧愿……而不愿”解釋的詞組，如wouldrather…than…/wouldsooner…than…/wouldassoon…as…句型中，省略號(hào)處都為不帶to不定式 ⑥ 介詞except,but后，如果之前有動(dòng)詞do及其變形(do的某種形式)，則其后跟不帶to不定式，否則不定式帶to，如

Theydidnothingexceptwork.There’snochoicebuttowait.

形象描述為“有毒(do及其變形)無兔(to)，有兔(to)無毒(do及其變形)”(有毒則無兔子)不定式符號(hào)to的使用與省略: ① 若根據(jù)上下文可推斷出內(nèi)容，則可省略to后的動(dòng)詞及其補(bǔ)足部分，如

Youcangoifyouwantto.

有時(shí)to可與其后的動(dòng)詞、補(bǔ)足部分一同省略，如

Youwillmakeitifyoutry(to). ② 當(dāng)兩個(gè)帶to不定式存在于并列結(jié)構(gòu)(and/or)中，第二個(gè)to?？墒÷裕魞蓚€(gè)不定式存在對(duì)比含義，則不能省略；總之，不省略一般都是對(duì)的，如

Tobe,ornottobe,thatisthequestion. ③ 重點(diǎn)區(qū)分不定式符號(hào)to與介詞to(參見“介詞”章節(jié))不定式作主語，如Toanswerthatquestionisdifficult.

此時(shí)常可將其轉(zhuǎn)換為以it作形式主語的句子，即Itisdifficulttoanswerthatquestion.

故有固定結(jié)構(gòu)Itis+adj.+for/of+sb.+todosth.

若形容詞為描述某人的品質(zhì)的(如good,wise,clever,silly,wrong等)，一般采用of，其他則使用for

不定式作表語，如Herjobistocleanthehall.比較Sheiscleaningthehall.不定式作賓語: ① 有些動(dòng)詞能直接帶不定式，而不能直接帶動(dòng)名詞，這類動(dòng)詞有agree,aim,apply,arrange,choose,claim,decide,demand,desire,determine,endeavor,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pledge,prepare,pretend,profess,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,swear,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow等 ② 上述agree,arrange,promise,resolve,claim,decide,demand,determine,hope,pretend,profess,swear,threaten等動(dòng)詞既能直接帶不定式，也能直接帶that從句 ③ 若不定式作賓語時(shí)，其后還有賓補(bǔ)成分，則可考慮用it作形式賓語，不定式作真正賓語后置，但注意并不是任何動(dòng)詞都能構(gòu)成it的形式賓語結(jié)構(gòu)，這些動(dòng)詞包括find,feel,judge,think,make,believe,consider ④ 動(dòng)詞不定式也可作介詞賓語，特殊地but,except用法見上

動(dòng)詞不定式也可與wh-疑問詞連用，如HegavemesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.

這類能以疑問詞加不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞包括tell,show,know,advise,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn等，且不定式用一般式、主動(dòng)式為多

注意Myquestionishowtodothework.Myquestioniswhattodonext. ⑤ 表希望、打算的動(dòng)詞若后接不定式的完成體形式，則表示過去有但未實(shí)現(xiàn)愿望不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語:3 ① 有一些動(dòng)詞必須先帶賓語再帶不定式(且必須為帶to不定式)，而不能直接帶不定式，這類動(dòng)詞包括[1]arrangefor,askfor,relyon,callon,waitfor等詞組動(dòng)詞；[2]consider,declare,find,prove,think,believe,discover,feel,judge,suppose,understand,want,wish,expect等表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞；[3]advise,allow,forbid,permit,recommend,require,urge,ask,tell,order,beg,help,persuade,prepare,cause,force,invite,oblige,enable,get,encourage,remind,request,command,warn,drive等表示勸告、允許、禁止等動(dòng)詞；使役動(dòng)詞、感官動(dòng)詞一般后跟不帶to不定式，詳見上，注意改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)需恢復(fù)to3 ② 第[2]類動(dòng)詞中，其后的不定式總帶to，通常為tobe，往往可以省略，如

Weconsideredhim(tobe)foolish.

但不定式為完成體形式時(shí)則不能省略，如

Weconsideredhimtohavebeenfoolish.

