鐵道概論 課件 7-運輸

授課內(nèi)容（英文）：第一章鐵路運輸組織第一篇鐵路客流組織與貨運組織第一章鐵路客流組織第二章鐵路貨流組織Part3RailwayTransportWorkingGroupRailwaypassengerorganizationandfreightorganizationChapter1

RailwaypassengerorganizationChapter2Railwayfreightorganization

第一章鐵路運輸組織第一節(jié)鐵路旅客運輸?shù)囊饬x和特點第二節(jié)客流和旅客列車的分類第三節(jié)鐵路旅客運輸?shù)慕M織機構(gòu)第四節(jié)客流調(diào)查與旅客運輸計劃

Chapter1Railwaypassengerorganization1.1Significanceandcharacteristicsofrailway

passengerorganization1.2Classificationofpassengerandpassengertrains1.3Organizationofrailwaypassengertransport1.4Passengerflowsurveyandpassengertransport

plan

第一節(jié)鐵路旅客運輸?shù)囊饬x和特點

旅客運輸是整個鐵路運輸工作的重要組成部分，它的基本任務是：1、滿足廣大人民的旅行需要；2、安全、迅速、準確、便利地運送旅客和行李、包裹、郵件；3、保證旅客在旅行途中舒適愉快并獲得文化生活上的良好服務。

1.1Significanceandcharacteristicsofrailway

passengerorganizationPassengertransport

Passengertransportisanimportantpartofthewholerailwaytransportation,anditsbasictaskistoMeettheneedsofthepeople'stravel;Safe,rapid,accurateandconvenienttransportationforpassengers,luggage,parcels,andmail;Ensurethepassengerstohaveacomfortandpleasurejourneyandobtainthegoodserviceinculturallife.

第一節(jié)鐵路旅客運輸?shù)囊饬x和特點“八五”期間，我國鐵路客運量和客運周轉(zhuǎn)量分別增長了8.5％和35.7％，而同期鐵路貨運量和貨運周轉(zhuǎn)量分別增長8.9％和21.1％；客運列車密度增長16.4％，而同期貨運列車密度增長10.0％；繁忙區(qū)段旅客列車占用的通過能力已超過貨物列車，如京滬線的滬常段，客貨列車占用的通過能力之比為56.8:43.2；全路客運和貨運收入之比從1:2.45上升到1:1.77，部分鐵路局出現(xiàn)運輸收入客大于貨或客貨基本持平。這些情況表明，旅客運輸在鐵路運輸中的重要性正在增強，預計未來鐵路客運量和客運周轉(zhuǎn)量的增長幅度將大于貨運。因此，大力發(fā)展鐵路客運，是我國鐵路發(fā)展的客觀要求。

DuringtheperiodoftheEighthFive-YearPlan,railwaypassengervolumeandpassengerturnoverincreasedby8.5%and35.7%respectively,whilerailwayfreightvolumeandfreightturnoverincreasedby8.9%and21.1%respectively;passengertraindensityincreasedby16.4%,atthesameperiodfreighttraindensityincreased10.0%;busysection’spassengertrainoccupancycapacityhasexceededthegoodstrains,suchasHuchangsectionofBeijing-Shanghailine,passengerandfreighttrainoccupancycapacityratiowas56.8:43.2;thewholepassengerandfreightrevenueincreasedfrom1:2.45to1:1.77,passengertrains’transportrevenueofsomeRailwayBureausisgreaterthanthatofcargo.Theseindicatethattheimportanceofpassengertransportinrailtransportisincreasingandthatthegrowthinpassengertrafficisexpectedtooutpacefreightmovementsinthefuture.Therefore,thedevelopmentofrailwaypassengertransportisanobjectiverequirementforthedevelopmentofrailwaysinChina.1.1Significanceandcharacteristicsofrailway

passengerorganization

第一節(jié)鐵路旅客運輸?shù)囊饬x和特點

鐵路旅客運輸工作性質(zhì)和組織原則與貨物運輸?shù)膮^(qū)別：1、旅客運輸?shù)闹饕諏ο笫菑V大旅客，其次是行李、包裹和郵件。2、旅客運輸需求的時空不均衡性。3、旅客列車的編組一般是固定的，其始發(fā)、終到站以及到、發(fā)和途中運行的時刻也是固定的。4、旅客車輛（包括餐車、行李車）一般都是按鐵路局固定配屬于各客運車輛段。

