2024年高考英語(yǔ)真題模擬試題專(zhuān)項(xiàng)匯編6閱讀理解-科教科普類(lèi)含解析

PAGE2024年高考英語(yǔ)真題模擬試題專(zhuān)項(xiàng)匯編（6）閱讀理解-科教科普類(lèi)1.

Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.

PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents'income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.

Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.

"Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,"Levinesaidinastatement.

Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.

ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.(1).Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A.Buildingconfidence. B.Developingspatialskills.C.Learningself-control. D.Gaininghigh-techknowledge.(2).WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment?A.Parents'age. B.Children'simagination.C.Parents'education. D.Child-parentrelationship.(3).Howdoboysdifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A.Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften. B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C.Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage. D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.(4).Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod. B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist D.Ateachingprogram.2.

Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation(突變)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.

OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they'vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters."Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,"saidRedneyC.Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.

Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish."Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,"Dr.Jubiladosaid."Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea."

In2015,MelissaIlardo,thenagraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem."Itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,"saidDr.Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.(1).Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinparagraph1?A.Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers. B.Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C.Recentfindingsofhumanorigin. D.Significanceoffoodselection.(2).WheredotheBajaubuildtheirhouses?A.Invalleys. B.Nearrivers. C.Onthebeach. D.Offthecoast.(3).WhywastheyoungJubiladoastonishedattheBajau?A.Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday. B.Theyhadasuperbwayoffishing.C.Theycouldstaylongunderwater. D.Theylivedonbothlandandwater.(4).Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSea B.Highlanders'SurvivalSkillsC.BasicMethodsofGeneticResearch D.TheWorld'sBestDivers3.

Today'sworldisnotaneasyadjustmentforyoungadults.Akeyskillsetforsuccessispersistence(毅力),characteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepositiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.

BYUprofessorsLauraPadilla-WalkerandRandalDayarrivedatthesefindingsafterfollowing325Americanfamiliesoverseveralyears.Andovertime,thepersistencegainedthroughfathersledtohigherachievementinschool.

"Therearerelativelyfewstudiesthatstresstheuniqueroleoffathers,"Padilla-Walkersaid."Thisresearchalsohelpstoprovethatcharacteristicssuchaspersistence—whichcanbetaught—arekeytoachild'slifesuccess."

Researchersdeterminedthatdadsneedtopracticean"authoritative"parentingstyle.Authoritativeparentingisnotauthoritarian:rigid,demandingorcontrolling.Rather,anauthoritativeparentingstyleincludessomeofthefollowingcharacteristics:childrenfeelwarmthandlovefromtheirfather;responsibilityandthereasonsbehindrulesarestressed;childrenaregivenanappropriatelevelofautonomy(自主權(quán)).

Inthestudy,about52percentofthedadsexhibitedabove-averagelevelsofauthoritativeparenting.keyfindingisthatovertime,childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence,whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.

Thisparticularstudyexamined11to14-year-oldslivingintwo-parenthomes.Yettheresearcherssuggestthatsingleparentsstillmayplayaroleinteachingthebenefitsofpersistence,whichisanavenueoffutureresearch.(1).WhatisspecialabouttheBYUprofessors'study?A.Itcenteredonfathers'roleinparenting. B.Itwasbasedonanumberoflargefamilies.C.Itanalyzeddifferentkindsofparentingstyles. D.Itaimedtoimprovekids'achievementinschool.(2).Whatwouldanauthoritativefatherdowhenraisinghischildren?A.Ignoretheirdemands. B.Makedecisionsforthem.C.Controltheirbehaviors. D.Explaintherulestothem.(3).Whichgroupcanbeafocusoffuturestudiesaccordingtotheresearchers?A.Singleparents. B.Childrenagedfrom11to14.C.Authoritarianfathers. D.Mothersintwo-parenthomes.(4).Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ThreeCharacteristicsofAuthoritativeFathersB.KeySkillsforYoungAdultstoSucceedinFutureC.ChildrenTendtoLearnDeterminationfromFatherD.FamilyRelationshipInfluencesSchoolPerformance4.

Agroupofblue-facedbirdsstepthroughthegrassshouldertoshoulder,redeyeslookingaround.Theylooklikemiddleschoolersseekingacafeteriatableatlunchtime.Perhapsthey'renotsodifferent.