上述動(dòng)詞后的名詞或代詞既是動(dòng)詞賓語，也是不定式的邏輯主語，故一般都可與that從句互換，如Iknowhimtobehonest.Iknowthatheishonest. ③ 第[3]類動(dòng)詞中advise,allow,forbid,permit,recommend等動(dòng)詞也可直接跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，如Sheadvisedgivingupsmoking.Sheadvisedustogiveupsmoking.

有些表示建議的還可以改為that從句，且需注意虛擬語氣，如

SheurgedthatgotoEurope.SheurgedthemtogotoEurope. ④ ask,hate,intend,prefer等動(dòng)詞，既可直接跟不定式，也可先加賓語再加不定式，更可改成that從句，有的還可直接帶動(dòng)名詞，如

Iprefertowalkthere.→Theypreferredhernottogowithhim.→Theypreferredthatsheshouldnotgowithhim.→Shepreferreddressingformallytowearingsportclothes. ⑤ 復(fù)合賓語，如Withalotofworktodo,hedidn’tgotocinema.不定式作定語: ① 名詞有時(shí)是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語，一般等同于同義的定語從句，如

Hewasthelastguesttoarrive.Hewasthelastguestwhoarrived.

名詞有時(shí)是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯賓語，一般也等同于同義的定語從句，如

Hehasalargefamilytosupport.Hehasalargefamilythathemustsupport.

名詞有時(shí)與不定式結(jié)構(gòu)是一種同位關(guān)系，如

Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou. ② 如果不定式屬于不及物動(dòng)詞，或由于意義上或結(jié)構(gòu)上的需要，其后須加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith.

如果不定式修飾的名詞是time,place,way則間或可省去介詞，如

Hehasnoplacetolive(in). ③ 作名詞的修飾語的不定式采用主動(dòng)態(tài)或是被動(dòng)態(tài)一般無甚區(qū)別，如

Givemealistofpeopletoinvite/tobeinvited.

若名詞作句子主語，則使用被動(dòng)態(tài)更為自然，試比較

I’vegotletterstowritetonight.

Thecasestobeinvestigatedarenottobemadepublicinpress. ④ 有些名詞如attempt,chance,effort,freedom,intention,necessity,opportunity,reason,time,way等，其后用不定式或介詞+doing意義無甚區(qū)別；而ability,agreement,ambition,anxiety,curiosity,mind,obligation,permission,refusal,temptation,tendency后一般跟不定式，如

Woodhasatendencytoswellifitgetswet.

而delay,difficulty,excuse,experience,interest,habit,hope,idea,method,object,passion,plan,possibility,skill,success通常后跟介詞+doing，如

Ahundredyearsago,fewpeoplebelievedinthepossibilityofflying.

thefirst/thelast/only/best等詞常跟不定式作定語不定式作狀語: ① 可表目的，如Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney. ② 注意不定式作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語即主句的主語，注意其一致性:4 Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.

Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.4 ③ 可表結(jié)果，如Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.

常用only,just等放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，如Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout. ④ 可表原因，如Theywereverysadtohearthenews.

可表程度，如It’stoodarkforustoseeanything. ⑤ 表目的，也可用inorderto/soasto不定式表示，主要用于強(qiáng)調(diào)“目的”含義或表示否定不定式作獨(dú)立成分，如totell(you)thetruth,tomakemattersworse,tosumup,tobehonest,tobefrank,tobeginwith

其中的tobe+adj.結(jié)構(gòu)也可轉(zhuǎn)換為adv.+speaking結(jié)構(gòu)，如

tobehonest=honestlyspeaking,tobefrank=franklyspeaking有些不定式往往含有否定含義，如

Thefurnitureisheavytomove.=Thefurnitureistooheavytomove.

否定含義與heavy等形容詞的本身意義有著密切關(guān)系

但若too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)前形容詞表示的是喜悅、急切的心理狀態(tài)，則此時(shí)too類同于very注意不定式to與do及其變形的不同作用，如

Ihappenedtohaveheardofthenews.EQ\O(｜,↓,符合動(dòng)詞happen的搭配,→)符合時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)要求動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能；動(dòng)名詞可以是一般形式以及完成體形式，列表如下主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)一般形式doingbeingdone完成體形式havingdonehavingbeendone 否定式為not/never(etc.)+動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞作主語，如Readingaloudisveryhelpful.

當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，常用it作形式主語，如It’snousequarrelling.