1.1Significanceandcharacteristicsofrailway

passengerorganizationThenatureandorganizationprincipleoftherailwaypassengertransportandthedifferencebetweenpassengerandfreighttransportation.①Themainserviceobjectofpassengertransportisthevastnumberofvisitors,followedbyluggage,parcelsandmail②Timeandspaceimbalanceofpassengertransportdemand③Thecompositionofthepassengertrainisgenerallyfixed,itsorigin,theendofthestation,thearrival,thedeparture,andtheruntimeisfixed.④

Passengervehicles(includingdiningcar,luggage)generallybelongtothepassengervehiclesegmentaccordingtotheRailwayBureau.

第一節(jié)鐵路旅客運輸?shù)囊饬x和特點5、旅客運輸計劃只有年度的客運量計劃和客運機車和客車車底的運用計劃，平時只依據(jù)節(jié)、假日客流調(diào)查資料所編制的重點節(jié)、假日計劃，來調(diào)整年度的客運量計劃和機車車輛運用計劃，6、客運站的位置要求緊靠城市，并且要與市內(nèi)運輸及其他各種交通工具有密切的配合。7、選擇旅客列車的重量標準、速度和密度時，要進行綜合比較。

⑤Passengertransportplanonlyincludestheannualpassengertrafficplansandtheuseofpassengerlocomotivesandpassengercarplans.Atusualtime,itisonlyonthebasisoffestival,holidaytrafficsurveydatatoadjusttheannualpassengervolumeplanandlocomotiveandrollingstockutilizationplan.⑥Thelocationofthepassengerstationisclosetothecity,anditiscloselycombinedwiththecity'stransportationandotherkindsoftransportation.⑦Whenselectingtheweightstandard,speedanddensityofthepassengertrain,acomprehensivecomparisonismade.1.1Significanceandcharacteristicsofrailway

passengerorganization

第一節(jié)鐵路旅客運輸?shù)囊饬x和特點鐵路旅客運輸必須遵循的幾項原則：1、從國家整體利益出發(fā)，認真執(zhí)行黨和國家的各種方針政策。2、保證旅客運輸安全。3、不斷提高旅客運輸服務質(zhì)量。4、發(fā)揮鐵路的整體優(yōu)勢，貫徹“保證重點，照顧一般”和“客貨兼顧”的方針。5、發(fā)展鐵路與各種交通工具的聯(lián)合運輸。1.1Significanceandcharacteristicsofrailway