Anewstudy,ledbyDamienFarine,anornithologistwhostudiescollectivebehaviour,showsthatvulturineguineafowlsofeasternAfrica,likehumans,havemultilevelsocieties.Inthepast,scientistsassumedsuchsocialstructuresrequiredalotofbrainpower.Butthepea-brainedguineafowlsarerevealingthefaultsinthatassumption.

Theselargebirdswanderacrossthelandscapeinpacks,oftenwalkingsocloselythattheirbodiestouch.Theymayfighteachothertomaintaintheirstricthierarchies(等級(jí)制度),butatothertimestheyengageinfriendlybehaviourslikesharingfood.

Suspectingtheguineafowlmighthaveasocialstructure,Dr.Farineandhiscolleaguesbeganathoroughstudyoftheirsociety.Forawholeyear,theymadedailyobservationsof441birds.Colouredlegbandsinuniquecombinationsletresearcherstelltheblack-and-bluebirdsapart.TheyalsoattachedGPSdevicestothebacksof58birds,whichletthemseeexactlywhereeverygroupwent,24hoursaday.

Thefindingsoftheresearchsuggestthatvulturineguineafowlshaveamultilevelsociety.Therearegroupswithingroupswithinthepopulationasawhole.Thereevenseemtobegroupsoffriendswithinthesmallgroups.Thisisthefirsttimeanyonehasobservedsuchasocietyinabird.

AndDr.Farineemphasizesthisparticularbird'stinybrainsize."Theydon'tonlyhavesmallbrainsrelativetomammals(哺乳動(dòng)物);theyalsohavequitesmallbrainsrelativetootherbirds,"hesaid.

Accordingtohim,livinginthiskindofsocietymightactuallymakeiteasiertokeeptrackofthesocialorder.Forexample,ifgroupsarestableandabirdcanidentifyjustoneortwoindividualswithinagroup,itknowswhichgroupit'slookingat—noneedforabrainthatcanrecognizeeverysingleanimal.Multilevelsocietiesalsoletanimalsadjusttheirgroupsizesbasedonwhateverchallengesthey'refacing.Dependingonwhatenemiesorresourcesarearound,itmightmakesensetotravelinacombinedgroupratherthanasmallerone.