常見句型如It’snouse/nogood/awasteoftimedoing

一般來說，較抽象的一般行為多用動(dòng)名詞作主語，具體、將來某動(dòng)作多用不定式作主語

動(dòng)名詞作表語，如Intheantcity,thequeen’sjobislayingeggs.

表示一般性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作多用動(dòng)名詞，而表示某一次將來的動(dòng)作多用不定式；對(duì)于兩者皆可的情況，遵從對(duì)稱原則，即表語形式遵從主語形式，最常見的就是諺語“眼見為實(shí)”的表述方法，即Toseeistobelieve./Seeingisbelieving.

動(dòng)名詞作定語，表示所修飾詞用途，且與被修飾詞無邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，例如waitingroom,swimmingpool,flyingsuit,sleepingcar動(dòng)名詞作賓語: ① 有一些動(dòng)詞能帶動(dòng)名詞而不能帶不定式作賓語，常見的有admit,acknowledge,appreciate,avoid,can’thelp(情不自禁),can’tresist,can’tstand,consider,delay,deny,dislike,ensure,enjoy,envy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,giveup,imagine,include,keep(on),mind,miss,pardon,postpone,practise,putoff,report,risk,suggest等 ② 動(dòng)名詞的主語若是不言而喻的或已在句中出現(xiàn)的，則無需表示出來；但若其本身帶有主語，則必須表示出來，以免引起歧義，如Sheinsistedonmegoing. ③ 動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)，其邏輯主語用形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格，若邏輯主語不在句首，則也可用賓格，如Idon’tmindJohn/John’s/him/hisbuyinganotherone. ④ 有一些動(dòng)詞不能直接帶動(dòng)名詞，而必須在動(dòng)詞后添加賓語、介詞(into/from)再帶動(dòng)名詞，如tricksb.intodoingsth./talksb.intodoingsth.

特殊地，v.+sb.+fromdoingsth.結(jié)構(gòu)一般帶“使……不”的含義，如stop/prevent/keepsb.fromdoingsth.其中介詞from也可略而不用

但如果動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)則介詞不能省略，試比較

Wecan’tstopit(from)happening.Itcan’tbestoppedfromhappening.

除上述以外，congratulatesb.ondoingsth./accusesb.ofdoingsth.等也可歸入此類5 ⑤ 在attempt,begin,can’tbear,continue,hate,intend,like,love,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,start等動(dòng)詞之后既能直接帶不定式，也能直接帶動(dòng)名詞，基本意義無甚區(qū)別，但需注意5 a) 在begin,can’tbear,cease,continue,like,love,neglect,omit,prefer,propose,start等動(dòng)詞后，表示一般行為用動(dòng)名詞居多，表示特定的、具體的動(dòng)作則用不定式居多，試比較

Idon’tlikewatchingtelevision.I’dliketoswimtoday. b) 在need,want,require,deserve等動(dòng)詞后，可使用動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式，這相當(dāng)于用不定式被動(dòng)形式，如Thehousewantsrewiring.Thehousewantstoberewired.

試比較Myradioneedsrepairing/toberepaired.Ineedmyradio(tobe)repaired.

試比較Hedeservesshootingfirst.(應(yīng)先被殺)Hedeservestoshootfirst.(應(yīng)先射擊) c) 在begin,start之后若跟的是靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞，或begin,start為進(jìn)行體，則使用不定式，如

Webegantoseewhathemeant./It’sbeginningtorain. d) 在attempt,intend,plan后，以跟不定式比較普通 ⑥ 在forget,goon,leaveoff,mean,regret,remember,stop等動(dòng)詞后既能帶不定式，也能帶動(dòng)名詞，但含義完全不同，這類動(dòng)詞大致可分為以下五類分述: a) remember,forget,regret之后，用動(dòng)名詞表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“記得”、“忘記”、“后悔”之前(動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作已發(fā)生)，意義上doing=havingdone；用不定式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“記得”、“忘記”、“遺憾”之后(動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作未發(fā)生)，試比較:

eq\o\ac(○,1)IregrettellingyouthatJohnstoleit.=IregretthatItoldyou…

eq\o\ac(○,2)IregrettotellyouthatJohnstoleit.=Iamsorrytotellyou…

不過，例句1也可理解為IregretthatIamnowtellingyou… b) stop,leaveoff,goon等詞之后，通常用動(dòng)名詞作賓語[停下、繼續(xù)做某事(同一件事)]，若用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)便不是賓語而是目的狀語，相當(dāng)于inorderto[停下、繼續(xù)做另一事]，試比較

TheystoppedwatchingTVat9:30.=At9:30theydidn’twatchTVanymore.