passengerorganizationSeveralprinciplesmustbefollowedinrailwaypassengertransport:Startingfromtheoverallinterestsofthecountry,weshouldconscientiouslyimplementthepartyandthecountry'svariouspolicies.Ensurethesafetyofpassengertransport.ContinuouslyimprovethequalityofpassengertransportserviceToplaytheoveralladvantagesoftherailway,wemustcarryout"toensurethekey,takecareofgeneral"and"passengerbalance"approach.Developcombinedtransportofrailwayandvariousmeansoftransport第二節(jié)客流和旅客列車的分類一、客流的分類：客流分為下列三種：1、直通客流。2、管內(nèi)客流。3、市郊客流。統(tǒng)計資料表明，全路９７年直通、管內(nèi)和市郊客流占客流總量的比重分別為23％、70％和7％。直通客流比重呈現(xiàn)上升的趨勢。I.Classificationofpassengerflow1.Throughpassengerflow2.Localpassengerflow3.SuburbanpassengerflowStatisticsshowthatthewholeroadin1997,through,in-townandsuburbanpassengerflowaccountedfortheproportionoftotalpassengerflowwere23%,70%and7%.Theproportionofthroughpassengerflowshowedarisingtrend.1.2Classificationofpassengerandpassengertrains第二節(jié)客流和旅客列車的分類二、旅客列車的種類旅客列車分為以下幾種：1、準高速旅客列車；2、快速旅客列車；3、特別旅客快車；4、旅客快車，分為直通快車（跨及兩個鐵路局及其以上）和管內(nèi)快車（運行在一個鐵路局范圍之內(nèi)）；5、普通旅客列車；6、市郊列車；7、混合列車；8、旅游列車。各種旅客列車按運行方向不同分為上行列車和下行列車。在中國以向首都北京方向行駛為上行，由首都北京間全國各方向行駛為下行。鐵路旅客列車車次的現(xiàn)行規(guī)定如表1-1-1所示。1.2ClassificationofpassengerandpassengertrainsII.TypesofpassengertrainsPassengertrainsaredividedintothefollowing:Quasihighspeedpassengertrain;Fastpassengertrain;Passengerexpresstrain;Passengerexpresstrain,dividedintoexpresstrain(crosstwoRailwayBureauandabove)andthelocalexpress(runningwithinarailwaybureauwithin)Ordinarypassengertrain;Suburbanpassenger;Mixedtrain;Traveltrain.Variouspassengertrainsaredividedintoupanddowntrainsaccordingtotherunningdirection.InChina,trainstraveltothedirectionofcapital(BeiJing)arecalleduptrains,trainstravelfromthedirectionofcapital(BeiJing)tovariouspartsofChinaarecalleddowntrains.

第三節(jié)鐵路旅客運輸?shù)慕M織機構(gòu)中國鐵路客運系統(tǒng)目前采用的組織機構(gòu)形式：鐵道部運輸局客運處↓鐵路局客運處↓鐵路分局客運科┌────┴────┐車站客運段客運車間（列車段）

1.3OrganizationofrailwaypassengertransportIII.Theorganizationformsofthecurrentrailwaypassengertransportsysteminchina:MinistryofRailways↓PassengerTransportDepartment↓RailwayBureauPassengerServiceDepartment↓RailwayPassengerTransportBranch┌────┴────┐StationPassengertransportsectionPassengertransportworkshopTrainsection第三節(jié)鐵路旅客運輸?shù)慕M織機構(gòu)鐵道部運輸局客運處：1、根據(jù)國家的有關方針政策，制訂和修改鐵路旅客運輸?shù)囊?guī)程、規(guī)則、運價、票據(jù)和飲食供應的綜合加成；2、研究客流并編制全國鐵路旅客運輸年度計劃和長遠計劃；3、負責編制直通旅客列車運行圖和時刻表，并對跨及三個鐵路局以上的直通列車，確定客流的分配計劃：4、確定各種旅客列車的編組內(nèi)容，制定客車運用計劃，掌握各鐵路局的客車配屬、技術(shù)狀態(tài)、檢修情況，掌握跨三局以上臨時旅客列車的開行和客車的加掛；5、審批和公布新線營業(yè)里程，開辦和封閉營業(yè)站，審查大型客運站修建方案和投資計劃；6、日常掌握全路直通旅客列車的運行，保證安全、正點。Passengertransportdepartment,Ministryofrailways:1. Accordingtotherelevantnationalpolicies,itformulatesandrevisesrailwaypassengertransportcomprehensiverulesandfreight,billsandcateringaddition;2. Studyingthepassengerflowandthepreparationofthenationalrailwaypassengertransporttomakeannualplanandlong-termplan;It’sresponsibleforthepreparationofstraightlinemapandtimetableofpassengertransport,andisinchargeofthethroughtrainswhichcrossmorethanthreeRailwayBureaustodeterminetheallocationofpassengerflow;Tomakesurethecontentofvariouspassengertrainmarshaling,settheplanofusingtrains,mastertheattachmentandtechnicalstatus,maintenanceofvariousRailwayBureaus,mastertheoperationofpassengertrainandpassengervehicleadditionwhichcrossmorethanthreeRailwayBureaus;5. Approveandpublishthenewmileage,openandcloseoperatingstation,examinelargepassengerstationconstructionschemeandinvestmentplan;6. Graspthedailyrailwayoperationofpassengertrain;ensureitssafetyandpunctuality.1.3Organizationofrailwaypassengertransport