"Havingamultilevelstructuremaynotrequirehavingalargebrain,"Dr.Farinesaid.Theremaybemorebirdsandotheranimalsouttherethat,althoughsmall-brained,havemultilevelsocietiesasourown.(1).Accordingtothepassage,whatinspiredDr.Farinetocarryoutthestudy?A.Theguineafowl'ssocialbehaviour. B.Previousassumptionsaboutbirds.C.Hisinterestinanimals'brainpower. D.Thefaultsinearlierresearch.(2).WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout?A.Theresearchsubjects. B.Theresearchmethods.C.Theresearchfindings. D.Theresearchequipment.(3).Whatcanbelearnedfromthepassage?A.Complexsocialsystemscanbeadisadvantagetoguineafowls.B.Guineafowlsaregoodatrecognizingindividualsinagroup.C.Birdsmaintainthesocialorderbytravellingincombinedgroups.D.Small-brainedanimalscanformmultilevelsocieties.(4).Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Topresentthefindingsofastudyoftheguineafowl.B.Toexplaintheinteractionpatternsinmultilevelsocieties.C.Tointroduceanewapproachtoobservingtheguineafowl.D.Touncovercluesabouthowcomplexsocietiesareformed.5.Onesheep,twosheep.Wait,whyarewecountingsheepagain?Countingsheeptofallasleepisamethodthatseemstobeasoldastime.Buthaveyoueverstoppedtothinkaboutwhythey’resheep?Whynotcats?Ordogs?Whiletheoriginofwhypeoplecountsheeptofallasleephasnoexactroot,there’reafewguesses.Themostpopularbelief,accordingtoMentalFloss,hastodowithshepherdsinBritaininMiddleAges.Apparently,ifshepherdsusedcommunalgrazingland(公共牧場(chǎng)),theywereresponsibletokeepaheadcountoftheirsheepeachnightSobeforegoingtosleep,theycountedtheirsheeptoensuretheywereallaccountedfor.Butatleastonebookclaimsthelinkbetweensheepandsleepgoesbackevenfurther,reportsMentalFloss.“AchapterinDisciplinaClericalissuggeststhatcountingsheephasalreadybeenpartofcertainculturesforcenturies.”Sodoescountingsheeptofallasleepactuallywork?Apparently,youmightwanttoseekotheroptionsfirst.“Involvingthebraininarelaxing,repetitivetaskslowsthemind,andstopsourracingstressfulthoughtsfromtakingover,”saysHilaryThompson,ahealthconsultant.“Unfortunately,countingsheepisn’toneofthesehelpfultasks.ResearchersatOxfordUniversityputittothetestanddiscoveredthatsubjectswhopicturedrunningwaterfallsandriverscouldfallasleepmorequickly.”Inadditiontopicturingsomethingrelaxing,breathingtechniquesalsotendtobeveryeffectivesleepingaids.“Iprefertoteachpatientsthebreathwork,”saysDrElizabethTrattner.“Breathinthroughthenoseforacountof4,holdfor7andmakeawhooshingnoiseoutforthecountof8.Thisbreathingtechniqueresetsthebody,andlowersbothstressandanxiety.”1.Beforegoingtobed,whydidshepherdscountsheep?A.Tolearntocountnumbers. B.Tohelpfallasleepquickly.C.Tomakeallsheepwerethere. D.Toplaygameswithothershepherds.2.WhatcanbeinferredfromthebookDisciplinaClericalis?A.Countingsheephasalonghistory. B.Thebookwaswrittenforalongtime.C.Countingsheepwasquiteinteresting. D.Thebookdescribeslifeofshepherds.3.WhatisHilaryThompson’sviewoncountingsheep?A.Itishelpfultosleep. B.Itdoesn’tworkverywell.C.Itincreasessleeptime. D.Itmakesmindrelaxing.4.WhatisthebestwaytofallasleepquicklybyElizabethTrattner?A.Listeningtosoftmusic. B.Picturingwaterrunning.C.Imaginingrelaxingthings. D.Applyingbreathingtechniques.6.AstudyconfirmedthatthecracksfoundonMars’ssurfacelastyearbytheCuriosityRoverareevidenceofancientlakesthatlikelydriedupabout3.5billionyearsago.ThenewstudyprovidesfurtherevidenceofwhattheclimateontheRedPlanetmayhavebeenlikeinitsancientpast.Thestudy,publishedonlineinGeology,provedthatcracksonMars’ssurfacepreviouslyphotographedbyCuriosityaredrymudcrackswhichcouldhaveonlybeenformedwhenwetgroundwasexposedtotheair.Thisconclusionwasbasedonananalysisofasingleareaofrockknownas“OldSoaker.”ResearchersusedtheCuriosityroverandinformationfromitsmanytoolsincludingtheMarsHandLensImager,ChemCamLaser-InducedBreakdownSpectrometer(LIBS)andtheAlphaParticleX-RaySpectrometer(APXS)tostudyboththephysicalappearanceandthechemistryoftherock,whichisdescribedasnobiggerthanacoffeetable.Theanalysisshowedthatcracksontherockswereformedbyexposuretoair,ratherthanheatortheflowofwater.Inaddition,theshapeofthecrackssuggestsitexperiencedasingledryingeventontheplanet,ratherthangettingwetanddryingoverrepeatedly.Thepositionofthecracks,closertothecenteroftheancientlakeratherthanalongsideit,alsosuggeststhatthelakelevelschangedoften,risingandfallingovertime.“Themudcracksareexcitingbecausetheyhelpustounderstandthisancientlakesystem,”leadstudyauthorNathanielStein,ageologistattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena,said,referringtotheancientlakesystemontheplanet.ScientistshaveknownoftheexistenceofancientwateronMarsforyears.A2015NASAstudythatmeasuredwaterinMars’satmospheresuggestedthatancientoceansmayoncehavehadmorewaterthanourownArcticOcean.However,becausetheplanethaslessgravityandathinneratmospherethanEarth,thiswaterevaporated(蒸發(fā))intospaceoverthecourseofseveralbillionyears.1.WhatistheCuriosityRover?A.Anorganization. B.Ascientist. C.Aplanet. D.Amachine.2.WhatdoweknowaboutthediscoveryonMars?A.Thecracksarenearthecenterofanancientlake.B.Marswasgettingwetanddryingmorethanonce.C.ThelakelevelonMarsseldomchangesovertime.D.Thecracksontherockswereformedbywaterflow.3.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.AncientwaterstillexistsonMarsnow.B.ThegravityonMarsisstrongerthanthatonEarth.C.TheatmosphereonEarthisthickerthanthatonMars.D.TheancientArcticOceanhadmorewaterthanithasnow.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.WateronMars. B.AtriptoMars. C.AstudyonMars. D.CracksonMars.7.

Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.

TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurther-changingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey'reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater."We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,"explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.

Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsgrow(發(fā)光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano'steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight,aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby,isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreeintoself-poweredstreetlamps.

Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant'slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff"switch"wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.

Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(電源)—suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(傳輸).

Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.(1)Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A.Theymustrunlongdistances. B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.C.Theyhavetofollowspecialrules. D.Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.(2)Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?A.It’smorepopularattheOlympics. B.It’slesschallengingphysically.C.It’smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding. D.It’slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.(3)WhatisDr.Norberg’ssuggestionforsomeonetryingracewalking?A.Gettingexperts’opinions. B.Havingamedicalcheckup.C.Hiringanexperiencedcoach. D.Doingregularexercises.(4)Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A.Skeptical. B.Objective. C.Tolerant. D.Conservative.

答案以及解析1.答案：(1)-(4)BCDB解析：(1).考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)其次段中的"PsychologistSusanLevine...foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills"以及第三段內(nèi)容可知,孩子們通過(guò)玩智力嬉戲可以培育空間技能。故選B。

(2).考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)其次段最終一句"Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents'income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid"可知,Levine在設(shè)計(jì)試驗(yàn)時(shí),考慮到了父母的收入、教化以及談話(huà)量。故選C。

(3).考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)倒數(shù)其次段最終一句"However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythantheparentsofgirls"可知,男孩們較女孩們而言,傾向于玩更困難的智力嬉戲。故選D。

(4).考查主旨大意。閱讀全文內(nèi)容尤其是最終一段"ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience"可知,該篇文章主要介紹的是一項(xiàng)科學(xué)探討。故選B。2.答案：BDCA解析：(1).考查推理推斷。依據(jù)第一段中的"theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears"可以推斷,作者舉例主要是為了告知讀者人類(lèi)進(jìn)化的新學(xué)問(wèn),故選B。

(2).考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)其次段中的"Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they'vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters"可知,巴瑤族人主要居住在沿海地區(qū),故D項(xiàng)正確。

(3).考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)第三段中的"Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders"可知,年輕的Jubilado對(duì)巴瑤族人驚異不已的地方在于他們可以在水下待很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間,故選C。

(4).考查標(biāo)題推斷。本文是一篇探討報(bào)道,依據(jù)其次段的探討結(jié)果"ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaplation-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean"可知,本文主要講解并描述了巴瑤族人為了更好地適應(yīng)海上的生活,身體結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了改變,所以A項(xiàng)適合作本文的標(biāo)題。3.答案：(1)-(4)ADAC解析：(1).考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)文章第一段的"ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepositiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence"可推斷,該探討關(guān)注父親在教化子女堅(jiān)持方面的獨(dú)特作用和地位。故答案為A項(xiàng)。

(2).考查推理推斷。依據(jù)文章第四段的"Authoritativeparenting...Rather,anauthoritativeparentingstyleincludessomeofthefollowingcharacteristics:childrenfeelwarmthandlovefromtheirfather;responsibilityandthereasonsbehindrulesarestressed"可推斷,真正的權(quán)威式父親不是"獨(dú)裁式"的,而是給孩子講規(guī)則、講理由的。此處特殊要留意文章中的"thereasonsbehindrulesarestressed"與D項(xiàng)屬于同義替換。所以答案為D項(xiàng)。

(3).考查推理推斷。依據(jù)文章最終一段的"thatsingleparentsstillmayplayaroleinteachingthebenefitsofpersistence,whichisanavenueoffutureresearch"可知,將來(lái)的探討將會(huì)更多關(guān)注到單親父母在教化堅(jiān)持的好處方面的作用。因此選A項(xiàng)。

(4).考查標(biāo)題推斷。依據(jù)文章第一段的"ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepositiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence"可知,本文主要圍繞父親的家教作用來(lái)綻開(kāi),提出父親對(duì)孩子堅(jiān)持的品質(zhì)的培育有特殊的影響。故C項(xiàng)能夠很好地概括全文。4.答案：(1)-(4)ABDA

解析：(1).考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容以及第四段第一句"Suspectingtheguineafowlmighthaveasocialstructure,Dr.Farineandhiscolleaguesb