TheystoppedtowatchTVat9:30.=Theypausedat9:30inordertowatchTV.

特別注意goontodo/goondoing對(duì)“一件事”、“另一件事”定義較為嚴(yán)格，如readingTextOne與readingTextTwo雖同指reading一事，但對(duì)于goon屬兩件事 c) try,mean,can’thelp等詞之后，根據(jù)動(dòng)詞本身的不同含義選擇todo或doing

trytodo努力、設(shè)法trydoing試著、試用

meantodo打算(plantodo)meandoing意味著

can’thelptodo不能幫忙(to可省略)can’thelpdoing禁不住(can’thelpbutdo) d) agree,decide等詞之后，可直接帶不定式，若要帶doing則需加介詞，如 Theyagreedtheremuneration(報(bào)酬). e) encourage,permit,allow,recommend,advise等詞之后，可直接帶doing，若要帶不定式則需添加自己的邏輯主語，如 Shedoesn’tallow. ⑦ 在以下一組句子中，使用doing或todo無甚區(qū)別 Ilike. 但在以下一組句子中則語義略有不同，試比較 IhateEQ\O(……………,……………) ?句表示的是一般的說謊行為，此時(shí)tellinglies的邏輯主語泛指一般的人，而?句表示的是特指的說謊行為，邏輯主語為主句的主語I，又如分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞，兩者典型的區(qū)別在于

現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行；而過去分詞表被動(dòng)、完成6現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能；動(dòng)名詞可以是一般形式以及完成體形式，列表如下6及物動(dòng)詞write不及物動(dòng)詞go主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)一般形式writingbeingwrittengoing完成體形式havingwrittenhavingbeenwrittenhavinggone 否定式為not+現(xiàn)在分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成體形式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語；現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，完成體形式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，且為被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；分詞完成體形式只能作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，如果分詞單獨(dú)作定語則放在所修飾名詞前，如果是分詞短語作定語則放在所修飾名詞后，如

Inthefollowingyearsheworkedevenharder.

如上例句，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句的句法功能，表示正在進(jìn)行或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，此處inthefollowingyears=intheyearsthatfollowed

現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，如Thefilmbeingshowninthecinemaisexciting.

bedoing既可表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，也可表示現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，區(qū)別在于其表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作是進(jìn)行時(shí)，若表示特征時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語: ① 如下動(dòng)詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，如感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,hear,feel,notice,observe,listento,lookat及使役動(dòng)詞find,get,keep與leave,catch等，如

Canyouhearhersingingthesonginthenextroom? ② 以上的絕大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞后可帶todo或doing作賓補(bǔ)，試比較其區(qū)別

InoticedanoldmanEQ\O(………,………) ?句表示的是動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，即非全過程，而?句表示的是動(dòng)作已完成，即全過程 ③ 當(dāng)人稱代詞在主句中作賓語，隨后又跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，則此時(shí)人稱代詞只能用賓格，如

Theycaughthimcheatingontheexam.

Theycaughthischeatingontheexam.現(xiàn)在分詞可在句中作狀語，表示多種意義，茲各舉一例如下，一般都可轉(zhuǎn)換為對(duì)應(yīng)從句 時(shí)間狀語 Climbingtothetopofthetower,wesawamagnificentview. 現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作若較短暫，且與謂語動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，通常使用一般形式，如 Hearingthenews,thechildrenjumpedwithjoy. 原因狀語 Beingahardworkingyoungman,heispraisedbyallhisfellowworkers. 條件狀語 Playingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime. 讓步狀語 Manyboys,havinghadfewadvantagesintheiryouth,haveneverthelessdonegreatthingsfortheircountry. 結(jié)果狀語 Hespreadarumourthatthepresidentwasgoingtoresign,leadingtoagreatconfusioninthatcountry. 表伴隨 Theoldmanwasfastasleep,holdingabookinhishand. 此外，有一些表示說話人對(duì)說話內(nèi)容所持態(tài)度的現(xiàn)在分詞已經(jīng)成為固定用語，如

Judgingfromwhatyousay,hehasdonehisbest.

Generallyspeaking,thisbookisnotverydifficult.