第三節(jié)鐵路旅客運輸?shù)慕M織機構(gòu)

鐵路局客運處：1、貫徹執(zhí)行鐵道部的規(guī)章、命令、指示，制定有關旅客運輸?shù)难a充辦法；2、編制和調(diào)整管內(nèi)旅客列車運行圖，掌握跨局旅客列車的票額分配及調(diào)整，制定管內(nèi)旅客運輸組織辦法；3、審批飲食供應的分類加成和車站供應點的設置：4、掌握配屬客車的運用維修、本局管內(nèi)臨時旅客列車的加開和客車的加掛；5、審查管內(nèi)營業(yè)站的開辦和封閉及中等以上車站的客運設備的修建方案和投資計劃；6、掌握直通和管內(nèi)旅客列車的運行，保證安全、正點。1.3OrganizationofrailwaypassengertransportRailwayBureauPassengerServiceDepartment:Toimplementtheregulations,ordersandinstructionsoftheMinistryofrailways,andformulatesupplementarymeasuresforthecarriageofpassengers;Prepareandadjustlocalpassengertraindiagram,mastertheinterBureaupassengertrainticketassignmentandadjustment,formulatetubepassengertransportorganization;Examineandapprovetheclassificationoffoodsupplyandsetupstationsupply;Tomastertheoperationandmaintenanceofthetemporarylocalpassengertrainsandtheadditionofpassengervehicle.Examinetheconstructionplansandinvestmentplansfortheoperatingandclosingofthelocalstationandthepassengertransportfacilitiesatmediumorabovemediumstations;Mastertheoperationoflocalthroughpassengertrain,ensurethesafetyandpunctuality.