這是以現(xiàn)在分詞短語作評(píng)注性狀語

現(xiàn)在分詞還可以帶從屬連詞，如

Whensleeping,Ineverhearathing.

ThoughunderstandingnoGreek,Charleswasabletocommunicatewithhim.

也可作獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，如

Timepermitting,we’lldoanothertwoexercises.

Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.

其中的havingbeen或being間或可以省去，如

Thequestion(havingbeen)settled,themeetingadjourned.

有時(shí)也可由介詞with引出，如

Withthetreegrowingtall,wegetmoreshade.7過去分詞只有一種形式

過去分詞作定語:7 OurclasswentonanorganizedtriplastMonday.

注意當(dāng)過去分詞是單詞時(shí)，一般置于名詞前，如果是短語則后置，過去分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)態(tài)的定語從句，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語所表示動(dòng)作之前

過去分詞作表語: cf. Thewindowisbroken.(系表)Thewindowwasbrokenbytheboy.(被動(dòng))過去分詞作前置定語(修飾語): ① 來自及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作前置修飾語通常帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成意義；而能作上述用法的現(xiàn)在分詞有的來自及物動(dòng)詞，有的來自不及物動(dòng)詞，通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義，如

frozenfoodafreezingwind afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch

aboredtravelleraboringjourney arecordedtalkarecordingmachine ② 有些過去分詞通常不能單獨(dú)作前置修飾語，但若加前綴un-或者構(gòu)成符合形容詞后便可作作前置修飾語，如

uninvitedguests badly-builthouse

anundeterminedboundary highly-developedindustry

來自不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞很少用作前置修飾語，如果能作前置修飾語則其僅表示完成意義，而無被動(dòng)意義，如

aretiredworker=aworkerwhohasretired fallenleaves=leavesthathavefallen 過去分詞作后置修飾語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)縮略的定語從句，如

Oneofthehouses(whichwere)wreckedbythestormbelongedtomygrandfather.過去分詞作補(bǔ)語: ① 許多現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞已被形容詞化

-ed與-ing型形容詞的區(qū)別:前者用于描述人的感受，后者用于修飾引發(fā)該感受的人或事 ② 古英語遺留下來的過去分詞問題參見第一章 ③ 能以過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要分成以下三類: a) see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感覺、心理狀態(tài)的詞，如

Wefoundhergreatlychanged.

Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.

IsawTomseatedonthebench.(=sitting) b) make,get,have,keep等表致使含義的詞，如

Ihavemyhaircuteverytenday. Hewastryingtomakehimselfunderstood.

Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.

注意havesth.done結(jié)構(gòu)中，have有三種不同含義，試比較

Wehadtheproblemssolved.(使，有意行為)

Shehadherarmbrokeninanaccident.(遭受，非有意行為)

Ihavenotanymoneyleft.(有)

注意have的一些結(jié)構(gòu): eq\o\ac(○,1) have…do/doing/done此處have作使、讓，have的主語多為人，如

I’mgoingtohaveyouwriteanarticle.

Theyhavethecarwaitingforusatthegate./Iwon’thaveyoutalkingsomuchnow!

You’dbetterhaveyourlegexamined.8 eq\o\ac(○,2) have…todo/tobedone此處have作有解釋，如

Westillhavealotofproblemtosolve.

Ihavemanydocumentstobetyped.8 c) like,want,wish,order等表希望、要求含義的詞，如

Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.過去分詞可在句中作狀語，表示多種意義，茲各舉一例如下，一般都可轉(zhuǎn)換為對(duì)應(yīng)從句 時(shí)間狀語 Onceappointedsupremecommander,hetookthesternmeasuresexpectedofhim. 原因狀語 Deeplymoved,hethankedheragainandagain. 條件狀語 United,westand;divided,wefall. 讓步狀語 Beatenbythepoliceandsenttojail,Gandhiinventedtheprincipleofnonviolentresistance. 表伴隨 HewenttoBeijingthatyear,disguisedasamerchant. 過去分詞還可以帶從屬連詞when,although,though,asif,if,evenif,once,unless,until等，如

Thedictionarywilllooknicewhenprinted.

Thoughsurrounded,theguerillaswerenotdiscouraged.

Oncepublished,thebookcausedaremarkablestir.

上述結(jié)構(gòu)可視作一個(gè)省略主語+be的從句，注意主語一致問題

也可作獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，如

Myworkdone,wewenthomestraightaway.

有時(shí)也可由介詞with引出，如

Theysatintheroomwiththecurtainsdrawn.獨(dú)立(主格)結(jié)構(gòu)(建議理解)——帶主語的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)

① n./pron.+現(xiàn)在分詞，如

Mr.Libeingaseniorteacher,weallrespecthim.

② n./pron.+過去分詞，如

Theirworkdone,theworkersleftthefactory.

獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語類似于with結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)可交替使用綜述非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語: ① 作表語、賓語、狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語即句子主語，如

Hiswishistoliveinaflat. ② 作定語時(shí)，其邏輯主語即被修飾詞，如

ToysmadeinChinaareverypopular. ③ 作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語即該句賓語，如

Manyparentsurgetheirchildrentoattendextraclassesinholiday. ④ 若非謂語動(dòng)詞需自己獨(dú)立的主語 a) 不定式可使用for/ofsb.注意of僅用于表示人物性格、特點(diǎn)的形容詞后 b) 動(dòng)名詞作主語則可用名詞所有格或物主代詞，如Hiscominglatemademeangry.

提示:EQ\O(him,×)此處不可使用him

動(dòng)名詞作賓語則可用名詞賓格/賓格代詞或名詞所有格/物主代詞，如

Canyouimaginemy/meeatingthesethingswithintenminutes? c) 獨(dú)立(主格)結(jié)構(gòu) 考前鞏固I. Correcterrors,ifany,inthefollowingsentences.OnlythesentencesinEnglishneedrevising.Payspecialattentiontowhatyou’velearntinthischapter.It’snecessaryofyoutolearnsomeEnglish.Themedicinecan’thelpgettingridofyourcold.Tomstoppedlistening,buttherewasnosound.Hesuggestedustowatchamovie.9Theyweremadeworkdayandnight.9Wedon’thavepapertowrite.Themeetingbeingheldnextmonthissuretobeagreatsuccess.Seeingfromthehill,thetownlooksmagnificent.HowoftenIhaveregrettednottotakehisadvice!Idon’tknowhowtodo.I’mconfusing.Shecandoeverythingexcepttocook.Heisaleaderlovingbythepeople.Hefeltitanhonortotakingpartinthework.Rememberpostingtheletteronyourwayhome,David.Ineedmytelevisionrepairing.Tomfailingintheexammademeunhappy.Onceseen,Idon’twanttoseeitagain.(這看過一遍就不想看第二遍了)Whynotaskingyourparentsforhelp?Heistobeblamed.Turningtotheleft,andyouwillfindthezoo.II. Addtowherenecessary.Ratherthan_____runtheriskoflosingeverythingtheyacceptedhisterm.Icoulddonothingbut_____pretend_____knownothing.Whynot_____urgehim_____reconsiderhisdecision?Mr.Joneswasmade_____answerinnumerablequestions.Whydon’tgetyourwife_____explainittoyou?Helpthegirlinfrontofyou_____carrythebaskets.Herwholelifehadbeenspentinlisteningtootherpeople_____talk.Shehadnochoicebut_____obey.WhatcanIdothenexcept_____watchthem_____carryyouaway?Areyouwillingtoletyourwife_____becontrolledbydestiny?III. Puttheverbsinbracketsintothecorrectforms,choosingamongtheinfinitive,thegerund,thepresentparticipleandthepastparticiple.Hewasinlowspiritsandevenconsidered_____(go)away.Thecriminaleventhreatened_____(murder)thepresident.Practise_____(put)thetipofyourtonguebetweenyourteethandblowing:Youwillpronounceperfectth’s!Ican’thelp_____(wonder)whetherweshouldrisk_____(go)withoutraincoats.Don’ttellmeyoualwaysescape_____(fine)becauseyouhaveaveryfastsportscar!Timdecided_____(put)brokenglassontopofhiswall_____(prevent)boys_____(climb)overit.Thedoctoradvised_____(stay)longerinhospital.Weallappreciateyour_____(want)_____(help)usinourdifficulties.Thewitnessdenied_____(see)theaccusedman.Michaelhasdelayed_____(write)tohertilltoday.Ididn’tmean_____(eat)anythingbutthecakeslookedsogoodthatIcouldn’tresist____(try)one.Mostpeopleprefer_____(spend)moneyto_____(earn)it.Wedon’tallow_____(smoke)inthelectureroom.Thisproblemneeds_____(lookinto).Ilove_____(lie)onmybackandstaringatthesky.10Hepermitted_____(arrive)latewithanexcuse.10Iwishhewouldstop_____(pretend)tobeanexpertonByzantineArt.Iremember_____(allow)them_____(play)inmygardenwithoutfirst_____(ask)forpermission.Doyouwishyourbreakfast_____(bring)toyourroom,madam?Idon’twantthatkindofthing_____(keep)happening.I’mnotgoingtohaveyou_____(mixup)withthissortofbusiness.Don’tforgettohavehim_____(come).Icaughttheboys_____(steal)applesfrommygarden.Canyougettheclock_____(go)again?Thelecturersoongotus_____(think).I’llgetthebook_____(send)toyounextmail.Youshouldmakeyourviews_____(know).I’llleaveyou_____(settle)allthebusiness.It’sbettertoleavesomething_____(unsay).Hekeptthem_____(work)allday.HereafterIwantyoutokeepme_____(inform)ofhowthingsaregoingwithyou.Ifeltagreatweight_____(takeoff)mymindbythispromise.Isawtheman_____(knockdown)andthedriver_____(drive)away.Therentyouasksoundsreasonableforthesizeofthecottage.Howwouldyoulikeit_____(pay)?Iwon’thaveanything_____(say)againsthimbehindhisback.IV. Completethesentencesbyusingthepresentorthepastparticipleformoftheverbinbrackets.Mrs.Allisonwillcharmeveryoneattheparty.Sheisa_____(charm)woman.Hassomethingtroubledyou?Didyoureceivesome_____(trouble)news?Willyour_____(increase)salaryenableyoutobuyanewcar?Didyoutrytoencourageyourson?Didyougivehimany_____(encourage)advice?The_____(fall)snowwasfrozenhard.Dickjumpedoutofthewayofthe_____(approach)train.Weneedanothercopyofthe_____(sign)contract.The_____(return)packagehadnostampsonit.Sheilaisthe_____(adopt)daughterofawell-knownbanker.TheChieffeltthoroughlylostinthe_____(crowd)streetsofLondon.V. Combinethefollowingsentencesbyusingsuitablenon-predicativeverbs.Iknewthathewaspoor.Iofferedtopayhisfare.Hefoundnooneathome.Heleftthehouseinabadtemper.Hewasexhaustedbyhiswork.Hethrewhimselfonhisbed.Shedidn’twanttohearthestoryagain.Shehadhearditallbefore.Sheenteredtheroomsuddenly.Shefoundthemsmoking.Sheaskedmetohelpher.Sherealizedthatshecouldn’tmoveitalone.*VI. Combineeachgroupofsentencesintoasinglesentencebyusingclauses,non-predicativeverbsorboth.TommyhasenteredakeyuniversityinShanghai.