第三節(jié)鐵路旅客運輸?shù)慕M織機構(gòu)客運站（段）：1、貫徹執(zhí)行鐵道部、鐵路局和鐵路分局的規(guī)章、命令和指示；2、調(diào)查和分析客流，摸清規(guī)律，組織均衡運輸，做好車站旅客輸送日計劃和票額管理；3、制定有關客運工作的細則和作業(yè)過程；4、做好車站（列車）對旅客的服務、宣傳、衛(wèi)生和飲食供應工作；5、認真做好外賓的運送、接待和服務工作。1.3OrganizationofrailwaypassengertransportPassengertransportsection:1. Tocarryouttheregulations,ordersandinstructionsoftheMinistryofrailways,therailwayadministrationandtheRailwaySubbureau;2. Investigateandanalyzethepassengerflow,findouttherulesofbalancedtransport,makesurepassengertransportstationdailyplanandticketmanagement;3. Makethedetailedrulesandoperationprocessofthepassengertransportwork;4. Doagoodjobofstation(train)passengerservice,publicity,healthandfoodsupply5. Doagoodjobinthetransportation,receptionandserviceofforeignguests.第四節(jié)客流調(diào)查與旅客運輸計劃一、客流調(diào)查二、旅客運輸計劃三、鐵路旅客運輸計劃的編制IPassengersurveyIIPassengertransportplanIIIRailwaypassengertransportplan1.4Passengerflowsurveyandpassengertransportplan第四節(jié)客流調(diào)查與旅客運輸計劃一、客流調(diào)查１．影響客流變化的主要因素⑴工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展，廠礦企業(yè)的興建，生產(chǎn)力的配置，邊疆的開發(fā)，地方工業(yè)的興辦；⑵農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)和水利建設的發(fā)展；⑶國民經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，人民物質(zhì)和文化生活水平的提高；⑷國家的政治、經(jīng)濟、文化活動和國際交往的發(fā)展；⑸現(xiàn)有鐵路的加強、改建及新線的修建、客流吸引范圍的擴大等。1.Themainfactorsaffectingpassengerflowchanges(1)Thedevelopmentofindustrialproduction,theconstructionoffactoriesandmines,theallocationofproductiveforces,thedevelopmentoffrontierareas,theestablishmentoflocalindustries;(2)Thedevelopmentofruraleconomy,townshipenterprisesandwaterconservancyconstruction;(3)Thedevelopmentofthenationaleconomy,theimprovementofpeople'smaterialandculturallivingstandards;(4)Thedevelopmentofthepolitical,economicandculturalactivitiesofthecountryandinternationalexchanges;⑸Strengtheningoftheexistingrailways,alterationsandtheconstructionofnewlines,theexpansionofpassengerattractionrange.1.4PassengerflowsurveyandpassengertransportplanPassengersurvey第四節(jié)客流調(diào)查與旅客運輸計劃一、客流調(diào)查２．客流調(diào)查范圍的劃定客流調(diào)查是對鐵路沿線的吸引范圍進行的，它分為直接吸引范圍和間接吸引范圍兩種：前者是指車站所在地及其附近地區(qū)，被車站直接吸引的城市和居民點的總區(qū)域而言；后者是指車站直接吸引范圍以外，由其它交通工具的聯(lián)系而被間接吸引的較遠地區(qū)的城市和居民點的總體區(qū)域而言。例如，位于港口附近的客運站，即有經(jīng)由海運各航線來的旅客，需要繼續(xù)乘坐火車才能達到目的地。2.DefinitionofPassengerFlowInvestigationScopeThescopeofpassengersurveyistheattractivenessoftherailway,itisdividedintodirectandindirecttypes:Theformerreferstothelocationofthestationanditssurroundingareas,thecityandresidentialareasintermsofthetotalareaisdirectlyattractedbythestation;Thelatterreferstothegeneralareaofcitiesandsettlementsinremoteareasthatareindirectlyattractedbythelinkagesofothermodesoftransportbeyondthestation'sdirectattractingrange.Forexample,apassengerterminalnearaport,thatis,apassengerviaasearoute,needstocontinuetotravelbytraininordertoreachdestination.1.4Passengerflowsurveyandpassengertransportplan第四節(jié)客流調(diào)查與旅客運輸計劃一、客流調(diào)查３．客流調(diào)查的方法（一）綜合調(diào)查⑴吸引地區(qū)的一般情況；⑵直接影響客流的各項因素；（二）節(jié)假日調(diào)查⑴重點廠礦企業(yè)、機關、學校放假日期，社會活動及外地流動人口乘坐火車的流量、流向；⑵其它運輸企業(yè)的經(jīng)營路線、運輸規(guī)模、營銷策略，與鐵路的中轉(zhuǎn)客流的銜接情況及運能、運量的變化情況；（三）日常調(diào)查車站客運營銷人員應經(jīng)常注意吸引地區(qū)客流變化因素，隨時掌握客流變化情況。1.4Passengerflowsurveyandpassengertransportplan3.Methodsofpassengersurvey(1)comprehensivesurvey1)thegeneralsituationofattractingthearea;2)factorsdirectlyinfluencingpassengerflow;(2)Investigationonholidays(1)holidaydateoffactory,institution,school,socialactivitiesandtheflowofthefloatingpopulationbytrain;(2)Theoperationroute,transportationscaleandmarketingstrategyofothertransportationenterprises;Situationandtransportcapacity,theamountoftrafficchanges;(3)Dailyinvestigation.Stationmarketingpersonnelshouldalwayspayattentiontochangefactorsofattractingregionalpassengerflow,graspchanges