Hewasoncepraisedbyhishighschoolteacherforhisdiligence.Thisisagoodspotforpicnic.

Ariverflowsononeside.

Alargetreeprovidesshade.

Wecanspreadourblanketonthegrassyknoll.ThetownfolkenviedHorace.

11Horacehadcomeintoasmallfortune.

Withthefortuneheboughtabighouse.

WiththefortunehealsoobtainedapartnershipinthebiggestgroceryinBritain.11Hehadgreatlywrongedhisonlydaughter.

Shemightneverforgivehim.

Thisideaalmostdrovehimcrazy.Thestorywritteninplainlanguage.

Itconsistsofthreeparts.

Ithasaninterestingplot.

Theplotcentresroundanoldaristocraticfamily.

Thefamilylivedin17th-centuryFrance.Farabovethewatersofabeautifullakestandfivepavilions.

ThepavilionsareinChinesestyle.

Theystandoverthetopsofthetallpinetrees.

Thepinetreesgrowonthesteepslopesofahill.Theoldmanstoppedfartherdownthestreet.

Heleanedagainstalamp-post.

Helistenedtoasong.

Thesongwascheerful.

Itcameoutfromarestaurant.

Therestaurantwasontheoppositesideofthestreet.Mr.JacobwasTony’sformeremployer.

HehadpromisedTonyahalf-dayjob.

ThejobwouldgiveTony￡20aweek.

Itwasnecessarytobreakthisnewstohisfamily,Tonythought.VII. TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.只喝一杯咖啡就會(huì)使我整晚睡不著。(keep)我們對(duì)他的不辭而別感到很驚訝。(without)看到奶奶有些睡意，他拉上窗簾并把電視的音量調(diào)低了。(turn)你為什么不在網(wǎng)上訂票呢？(Why)要保持身體健康，我們應(yīng)該每天抽出一定的時(shí)間來鍛煉。(health)在寒冷的冬日喝杯熱飲真是愜意。(It)閱讀電子書籍漸漸成為年輕人的新時(shí)尚。(trend)請(qǐng)避免經(jīng)常11點(diǎn)以后睡覺。(avoid)得知他心情不好，我建議他與朋友聊聊天，以去除煩惱。(suggest)今天報(bào)紙上的這篇文章值得一看。(worth)你已經(jīng)使我沒什么可說的了。(leave)做這種實(shí)驗(yàn)值得嗎？(worthwhile)重修這條運(yùn)河已經(jīng)給國民經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來許多好處。(bring)看到面前坐著這么多人，他感到很緊張。(feel)我在四川住過許多年，對(duì)那里很了解。(familiar)我們開始敲門，以為那就是他的住所。(knock)由于太興奮，他不知說什么好。(know)她坐在那里一聲不響，淚水順著面頰流下來。(with結(jié)構(gòu)) 真題鏈接Choosethebestanswer.Friendshipislikemoney:easiermadethan_____.12 A.kept B.tobekept C.keeping D.beingkept12_____themeetinghimselfgavethemagreatdealofencouragement, A.Thepresidentwillattend B.Thepresidenttoattend

C.Thepresidentattended D.Thepresident’sattendingUnless_____tospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference. A.invited B.inviting C.beinginvited D.havinginvitedShewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasarole_____inmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive. A.tohaveplayed B.toplay C.tobeplayed D.tobeplayingHavingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains_____whethertheywillenjoyit. A.tosee B.tobeseen C.seeing D.seenTheresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbedonetochangeit. A.begins B.havingbegun C.beginning D.begun–Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?

–Thekey_____theproblemistomeetthedemand_____bythecustomers. A.tosolving…making B.tosolving…made C.tosolve…making D.tosolve…madeInordertogainabiggershareintheinternationalmarket,manystate-runcompaniesarestriving_____theirproductsmorecompetitive. A.tomake B.making C.tohavemade D.havingmadeQuiteafewpeopleusedtobelievethatdisaster_____ifamirrorwasbroken. A.wassureofstriking B.wassureofhavingstruck

C.wassuretobestruck D.wassuretostrikeThough_____money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity. A.lacked B.lackingof C.lacking D.lackedinDon’tusewords,expressions,orphrases_____onlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge. A.beingknown B.havingbeenknown C.tobeknown D.known_____tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin. A.Exposed B.Havingexposed C.Beingexposed D.AfterbeingexposedPricesofdailygoods_____throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices. A.arebought B.bought C.beenbought D.buyingInsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans_____foranotherhour. A.waiting B.towait C.wait D.tobewaitingWhen_____,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear. A.completed B.completing C.beingcompleted D.tobecompletedInordertomakeourcitygreen,_____. A.itisnecessarytohaveplantedmoretrees B.manymoretreesneedtoplant

C.ourcityneedsmoretrees D.wemustplantmoretreesWithalotofdifficultproblems_____,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime. A.settled B.settling C.tosettle D.beingsettled_____suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver. A.Havingsuffered B.Suffering C.Tosuffer D.SufferedFindinghercarstolen,_____. A.apolicemanwasaskedtohelp B.theareawassearchingthoroughly

C.itwaslookedforeverywhere D.shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelpDoletyourmotherknowallthetruth.Sheappears_____everything. A.totell B.tobetold C.tobetelling D.tohavebeentold_____anythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual. A.Notknown B.Knownnot C.Knowingnot D.Notknowing–There’saholeinyourbag. –Iknow.Iamgoingtohaveit_____.13 A.mend B.mending C.mended D.tobemended13Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,_____dead. A.lying B.lie C.lay D.layingTellhim_____thewindow. A.toshutout B.nottoshut C.tonotshut D.notshutThefurniture_____onOctober15wasseriouslydamagedbecauseofaroadaccident. A.beingdelivered B.havingdelivered

C.havingbeendelivered D.deliveredHehadhisleg_____inthematchyesterday. A.tobreak B.broken C.break D.breakingIcan’timagine_____th